[17] Macfarlane，A.and Harrison，S.2000.Technological evolution and involution：a preliminary comparison of Europe and Japan.In Ziman，J.（ed.）Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary Process.Cambridge University Press.
[18] Perrin，N.1988.Giving Up the Gun：Japans Reversion to the Sword.Grodine.
[19] Petty，W.1691.Political Arithmetick.
[20] The Wealth of Nations，quoted in Blanning，T.2007.The Pursuit of Glory.Penguin.
[21] Pomeranz，K.2000.The Great Divergence.Princeton University Press.
[22] Clark，G.2007.A Farewell to Alms.Princeton University Press.
[23] 指由其他国家进口的食品、木材、衣物、金属、原材料和制成品。——译者注
[24] Epstein，H.2008.The strange history of birth control.New York Review of Books，18 August 2008.
[25] Hardin，G.1968.The tragedy of the commons.Science 162：1243-8.
[26] 例外的是巴里·康芒纳（Barry Commoner），他在1972年斯德哥尔摩召开的联合国人口大会上提出，无须采用强制措施，人口过渡自然会解决人口增长问题。
[27] Ehrlich，P.，Ehrlich，A.and Holdren，J.F.1977.Eco-science.W.H.Freeman.
[28] Connelly，M.2008.Fatal Misconception：the Struggle to Control World Population.Harvard University Press.
[29] 测量出生率的标准方法是“总生育力”，即计算各个年龄段人口的平均家庭规模。这种做法并不完善，它混淆了生育率下降和家庭规模缩小，但它是目前最好的测量方法，因为暂时还没有其他更好的做法，本章我采用的就是它。
[30] Brand，S.2005.Environmental heresies.Technology Review，May 2005.
[31] Caldwell，J.2006.Demographic Transition Theory.Springer.
[32] 马多克斯的书名为《世界末日症候群》（The Doomsday Syndrome）（1973，McGraw-Hill），约翰·蒂尔尼（John Tierney）引用了埃尔利希和霍尔德伦的书评，可见：http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/15/the-skeptical-prophet/.
[33] 用学术界的话来说，“（在这个领域里）人们提出了各种互相抵触的理论框架，继续进行着争论，没有一种理论得到了广泛的认同。”Hirschman，quoted in Bongaarts，J.and Watkins，S.C.1996.Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions.Population and Development Review 22：639-82.
[34] 原书如此，疑为数据有误。——译者注
[35] 这里是指天主教反对人工节育，更反对堕胎。——译者注
[36] Sachs，J.2008.Common Wealth：Economics for a Crowded Planet.Allen Lane.
[37] Connelly，M.2008.Fatal Misconception：the Struggle to Control World Population.Harvard University Press.
[38] Sachs，J.2008.Common Wealth：Economics for a Crowded Planet.Allen Lane.
[39] Population Growth，Economic Freedom and the Rule of Law.PERC Policy Series no.24.
[40] Richerson，P.and Boyd，R.2005.Nor by Genes Alone.Chicago University Press.
[41] The invisible hand of population control.Reason，16 June 2009.http://www.reason.com/news/show/134136.html.
[42] Myrskyla，M.，Kohler，H.P.and Billari，F.C.2009.Advances in development reverse fertility declines.Nature，6 August 2009（doi：10.1038/nature 08230）.
