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19. Which Is More Suitable to the Prince and to the People, the Farming the Revenues, or Managing Them by Commission?

20. Of the Farmers of the Revenues

Book XIV. Of Laws in Relation to the Nature of the Climate

1. General Idea

2. Of the Difference of Men in Different Climates

3. Contradiction in the Tempers of Some Southern Nations

4. Cause of the Immutability of Religion, Manners, Customs, and Laws, in the Eastern Countries

5. That Those Are Bad Legislators Who Favour the Vices of the Climate, and Good Legislators Who Oppose Those Vices

6. Of Agriculture in Warm Climates

7. Of Monkery

8. An Excellent Custom of China

9. Means of Encouraging Industry

10. Of the Laws in Relation to the Sobriety of the People

11. Of the Laws in Relation to the Distempers of the Climate

12. Of the Laws against Suicides

13. Effects Arising from the Climate of England

14. Other Effects of the Climate

15. Of the Different Confidence Which the Laws Have in the People, According to the Difference of Climates

Book XV. In What Manner the Laws of Civil Slavery Relate to the Nature of the Climate

1. Of Civil Slavery

2. Origin of the Right of Slavery among the Roman Civilians

3. Another Origin of the Right of Slavery

4. Another Origin of the Right of Slavery

5. Of the Slavery of the Negroes

6. The True Origin of the Right of Slavery

7. Another Origin of the Right of Slavery

8. Inutility of Slavery among Us

9. Several Kinds of Slavery

10. Regulations Necessary in Respect to Slavery

11. Abuses of Slavery

12. Danger from the Multitude of Slaves

13. Of Armed Slaves

14. The Same Subject Continued

15. Precautions to Be Used in Moderate Governments

16. Regulations between Masters and Slaves

17. Of Enfranchisements

18. Of Freedmen and Eunuchs

Book XVI. How the Laws of Domestic Slavery Bear a Relation to the Nature of the Climate

1. Of Domestic Servitude

2. That in the Countries of the South There Is a Natural Inequality between the Two Sexes

3. That a Plurality of Wives Greatly Depends on the Means of Supporting Them

4. That the Law of Polygamy Is an Affair That Depends on Calculation

5. The Reason of a Law of Malabar

6. Of Polygamy Considered in Itself

7. Of an Equality of Treatment in Case of Many Wives

8. Of the Separation of Women from Men

9. Of the Connection between Domestic and Political Government

10. The Principle on Which the Morals of the East Are Founded

11. Of Domestic Slavery Independently of Polygamy

12. Of Natural Modesty

13. Of Jealousy

14. Of the Eastern Manner of Domestic Government

15. Of Divorce and Repudiation

16. Of Repudiation and Divorce among the Romans

Book XVII. How the Laws of Political Servitude Bear a Relation to the Nature of the Climate

1. Of Political Servitude

2. The Difference between Nations in Point of Courage

3. Of the Climate of Asia

4. The Consequences Resulting from This

5. That When the People in the North of Asia and Those of the North of Europe Made Conquests, the Effects of the Conquests Were Not the Same

6. A new Physical Cause of the Slavery of Asia, and of the Liberty of Europe

7. Of Africa and America

8. Of the Capital of the Empire

Book XVIII. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to the Nature of the Soil

1. How the Nature of the Soil Has an Influence on the Laws

2. The Same Subject Continued

3. What Countries Are Best Cultivated

4. New Effects of the Fertility and Barrenness of Countries

5. Of the Inhabitants of Islands

6. Of Countries Raised by the Industry of Man

7. Of Human Industry

8. The General Relation of Laws

9. Of the Soil of America

10. Of Population in the Relation It Bears to the Manners of Procuring Subsistence

11. Of Savage and Barbarous Nations

12. Of the Law of Nations among People Who Do Not Cultivate the Earth

13. Of the Civil Laws of Those Nations Who Do Not Cultivate the Earth

14. Of the Political State of the People Who Do Not Cultivate the Land

15. Of People Who Know the Use of Money

16. Of Civil Laws among People Who Know Not the Use of Money

17. Of Political Laws among Nations Who Have Not the Use of Money

18. Of the Power of Superstition

19. Of the Liberty of the Arabs and the Servitude of the Tartars

20. Of the Law of Nations as Practised by the Tartars

21. The Civil Law of the Tartars

22. Of a Civil Law of the German Nations

23. Of the Regal Ornaments among the Franks

24. Of the Marriages of the Kings of the Franks

25. Childeric

26. Of the Time When the Kings of the Franks Became of Age

27. The Same Subject Continued

28. Of Adoption among the Germans

29. Of the Sanguinary Temper of the Kings of the Franks

30. Of the National Assemblies of the Franks

31. Of the Authority of the Clergy under the First Race

Book XIX. Of Laws in Relation to the Principles Which Form the General Spirit, Morals, and Customs of a Nation

1. Of the Subject of This Book

2. That It Is Necessary People's Minds Should Be Prepared for the Reception of the Best Laws

3. Of Tyranny

4. Of the General Spirit of Mankind

5. How Far We Should Be Attentive Lest the General Spirit of a Nation Be Changed

6. That Everything Ought Not to Be Corrected

7. Of the Athenians and Laced?monians

8. Effects of a Sociable Temper

9. Of the Vanity and Pride of Nations

10. Of the Character of the Spaniards and Chinese

11. A Reflection

12. Of Customs and Manners in a Despotic State

13. Of the Behaviour of the Chinese

14. What Are the Natural Means of Changing the Manners and Customs of a Nation

15. The Influence of Domestic Government on the Political

16. How some Legislators Have Confounded the Principles Which Govern Mankind

17. Of the Peculiar Quality of the Chinese Government

18. A Consequence Drawn from the Preceding Chapter

19. How This Union of Religion, Laws, Manners, and Customs among the Chinese Was Effected

20. Explanation of a Paradox Relating to the Chinese

21. How the Laws Ought to Have a Relation to Manners and Customs

22. The Same Subject Continued

23. How the Laws Are Founded on the Manners of a People

24. The Same Subject Continued

25. The Same Subject Continued

26. The Same Subject Continued

27. How the Laws Contribute to Form the Manners, Customs, and Character of a Nation

Book XX. Of Laws in Relation to Commerce, Considered in its Nature and Distinctions

1. Of Commerce

2. Of the Spirit of Commerce

3. Of the Poverty of the People

4. Of Commerce in Different Governments

5. Of Nations That Have Entered into an Economical Commerce

6. Some Effects of an Extensive Navigation

7. The Spirit of England with Respect to Commerce

8. In What Manner Economical Commerce Has Been Sometimes Restrained

9. Of the Prohibition of Commerce

10. An Institution Adapted to Economical Commerce

11. The Same Subject Continued

12. Of the Freedom of Commerce

13. What It Is That Destroys This Liberty

14. The Laws of Commerce Concerning the Confiscation of Merchandise

15. Of Seizing the Persons of Merchants

16. An Excellent Law

17. A Law of Rhodes

18. Of the Judges of Commerce

19. That a Prince Ought Not to Engage Himself in Commerce

20. The Same Subject Continued

21. Of the Commerce of the Nobility in a Monarchy

22. A Singular Reflection

23. To What Nations Commerce Is Prejudicial

Book XXI. Of Laws in Relation to Commerce, Considered in the Revolutions

It Has Met With in the World

1. Some General Considerations

2. Of the People of Africa

3. That the Wants of the People in the South Are Different from those of the North

4. The Principal Difference between the Commerce of the Ancients and the Moderns

5. Other Differences

6. Of the Commerce of the Ancients

7. Of the Commerce of the Greeks

8. Of Alexander: His Conquests

9. Of the Commerce of the Grecian Kings after the Death of Alexander

10. Of the Circuit of Africa

11. Of Carthage and Marseilles

12. The Isle of Delos. Mithridates

13. Of the Genius of the Romans as to Maritime Affairs

14. Of the Genius of the Romans with Respect to Commerce

15. Of the Commerce of the Romans with the Barbarians

16. Of the Commerce of the Romans with Arabia, and the Indies

17. Of Commerce after the Destruction of the Western Empire

18. A Particular Regulation

19. Of Commerce after the Decay of the Roman Power in the East

20. How Commerce Broke Through the Barbarism of Europe

21. The Discovery of Two New Worlds, and in What Manner Europe Is Affected by It

22. Of the Riches Which Spain Drew from America

23. A Problem

Book XXII. Of Laws in Relation to the Use of Money

1. The Reason of the Use of Money

2. Of the Nature of Money

3. Of Ideal Money

4. Of the Quantity of Gold and Silver

5. The Same Subject Continued

6. Why Interest Was Lowered One Half after the Conquest of the Indies

7. How the Price of Things Is Fixed in the Variation of the Sign of Riches

8. The Same Subject Continued

9. Of the Relative Scarcity of Gold and Silver

10. Of Exchange

11. Of the Proceedings of the Romans with Respect to Money

12. The Circumstances in Which the Romans Changed the Value of Their Specie

13. Proceedings with Respect to Money in the Time of the Emperors

14. How Exchange Is a Constraint on Despotic Power

15. The Practice of Some Countries in Italy

16. The Assistance a State May Derive from Bankers

17. Of Public Debts

18. Of the Payment of Public Debts

19. Of Lending upon Interest

20. Of Maritime Usury

21. Of Lending by Contract, and the State of Usury among the Romans

22. The Same Subject Continued

Book XXIII. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to the Number of Inhabitants

1. Of Men and Animals with Respect to the Multiplication of Their Species

2. Of Marriage

3. Of the Condition of Children

4. Of Families

5. Of the Several Orders of Lawful Wives

6. Of Bastards in Different Governments

7. Of the Father's Consent to Marriage

8. The Same Subject Continued

9. Of Young Women

10. What It Is That Determines Marriage

11. Of the Severity of Government

12. Of the Number of Males and Females in Different Countries

13. Of Seaport Towns

14. Of the Productions of the Earth Which Require a Greater or Less Number of Men

15. Of the Number of Inhabitants with Relation to the Arts

16. The Concern of the Legislator in the Propagation of the Species

17. Of Greece, and the Number of its Inhabitants

18. Of the State and Number of People before the Romans

19. Of the Depopulation of the Globe

20. That the Romans Were under the Necessity of Making Laws to Encourage the Propagation of the Species

21. Of the Laws of the Romans Relating to the Propagation of the Species

22. Of the Exposing of Children

23. Of the State of the World after the Destruction of the Romans

24. The Changes Which Happened in Europe, with Regard to the Number of the Inhabitants

25. The Same Subject Continued

26. Consequences

27. Of the Law Made in France to Encourage the Propagation of the Species

28. By What Means We May Remedy a Depopulation

29. Of Hospitals

Book XXIV. Of Laws in Relation to Religion, Considered in Itself, and in Its Doctrine

1. Of Religion in General

2. A Paradox of M. Bayle's

3. That a Moderate Government Is Most Agreeable to the Christian Religion, and a Despotic Government to the Mahometan

4. Consequences from the Character of the Christian Religion and That of the Mahometan

5. That the Catholic Religion Is Most Agreeable to a Monarchy, and the Protestant to a Republic

6. Another of M. Bayle's Paradoxes

7. Of the Laws of Perfection in Religion

8. Of the Connection between the Moral Laws and Those of Religion

9. Of the Essenes

10. Of the Sect of Stoics

11. Of Contemplation

12. Of Penances

13. Of Inexpiable Crimes

14. In What Manner Religion Has an Influence on Civil Laws

15. How False Religions Are Sometimes Corrected by the Civil Laws

16. How the Laws of Religion Correct the Inconveniences of a Political Constitution

17. The Same Subject Continued

18. How the Laws of Religion Have the Effect of Civil Laws

19. That It Is Not So Much the Truth or Falsity of a Doctrine Which Renders It Useful or Pernicious to Men in Civil Government, as the Use or Abuse of It

20. The Same Subject Continued

21. Of Metempsychosis

22. That It Is Dangerous for Religion to Inspire an Aversion for Things in Themselves Indifferent

23. Of Festivals

24. Of the Local Laws of Religion

25. The Inconvenience of Transplanting a Religion from One Country to Another

26. The Same Subject Continued

Book XXV. Of Laws in Relation to the Establishment of Religion and its External Polity

1. Of Religious Sentiments

2. Of the Motives of Attachment to Different Religions

3. Of Temples

4. Of the Ministers of Religion

5. Of the Bounds Which the Laws Ought to Prescribe to the Riches of the Clergy

6. Of Monasteries

7. Of the Luxury of Superstition

8. Of the Pontificate

9. Of Toleration in Point of Religion

10. The Same Subject Continued

11. Of Changing a Religion

12. Of Penal Laws

13. A Most Humble Remonstrance to the Inquisitors of Spain and Portugal

14. Why the Christian Religion Is So Odious in Japan

15. Of the Propagation of Religion

Book XXVI. Of Laws in Relation to the Order of Things Which They Determine

1. Idea of This Book

2. Of Laws Divine and Human

3. Of Civil Laws Contrary to the Law of Nature

4. The Same Subject Continued

5. Cases in Which We May Judge by the Principles of the Civil Law, in Limiting the Principles of the Law of Nature

6. That the Order of Succession or Inheritance Depends on the Principles of Political or Civil Law, and Not on Those of the Law of Nature

7. That We Ought Not to Decide by the Precepts of Religion What Belongs Only to the Law of Nature

8. That We Ought Not to Regulate by the Principles of the Canon Law Things Which Should Be Regulated by Those of the Civil Law

9. That Things Which Ought to Be Regulated by the Principles of Civil Law Can Seldom Be Regulated by Those of Religion.

10. In What Case We Ought to Follow the Civil Law Which Permits, and Not the Law of Religion Which Forbids