[40] 一天深夜，在印第安纳州的一间酒吧，乔·亨里奇第一次向我提出这一观点。
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[43] Bliege Bird，R.1999.Cooperation and conflict：the behavioural ecology of the sexual division of labour.Evolutionary Anthropology 8：65-75.
[44] 澳大利亚的一种食肉海鱼。——译者注
[45] Kuhn，S.L.and Stiner，M.C.2006.What’s a mother to do？A hypothesis about the division of labour and modern human origins.Current Anthropology 47：953-80.
[46] Isaac，G.L.and Isaac，B.1989.The Archaeology of Human Origins：Papers by Glyn Isaac.Cambridge University Press.
[47] Wells，H.G.1902.‘The Discovery of the Future’.Lecture at the Royal Institution，24 January 1902，published in Nature 65：326-31.Reproduced with the permission of AP Watt Ltd on behalf of the Literary Executors of the Estate of H.G.Wells.
[48] O’Connell，J.F.and Allen，J.2007.Pre-LGM Sahul（Pleistocene Australia New Guinea）and the archaeology of Early Modern Humans.In Mellars，P.，Boyle，K.，Bar-Yosef，O.et al，Rethinking the Human Revolution，Cambridge：McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research，pp.395-410.
[49] Thangaraj，K.et al.2005.Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders.Science 308：996；Macaulay，V.et al.2005.Single，rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes.Science 308：1034-6；Hudjashov et al.2007.Revealing the prehistoric setdement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis.PNAS.104：8726-30.
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[51] 美拉尼西亚是太平洋三大群岛之一，意为“黑人群岛”。由俾斯麦群岛、所罗门群岛、新赫布里底群岛、新喀里多尼亚群岛、斐济群岛等组成。——译者注
[52] Faure，H.，Walter，R.C.and Grant，D.E.2002.The coastal oasis：Ice Age springs on emerged continental shelves.Global and Planetary Change 33：47-56.
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[54] Svante Paabo，personal communication.See also Evans，P.D.et al.2006.Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage.PNAS 103：18178-83.
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[56] http://www.scienceblog.eom/community/older/archives/E/usgs 398.html.
[57] 澳大利亚体型最大的有袋哺乳动物，于4万年前灭绝。——译者注
[58] Stringer，C.and McKie，R.1996.African Exodus.Jonathan Cape.
[59] Conard，N.J.，Maline，M.and Munzel，S.C.2009.New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany.Nature 46：737-740.
[60] 位于现在的乌克兰。——译者注
[61] Ofek，H.2001.Second Nature：Economic Origins of Human Evolution.Cambridge University Press.
[62] Stringer.C.2006.Homo Britannicus.Penguin：“尼安德特人的石头工具，原材料全都来自遗址1小时步行距离以内的地方，而克鲁马努人要么是更为机动灵活，要么是有着交换网络，因为他们的资源覆盖了数百英里的范围。”
[63] Pagel，M.and Mace，R.2004.The cultural wealth of nations.Nature 428：275-8.
[64] Tattersall，1.1997.Becoming Human.Harcourt.
[65] See for example Horan，R.D.，Bulte，E.H.and Shogren，J.F.2005.How trade saved humanity from biological exclusion：the Neanderthal enigma revisited and revised.Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 58：1-29.
[66] Ricardo，D.1817.The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.John Murray.
[67] 同样叫人吃惊的是，很多知识分子都难以把握它的要点。欲知这一概念有多少错误阐释，见Paul Krugman’s essay“Ricardo’s Difficult Idea”：http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/ricardo.htm.
[68] 反刍动物的第一胃。——译者注
[69] Holldobbler，B.and Wilson，E.O.2008.The Superorganism.Norton.
[70] Darwin，C.R.1871.The Descent of Man.Quoted in Ofek，H.2001.Second Nature：Economic Origins of Human Evolution.Cambridge University Press.
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[72] Heinrich，J.2004.Demography and cultural evolution：how adaptive cultural processes can produce maladaptive losses-the Tasmanian case.American Antiquity 69：197-214.
[73] Diamond，J.1993.Ten thousand years of solitude.Discover，March 1993.
[74] Heinrich，J.2004.Demography and cultural evolution：how adaptive cultural processes can produce maladaptive losses-the Tasmanian case.American Antiquity 69：197-214.
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[76] Shennan，S.2002.Genes，Memes and Human History.Thames&Hudson.
[77] Balme，J.and Morse，K.2006.Shell beads and social behavior in Pleistocene Australia.Antiquity 80：799-811.
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[80] 顺便说一下，贾雷德·戴蒙德在《崩溃》一书里雄辩地把格陵兰的挪威人以及复活节岛上的故事阐释成生态灭绝的后果，但或许它们跟与世隔绝也有相当大的关系。在黑死病和气候恶化的双重作用下，格陵兰的挪威人与斯堪的纳维亚半岛隔绝开来，无法再维持其生活方式；和塔斯马尼亚人一样，他们忘记了如何捕鱼。而复活节岛的故事，戴蒙德或许是误读了：有人指出，尽管森林采伐殆尽，当地社会仍然欣欣向荣，直到19世纪60年代穷凶极恶的奴隶贸易商展开了大屠杀——见Peiser，B.2005.From genocide to ecocide：the rape of Rapa Nui.Energy&Environment 16：513-39.
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