6 Kenneth L. Valliere, “Benjamin Currey, Tennessean Among the Cherokees: A Study of the Removal Policy of Andrew Jackson, Part I,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 41, no. 2 (Summer 1982): 140- 58; Benjamin F. Currey to Elbert Herring, Nov. 13, 1831, CSE, 2:681; John Robb to Benjamin F. Currey, Nov. 24, 1831, p. 487, LS, OIA, reel 7, M- 21, NA; Benjamin F. Currey to Elbert Herring, Apr. 20, 1833, LR, OIA, reel 75, M- 234, NA; Benjamin F. Currey to Elbert Herring, Sept. 9, 1833, LR, OIA, reel 75, M- 234, NA; Lewis Ross to John Ross, Feb. 23, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA; Extract of a letter from Lewis Ross to John Ross, Mar. 5, 1834, enclosed in Currey to Herring, Feb. 7, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA; Kenneth L. Valliere, “Benjamin Currey, Tennessean Among the Cherokees: A Study of the Removal Policy of Andrew Jackson, Part II,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 41, no. 3 (Fall 1982): 251- 59; John Ross to a Gentleman of Philadelphia, May 6, 1837, PCJR, 1:490- 503; John Ross to John Howard Payne, Mar. 5, 1836, PCJR, 1:390 (“demonical”).
7 James William Van Hoeven, “Salvation and Indian Removal: The Career Biography of the Rev. John Freeman Schermerhorn, Indian Commissioner” (PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 1972), 27- 28 (“foreign missionary”), 35- 36, 56, 69- 70, 94 (“in the dark”), 97; John Freeman Schermerhorn to Andrew Jackson, May 14, 1824, PAJ (“your old friend”).
8 John Freeman Schermerhorn to Andrew Jackson, June 23, 1831, PAJ.
9 Van Hoeven, “Salvation and Indian Removal,” 21.
10 Van Hoeven, “Salvation and Indian Removal,” 141 (“bigoted”), 166 (“more designing”), 204 (“prostituted”); Isaac McCoy, Journal (typescript), Dec. 14, 1834, p. 389, MP; George A. Schultz, An Indian Canaan: Isaac McCoy and the Vision of an Indian State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972), 140.
11 Laurence M. Hauptman, Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 181 (“certain notorious”); Van Hoeven, “Salvation and Indian Removal,” 204 (“Sginuhyona”); Patrick Del Percio to the author, Dec. 13, 2018; John Ross in answer to inquiries from a friend, July 2, 1836, PCJR, 1:427- 44.
12 Van Hoeven, “Salvation and Indian Removal,” 270; James Gadsden to Andrew Jackson, Nov. 14, 1829, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 8, M- 234, NA; Leonard L. Richards, The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), 125 (“a social blessing”); W.S. Steele, “The Last Command: The Dade Massacre,” Tequesta 46 (1986): 6 (“19/20”); James Gadsden to Lewis Cass, June 2, 1832, CSE, 3:368- 69 (“half- starved”); Treaty with the Seminoles, 1832, Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Washington, D.C., 1903- ), 2:344.
13 Woodburne Potter, The War in Florida (Baltimore: Lewis and Coleman, 1836), 38 (“hard and unconscionable”), 60 (“I never”); John Eaton to Lewis Cass, Mar. 8, 1835, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 101, M- 234, NA; Lewis Cass to John H. Eaton, Mar. 27, 1835, CGLS, vol. 3, pp. 42- 44, NA; James Gadsden to Lewis Cass, Nov. 1, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 81, M- 234, NA (“White man’s treaty”); Ethan Allen Hitchcock to Samuel Cooper, Oct. 22, 1840, box 2, folder 7, EAH; Diary of Nathaniel Wyche Hunter, Dec. 23, 1840, HCP (“out of his element”);C.S. Monaco, “ ‘Wishing that Right May Prevail’: Ethan Allen Hitchcock and the Florida War,” Florida Historical Quarterly 93, no. 2 (Fall 2014): 167- 94.
14 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and supplement, 1830, Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs, 2:395; Monaco, “ ‘Wishing that Right May Prevail,’ ” 181- 82 (“made”); Ethan Allen Hitchcock to Samuel Cooper, Oct. 22, 1840, box 2, folder 7, EAH.
15 Major Ridge et al. to the Senate and House, Nov. 28, 1834, COIA, HR23A- G7.2, NA; John Ridge et al. to Benjamin F. Currey, Nov. 1, 1834, enclosed in Currey to Herring, Nov. 10, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA; Memorial of the Cherokee Indians, Nov. 28, 1834, PM, COIA, SEN23A- G6, NA (“can now alone”); John Ross to John H. Eaton, May 29, 1834, PCJR, 1:294- 95.
16 John Ross to John Ridge, Sept. 12, 1823, ”PCJR, 1:303; Valliere, “Benjamin Currey . . . Part II,” 251(“prostituted”); Memorial of the Cherokee Indians, Nov. 28, 1834, PM, COIA, SEN23A- G6, NA (“patriots”); John Ross to Lewis Cass, Feb. 9, 1836, PCJR; Thurman Wilkins, Cherokee Tragedy: The Story of the Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People (New York: MacMillan, 1970), 254- 78.
17 J.W. Harris to George Gibson, Dec. 30, 1835,CGLR, box 15, Creek, NA; John T. Sprague, The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War (New York, 1848), 91(“cruelly”).
18 Frank Laumer, Dade’s Last Command (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995), 9, 16, 180, 192- 96; [W.W. Smith], Sketch of the Seminole War and Sketches During a Campaign, by a Lieutenant (Charleston, 1836), 39.
19 J.W. Harris to George Gibson, Dec. 30, 1835, CGLR, box 15, Creek, NA; Frank Laumer, “Encounter by the River,” Florida Historical Quarterly 46, no. 4 (Apr. 1968): 322- 39; [Smith], Sketch of the Seminole War, 46; John Bemrose, Reminiscences of the Second Seminole War, ed. John K. Mahon (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1966), 58.
20 Andrew Jackson to Jose Masot, May 23, 1818, PAJ (“savage”); Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (New York: Viking, 2001), 150- 52, 154 (“confiscated”); Mark F. Boy, “Asi- Yaholo or Osceola,” Florida Historical Quarterly 33, no. 3/4 (Jan.- Apr. 1955): 257- 58.
21 Patricia R. Wickman, Osceola’s Legacy (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991), 1- 22; Wiley Thompson to Elbert Herring, Oct. 28, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 84, M- 234, NA; John K. Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War, 1835- 1842 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1967), 93- 94.
22 Lewis Cass to Winfield Scott, Jan. 21, 1836, American State Papers: Military Affairs (Washington, D.C., 1861), 6:61- 63.
23 Alexander Beaufort Meek, “Journal of the Florida Expedition, 1836,” Alexander Beaufort Meek Papers, DMR; Potter, War in Florida, 60- 62 (“ladies” and “gallant men”); Myer M. Cohen, Notices of Florida and the Campaigns (Charleston, S.C., 1836), 115（「美人」）; Federal Union (Milledgeville, Ga.), Feb. 12, 1836, 3.
24 史考特曾着有《步兵战略》（Infantry Tactics）三册，在一八三五年出版，目的是要提升「美国步兵的操练和行动」。Lewis Cass to Winfield Scott, Jan. 21, 1836, American State Papers: Military Affairs, 6:61- 63; “Major General Scott’s Address,” American State Papers: Military Affairs, 7:197 (“a Cretan labyrinth”); Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War, 147- 49; Bemrose, Reminiscences of the Second Seminole War, 77, 88- 89; James Barr, A Correct and Authentic Narrative of the Indian War in Florida (New York, 1836), 17.
25 Federal Union, Dec. 11, 1835, 2; John B. Hogan to Thomas Jesup, June 24, 1836, Letters Received during the Creek War, 1836- 38, from Camps and Forts, box 15, The Office of the Adjutant General, Generals’ Papers and Books, General Jesup, entry 159, RG 94, NA; Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War, 103.
26 John K. Mahon, “The Journal of A.B. Meek and the Second Seminole War, 1836,” Florida Historical Quarterly 38, no. 4 (Apr. 1960): 305 (“Creoles”); Lewis Cass to John B. Hogan, Jan. 21, 1836, CGLS, vol. 3, p. 417, NA.
27 A Cherokee to William Schley, Feb. 1, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA (“massacre”); Isaac Baker to William Schley, Feb. 1, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA; Sarah H. Hill, “ ‘To Overawe the Indians and Give Confidence to the Whites’: Preparations for the Removal of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 95, no. 4 (Winter 2011): 469; Isaac Baker to William Schley, Feb. 1, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA (“We need”).
28 John Page to George Gibson, May 12, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA; Lewis Cass to Winfield Scott, Jan. 21, 1836, American State Papers: Military Affairs, 6:61- 63; Duncan Clinch to Roger Jones, Oct. 9, 1835, order book, 1834- 35, Duncan Lamont Clinch Papers, LC; Claudio Saunt, A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733- 1816 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 273- 90; George Gibson to D.L. Clinch, Oct. 22, 1835, CGLS, vol. 3, pp. 312- 13, NA; Duncan Clinch to Roger Jones, Dec. 9, 1835, order book, 1834- 35, Duncan Lamont Clinch Papers, LC (“spirit”); John C. Casey to Thomas Basinger, Jan. 2, 1836, folder 1, in the William Starr Bassinger Papers #1266- Z, SHC (“Indian negroes”); Laumer, Dade’s Last Command, 235- 39.
29 [Smith], Sketch of the Seminole War, 20- 22 (“mild character”); J.W. Phelps to Helen M. Phelps, Jan. 16, 1837, John Wolcott Phelps Papers, LC (“large reward”); Wiley Thompson to Lewis Cass, Apr. 27, 1835, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 105, M- 234, NA.
30 关于在克里克族的土地上劳动的奴隶数量，我是用县级数据判定的，遇到跨越克里克族和美国国界的情况时，便按比例计算。John Hebron Moore, Agriculture in Ante- Bellum Mississippi (New York: Bookman Associates, 1958), 69.
31 Joshua D. Rothman, Flush Times and Fever Dreams: A Story of Capitalism and Slavery in the Age of Jackson (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012).
32 Isham Harrison to James T. Harrison, July 27, 1835, folder 4, James T. HarrisonBrian DeLay, War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the US- Mexican War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 71- 75. Papers #02441, SHC (“so numerous”); Isham Harrison to James T. Harrison, Oct. 14, 1834, folder 3, James T. Harrison Papers; David Hubbard to John Bolton, Aug. 23, 1835, p. 62, NYMS.
33 Brian DeLay, War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the US- Mexican War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 71- 75.
34 RDC (1836), vol. 12, 3:3335- 36.
35 RDC (1836), vol. 12, 3:3342 (“hordes”); 3345- 47 (“the very heart”). Jackson wrote one response on the back of a letter from Georgia governor William Schley, and Secretary of War Cass conveyed it to the Governor. William Schley to the President, Feb. 23, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 76, frame 936, M- 234, NA; Lewis Cass to William Schley, Feb. 23, 1836, American State Papers: Military Affairs, 6:628; Extract of a private letter from General Andrew Jackson to the Secretary of War, Oct. 1, 1837, letter book 6, Thomas Sidney Jesup Papers, LC.
36 John Page to George Gibson, May 8, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA; John Page to George Gibson, May 16, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA; Lewis Cass to Thomas Jesup, May 19, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 225, frames 26- 30, M- 234, NA; Lewis Cass to George Gibson (memorandum), May 19, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA; Laurence M. Hauptman, “John E. Wool in Cherokee Country, 1836- 1837: A Reinterpretation,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 85, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 1, 10- 11.
37 “An Act Authorizing the President of the United States to accept the service of volunteers, and to raise an additional regiment of dragoons or mounted riflemen,” Chapter 80, 24th Cong., 1st sess., U.S. Statutes at Large 5 (1836): 32- 33; Department of Defense, Selected Manpower Statistics, Fiscal Year 1997 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), 46- 47, table 2; 24th Cong., 1st sess., S.Doc. 77, p. 3 (“a continual”); “An Act to provide for better protection of the western frontier,” Chapter 258, 24 Cong., 1st sess., U.S. Statutes at Large 5 (1836): 67.
38 George Washington to Timothy Pickering, July 1, 1796, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-00674 (accessed April 11, 2019); Paul Frymer, Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017), 45; James P. Ronda, “ ‘We Have a Country’: Race, Geography, and the Invention of Indian Territory,” Journal of the Early Republic 19, no. 4 (Dec. 1999): 739- 55; Lewis Cass to Thomas H. Benton, Feb. 19, 1836, American State Papers: Military Affairs, 6:150- 52; American State Papers: Military Affairs, 6:149 (“from the interior”), 154.
39 Residents of Jackson County, Missouri, to the Senate and House, May 10, 1836, COIA, HR25A- G7.2, NA; RDC (1836), vol. 12, 3:3337- 39（引文）; American State Papers: Military Affairs, 6:154.
40 A.R. Turk to Andrew Jackson, June 13, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA.
41 Columbus Enquirer (Columbus, Ga.), May 20, 1836, 3 (“We cannot”); Columbus Enquirer, May 27, 1836, 3 (“store and counting- houses”); Columbus Enquirer, June 9, 1836, 3; Columbus Enquirer, June 16, 1836, 2 (“instigators”).
42 John Page to George Gibson, May 16, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA; John Page to George Gibson, May 30, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA (“we were starving”);Diary of Thomas Sidney Jesup, box 2, folder 6, EAH; John T. Ellisor, The Second Creek War: Interethnic Conflict and Collusion on a Collapsing Frontier (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010), 205- 10.
43 Macon Weekly Telegraph (Macon, Ga.), Mar. 17, 1836, 1 (quoting the Savannah Georgian); Ellisor, Second Creek War, 210- 11, 260; John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger, Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 88 (“have had uninterrupted”).
44 John Page to George Gibson, May 30, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA (“whip”); Ellisor, Second Creek War, 211- 21, 245- 47, 257- 58, 263 (“virtually over”).
45 Columbus Enquirer, July 14, 1836, 3 (“removal”); ylvester Churchill Journals, July 3 to July 11, 1836, Sylvester Churchill Papers, LC; Southern Banner, July 16, 1836, 2; Christopher D. Haveman, Rivers of Sand: Creek Indian Emigration, Relocation, and Ethnic Cleansing in the American South (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), 186- 87.
46 第二稽核室判定路上共有九十七人死亡，最后的成本为每人二十八点五美元，比联邦政府自己执行的驱离活动还糟。J. Waller Barry to George Gibson, Aug. 10, 1836, CGLR, box 9, Creek, NA; A. Iverson to C.A. Harris, June 17, 1837, enclosure, J.W.A. Sanford, Records of the Accounting Officers of the Department of the Treasury, Settled Indian Accounts, RG 217, entry 525, box 261, account 691, NA.
47 Contract with the Alabama Emigrating Company, Aug. 13, 1836, Bending Their Way Onward: Creek Indian Removal in Documents, ed. Christopher D. Haveman (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018), 226- 31; Edward Deas to George Gibson, Nov. 22, 1836, LR, OIA, frames 553- 556, reel 237, M- 234, NA; Opothle Yoholo et al. to Andrew Jackson, Dec. 25, 1836, box 3, folder 13, EAH.
48 William Bowen Campbell to David Campbell, Correspondence, June 20, 1836, Campbell Family Papers, DMR (“hunted”); Southern Banner, July 2, 1836, 2; Heintzelman diary, Aug. 18, 1836, reel 2, Samuel Peter Heintzelman Papers, LC; Jonathan G. Reynolds to Henry Wilson, Mar. 31, 1837, box 5, EAH (“The people”).
49 William Bowen Campbell to Fanny Campbell, Correspondence, July 29, 1836, Campbell Family Papers, DMR (“hunting”); Georgia Journal (Milledgeville, Ga.), Aug. 2, 1836, 3 (“The savage”); Georgia Journal, Feb. 7, 1837, 3 (“infected”); Benjamin Young to Thomas Jesup, July 6, 1836, box 12, The Office of the Adjutant General, Generals’ Papers and Books, General Jesup, entry 159, RG 94, NA; J.S. McIntosh to Thomas Jesup, Aug. 13, 1836, box 12, The Office of the Adjutant General, Generals’ Papers and Books, General Jesup, entry 159, RG 94, NA; Southern Recorder (Milledgeville, Ga.), Aug. 23, 1836, 2; Federal Union, Aug. 23, 1836, 3; Southern Banner, Aug. 27, 1836, 3; Jacob Rhett Motte, Journey into Wilderness: An Army Surgeon’s Account of Life in Camp and Field during the Creek and Seminole Wars, 1836- 1838, ed. James F. Sunderman (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1953), 69- 70; Ellisor, Second Creek War, 268, 271- 72, 284, 288, 292, 293, 301.
