——.“Al-Natiq Alrasmee bi Ism Tala'I al-fath Ya'tarif BiMuhawalat Ightiyyal Ghali [The Official Spokesman for Fath Admits the Group Attempted to Assassinate Ghali]. Translated by Dina Ibrahim. Al-Hayat ,May 15,1994,no. 1135,p. 6.
Zaki,Muhammad Zaki. “Al-Zawahiri Kana Zameelee Fee al-Madrasa” [Al-Zawahiri Was My Classmate in School]. Translated by Mandi Fahmy. Akhir So‘ah ,October 2001,no. 3495,pp. 10-12.
Zarie,Mohammed. In Defense of Prisoners' Rights:HRCAP Reports from 1997 to 2000. Cairo:Human Rights Center for the Assistance of Prisoners,1997.
al-Zawahiri,Ayman. Fursan Taht Rayah al-Nabi [Knights Under the Prophet's Banner]. Translated by Amjad M. Abu Nseir. Casablanca:Dar-al-Najaah al-Jadeedah,2001.
——.Al-Hasad al-Murr:al-Ikhwan al-Mustimonn Fee Sitoon [Bitter Harvest:The Muslim Brothers in Sixty Years]. Translated by Mandi Fahmy. Dar al-Bayariq. No city,no date.
——.“Knights Under the Prophet's Banner.” Translated by FBTS. Al-Sharq al-Awsat ,December 2-12,2001.
“Al-Zawahiri Yarud 'Ala Bush Bibayan Khasa bihee Filisteen” [Al-Zawahiri Responds to Bush in a Statement Specific on Palestine]. Translated by Amjad M. Abu Nseir. Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel,www.aljazeera.net/news/asia/ 2001/11/11-10-3.htm.
al-Zayyat,Montassir. Al-Jamaat al-Islamiyya:Nathra Dakhiliyah [Islamic Groups:An Internal View]. Translated by Amjad M. Abu Nseir. Al-Hayat ,January 10-14,
2005.
——.Ayman al-Zawahiri Kama ’Araftahoo [Ayman al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him].Translated by Amjad M. Abu Nseir. Cairo:Dar Misr al-Mahroosa,2002.
——.The Road to al-Qaeda:The Story of bin Ladens Right-Hand Man. London:Pluto Press,2004.
作者采访
Nicholas Abbott R. Scott Appleby
Abdelaziz Osman Abdelaziz Gustavo de Aristegui
Tourabi Abdellah Grant Ashley
Genieve Abdo Saad Asswailim
Khaled S. Abu Rashid Ghazi Salah Eddin Atabani
Hafez Abu Saada Abdel Bari Atwan
Victor Abu Said Gerald L. Auerbach
Asma Afsaruddin Juan Avilés
Iftikhar Ahmad Mohammed Saleem al-Awa
Ali al-Ahmed Mohsin al-Awaji
Reem Akkad Mohammed al-Awwam
Abu Ala-Mady Hussein al-Aydi
Alaweed bin Talal Javed Aziz
Mohammed Alawwan Sahar Aziz
Hamid Algar Talal bin Abdul Aziz
Mirza Ali Mahfouz Azzam
Mohammed Jasim el-Ali Maha Azzam
Bassim A. Alim Omar Mahfouz Azzam
Mohammed Alim Nadia ba-Ashen
Tariq Ali Alireza Yahia Hussein Babiker
Fouad Allam Ahmed M. Badeeb
Jeff Allen Saeed Badeeb
Graham Allison Robert Baer
Rogelio Alonzo Omar Bagour
Abdel Monem Said Aly Faisel Bajaber
Faiza Salah Ambah Ramesh Balon
Michael Ameen Jr. Gamal al-Banna
Abdullah Anas Shmuel Bar
Frank Anderson Tom Barfield
Lars Erslev Anderson Michael Barrett
Sami Angawi Hasan Basweid
John M. Anticev Khaled Batarfi
Michael Anticev Faisal Batewil
Mohammed Loay Baizid Frank Cilluffo
Milt Bearden Richard A,Clarke
Waquih Bector Jack Cloonan
Mohammed bin Nasser Belfas Ray Close
Harlen L. Bell Charles Cogan
Daniel Benjamin Daniel J. Coleman
Robert Bentley Denis Collins
Peter L. Bergen Elizabeth O. Colton
Sandy Berger John Cooley
James Bemazzani,Jr. Thomas F. Corrigan
Khaled al-Berri Dina Corsi
Abdullah M. Binladen Juan Cotino
Saleh M. Binladen Roger Cressey
Mohammed A. bin Mahfooz Dominik Cziesche
Sultan bin Salman Pasquale D'Amuro
Alaweed bin Talal Saeb Dajani
Ghazi Faisal Binzagr Thomas G. Donlon
Jochen Bittner Essam Deraz
Robert Blitzer Aida Self el-Dawla
Philip Bobbitt Sarah al-Deeb
Waguih Boctor Agustínn Diaz
Barbara Bodine Anna DiBattista
Steven A. Bongardt Tom Dillon
Arnaud de Borchgrave Teodoro Gómez Domínguez
Theron Bouman Kevin Donovan
H. Braxton Joseph Doorley
Jean-Charles Brisard Mary Deborah Doran
Peter T. R. Brooks Eleanor Doumato
Rachel Bronson Joshua L. Dratel
Jean-Louis Bruguiere Abdel Aziz al-Dukheil
Ihsan Ali bu-Hulaiga Carson Dunbar
Paul Busick Charles Dunbar
Malik A. Ruiz Callejas Joseph Dunne
Robert Callus Elizabeth Durkee
John Calvert Jack Eckenroad
Greg Campbell Mohamed Salah Eddin
Antonio Ca?izares R. P. Eddy
Vincent Cannistraro Mohamed al-Edrisi
Joseph Cantemessa Paul Eedle
Yigal Carmon Abdel Wahab el-Effendi
Timothy Carney Michael E. Eisner
Jacobo Teijelo Casanova Steven Emerson
Sharon Chadha Javier Jordán Enamorado
David Chambers Elfatih Erwa
Robert Chambers Emilio Lamo de Espinosa
Gary Chapman Essam el-Eryan
Fran?oise Chipaux John Esposito
Khaled Abou el-Fadl Hamid Gul
Abdulaziz H. Fahad Rohan Gunaratna
Mandi Fahmy Lou Gunn
Amr Mohamed al-Faisal Allan P. Haber
Reem al-Faisal Kamal al-Sayyid Habib
Saud al-Faisal Herb Haddad
Turki al-Faisal Deborah Hadwell
Mahmoun Fandy Sayeed Abdul Hafez
Saad al-Faqih Mohammed M. Hafez
Juan Avilés Farré Ali el-Haj
Jamil Farsi Lisa Gordon Haggerty
Najla Fathi Abdul Rahman Haggog
Haizam Amir ah Fernández Berhan Hailu
Elizabeth Fernea Yousef A. al-Hamdan
Robert Fernea Khaled al-Hammadi
Al Finch Andrew Hammond
Walid A. Fitaihi Hussein Haqqani
Patrick Fitzgerald Hasan al-Harithi
Peggy A. Ford Mamdouh al-Harithi
Yosri Fouda Mohamed Haroun
Wyche Fowler Elias Harfouche
Charles E. Frahm Peter Harrigan
Stephen Franklin Tom Hartwell
Louis J. Freeh Saad Hasaballah
Alan Fry Khalid Hasan
Graham Fuller Janullah Hashimzada
Abdel Moneim Abdel Futuh Badreldin Hassan
Neal Gallagher Hamza al-Hassan
Mary E. Galligan Sulaiman al-Hatlan
Kathy Gannon Suliman Hathout
Antonio Maldonado García Hasan Hatrash
Benigno Pendás García Jerome Hauer
Enrique García Thomas Hegghammer
Mike Garcia Kamal Helbawy
Paul Garmirian Clement Henry
Diego López Garrido Neil Herman
Baltazar Garzón Ibrahim Hilal
Stephen J. Gaudin Michael Hingson
F. Gregory Gause III Frank Hodgkins
Fawaz Gerges Bruce Hoffman
Hussein Abdel Ghani Tariq al-Homayed
Kevin P. Giblin Ibrahim Hooper
Hao Gilbertson Fahmi Howeidi
Heather Gregg Steven Hughes
Klaus Grünewald Mohammed I. al-Hulwah
Stanley Guess Malik Hussein
Hosnya Guindy Len Hutton
Hussein Ibish Judith Kipper
Abdel Wahab Ibrahim Kirk Kjeldsen
Dina Ibrahim Bernard Kleinman
Saad Eddin Ibrahim Bassma Kodmani
Bob Inman Evan Kohlmann
Ibrahim Insari Michael Kortan
Jose María Irujo May Kutbi
Christopher Isham Ben Kuth
Farraj Ismail Robert Lacey
Jamal Ismail Stéphane Lacroix
Mamdouh Ismail Donna Lee Lakin
Mahnaz Ispahani Frank Lakin
Edward Jajko Salah Lamei
Ali A. Jalali Ted Landreth
Kevin James Thomas F. Lang
Valerie James Mohamed abd al-Latif
Edward Jeep Fernando Lázaro
Josef Joffe Rodney Leibowitz
Chris Johnson Eric Lewis
Keith Johnson Richard Lind
Rocio Millán Johnson James Lindley
Robert Jordan John Lipka
Adi al-Jubair John J. Liguori
Nail al-Jubair David Long
James K. Kallstrom Bernabe López García
Salah Abd al-Kareem Douglas MacEachin
Hisham Kassem Petros Machas
Mahmoud Kassem Dittmar Machele
Theodore Kattouf Khaled al-Maeena
Rita Katz Naguib Mahfouz
Elaine Kaufman Wissal al-Mahdi
Joseph Kechichian Saddiq al-Mahdi
David Kelley Abdulaziz I. al-Mana
Gilles Kepel Abd al-Haleem Mandour
Abdul Rahman Khadr Jay C. Manning
Zaynab Ahmed Khadr Manuela Marín
Jamal Khalifa Saad M. Mariq
Ashraf Khalil Jonathan Marshall
Imran Khan Bobby Martin
Ismail Khan Georg Mascolo
Javed Aziz Khan Rihab M. Massoud
Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi Barry Mawn
Khalid Khawaja Kenneth J. Maxwell
Mohammed al-Khereiji Ernest May
Ramzi Khouri Andrew McCarthy
Kathryn Kilgore Pete McCloskey Jr.
Daniel Kimmage Ken McConnellogue
Janet McElligot M. Arif Noorzai
Robert McFadden Essam Noweira
John McKillop Ayman Nur
Jaime McLendon Christine O'Neill
Frances Meade J. P. O'Neill
Richard A Meade Hugh O'Rourke
Dominic Medley Nawaf Obaid
Amin el-Mehdi Mohammed S. al-Odadi
Roel Meijer Hassabulla Omer
Moneir Mahmoud Aly el-Messery Fathi Osman
Cordula Meyer George Pagoulatis
John J. Miller Emiliano Burdiel Pascual
Marty Miller Reuven Paz
John Mintz Ami Pedahzur
Hamid Mir Gareth Peirce
Mustafa al-Mirabet Francis J. Pellegrino
Hafez al-Mirazi Benigno Pendás
Assaf Moghadem Ramon Pérez-Maura
Mohammed el-Affi Mohammed Thomas J. Pickard
Rustam Shah Mohmand William Ryan Plunkett
Abdul Mohsin Mosallam Javier Pogalan
Rashid al-Mubarek Josh Pollack
Ursulla Mueller Florentino Portero
Manfred Murck Joachim Preuss
Kim Murphy Jim Quilty
Richard Murphy Mohammed Qutb
Virginia Murr Khaled Rabah
Ali al-Musa Samir Rafaat
Izzud-din Omar Musa Nimrod Rafaeli
Khaled Musa Abdullah Omar Abdul Rahman
Mustapha el-M'Rabet Ahmed Abdul Rahman
Ibrahim Nafie Bahran Rahman
Timothy Naftali Osama Rajkhan
Hani Nagshabandi David C. Rapoport
Adil Najam Madawi al-Rasheed
Louis A. Napoli Abdel Rahman al-Rashid
Octavia E. Nasr Mohamed Rashid
Dona Abdel Nasser Diaa Rashwan
Sami Saleh Nawar Ross Reiss
Hisham Nazer Jim Rhody
Sanna Negus Hamid bin Ahmed al-Rifai
Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson Lawrence K. Robinson
Salameh Nematt Jorge Rodríguez
Petter Nesser Michael A. Rolince
Tim Niblock Ken Rosenthal
Monsour al-Njadan James J. Rossini
Yusuf Mohammed Noorwali Mark T. Rossini
Jim Roth Hani al-Siba’iy
Olivier Roy Steven Simon
Michael Rubin Yassir el-Sirri
William Rugh Marvin Smilon
Usama Rushdi Philip Smucker
Jeanne Ryan Ibrahim al-Sonousi
Hafez Abu Saada Ali H. Soufan
Mahmoud Sab it Jesper Stein
Abdul Rahman al-Saeed Guido Steinberg
Marc Sageman Jessica Stern
Muhammed Salaah Mary Lynn Stevens
Salama Ahmed Salama Raymond Stock
Ali Salem Dominic Streatfeild
Ysura Salim Abdullah Subhi
Mohammed Salmawy Ghassan al-Sulaiman
Maha Elsamneh Gamal Sultan
Bob Sama Joseph Szlavik Jr.
Mujahid M. al-Sawwaf Michael Taarnby
Mohammed Sayed Tayib Nahed M. Taher
Michael Scheuer Azzam Tamimi
Lewis Schiliro Lorraine di Taranto
Abdallah Schleifer Mohamed Saeed Tayeb
Yoram Schweitzer Jacobo Teijello
Deborah Scroggins Joshua Teitelbaum
Abdul Aziz al-Sebail Peter Theroux
Mohammed el-Shafey Omar Toor
Restum Shah Aldo J. Tos
Rafiq Shaheed Owais Towhid
Emad Eldeen Shahin Greg Treverton
Mohammed Ali Al al-Shaikh Robert Tucker
Said al-Shaikh Matthew Tueller
Ron Shapiro Hassan al-Turabi
Mohammed A. al-Sharif Issam Eldin al-Turabi
Michael Sheehan Thomas Twetten
Abdullah al-Shehri Abu Ubeida
Virginia Sherry Joe Valiquette
Aziz Shihab Reuben Vélez
Myrna Shinbaum Lorenzo Vidino
David Shinn Bob Walsh
Ekram Shinwari Janet Waters
Allen Shivers Eric Watkins
Hussein Shobokshi Dale Watson
Mohammed Shoukany William F. Wechsler
Mahmoud Shukri Gabriel Weimann
Asma Siddiki Benjamin Weiser
Mazhar Siddiqi Michael Welsh
Sabahat Siddiqi Jeff Wharton
John V. Whitbeck Yehia J. Yehia
Mary Jo White Khaled Yusuf
Wayne White Rahimullah Yusufzai
Robert Whithead Mark Zaid
Larry Whittington Ali Zaki
Quintan Wiktorowicz Ezzat Zaki
Gina Abercrombie-Winstanley Zaki Mohammed Zaki
Kelly Wojda Heba al-Zawahiri
Wesley Wong Montasser al-Zayat
Hani Yamani Ahmad Muaffaq Zaidan
Mai Yamani Mohammed Zohair
Hassan Yassin Abdou Zuma
致谢以及消息来源的说明
谎言和欺骗,对于一名试图组织起真实故事的记者来说始终是个问题,况且本书的这个选题主要还得依靠对圣战者和情报人员的采访。读者自然会认为,过分信赖这些消息来源是很危险的。更麻烦的是,关于基地组织和其中人物的早期研究往往都敷衍了事,而且会把人引入歧途。在记述扎瓦希里和本·拉登生平事件方面至关重要的阿拉伯新闻界,则处于该地区各独裁政府的约束之下。对证人的宣誓证词也不能太过信赖,因为他们自己原本就是窃贼、骗子或双重间谍。那么,在众多相互矛盾、难以取信的描述之中,作者究竟该如何选择?
幸运的是,“9·11”事件以来的5年间有诸多有用的文件浮出水面,它们为那些寻找坚实立足点的记者提供了参照。这其中特别有用的文件包括:“奥萨玛的历史”(Tareek Osama),内含一批备忘录、信件和笔记,取自在波斯尼亚缴获的基地组织电脑,并在美国诉埃萨姆·阿尔努一案中被列为证据;《华尔街日报》记者阿兰·卡利森偶然得到的一批珍贵的电子邮件和其他通信,他在喀布尔买的一台电脑原来是被人从基地组织抢来的;还有基地组织重要的正式文件(包括其章程与细则),大部分由美国国防部在阿富汗战争之后搜集而来,它们组成了人们所说的“和睦文件”(Harmony Documents)。上述文件提供了一个由可靠信息构成的基础,在检验其他消息来源是否可信时很有用处。
然而,就连这些珍贵的资料也可能让人误入歧途。例如,“奥萨玛的历史”文件中含有1988年8月11日重要会议(“基地组织”一词在会上首次出现)的手写笔记,它向我们揭示的似乎是该组织创建的那一刻。在我讲述的故事之中,这是一个至关重要的场景。但是,提交法庭的英语译文往往却让人摸不着头脑。起初的英译是这样的:“我认为我们应该按照我们起初为之而来的想法根源而思考。这一切都是为了从零以下开始一个新成果”。这段话译得好一点则是:“我们应该把注意力集中在来到此地时的最初想法上。这一切都是为了从头开始一项新计划。”根据文件,写下这些笔记的人是本·拉登的朋友阿布·里达·苏里(穆罕默德·洛伊·拜兹德),但我在喀土穆采访苏里时,他却说自己1988年根本就不在阿富汗,也不在巴基斯坦。我不知道他这一断言是否属实,但文件上的确有他的名字。曾参加那次会议的瓦埃勒·朱莱丹拒绝和我当面谈话,但同意通过中间人回答我的问题。他提供了惊人的信息:会议原来是阿卜杜拉·阿扎姆召集的;他还给了我与会者的名字,而且说会议末尾就组建基地组织一事进行了投票。这些情况在法庭文件中都没有记载。曾任基地组织会计的迈达尼·塔伊布通过中间人告诉我,该组织在8月11日会议之前就已经建立——他当年5月就加入了基地组织——因此投票似乎只是让一个已经暗中存在的组织变得名正言顺而已。我相信各位读者会逐渐认识到,基地组织活动在一个晦暗不明的世界之中,而有时我为了获取信息所采取的方法也并不完美。
同样,有一些事情我虽然认为属实但却无法证明,因此在记述时就不得不作出一些牺牲。这其中有一个最令人可望而不可即的例子:2003年10月17日图尔基王子向美联社透露,他主管沙特情报部门时曾在1999年末或2000年初亲自向中央情报局提供纳瓦夫·哈兹米和哈立德·米达尔两人的名字,他们是后来“9·11”事件中的劫机者。“我们告诉美方,这两个人由于基地组织以前的行动已被列入我们的监控名单。他们参与了使馆爆炸案,还曾在1997年企图将武器偷运入沙特王国,”图尔基当时说。这就可以解释为什么大约在劫机者与美海军“科尔”号炸弹袭击者在马来西亚会面的时候,中情局对这两个人突然产生了兴趣。中情局极为愤怒地驳斥了图尔基的说法,而时任沙特驻美大使的班达尔·本·苏丹王子则对表亲图尔基的声明予以澄清,称沙特阿拉伯没有向美国情报部门转送关于劫机者的“任何文件”。当时图尔基仍坚持自己的声明,称他确实转达了这一情况,至少是曾经口头告知。图尔基的这个说法我从沙特政府安全顾问纳瓦夫·奥贝德处得到了证实,他告诉我未来劫机者的姓名被交给了中央情报局利雅得情报站的主管。但到了现在,继班达尔在华盛顿担任驻美大使的图尔基却说,他检查笔记之后发现自己搞错了;他本人从未向美国人转达有关任何劫机者的情况。由于图尔基的断然否定,我只得从文中删去他先前的说法。之所以在此提起这段故事,是为了解答那些知晓此事的读者可能油然而生的疑问,也是为了说明相互对立的政治与外交势力有时会让真相(无论是何种真相)变得遥不可及,令人沮丧不已。
本书所作的报道要求我不断地对数百个消息来源进行相互验证,而在这反反复复的调查过程之中,才能找到最为接近的真相——最可靠的事实。可以说这是一种平行报道,因为它会考虑到尽可能多的观点,只要当事人愿意开口。采访的名单虽长,但它无疑并不完整。美国情报界(尤其是中央情报局)有一些重要人物婉言拒绝和我见面;此外,基地组织内部的许多最佳消息来源仍然被美国当局扣押,这其中不仅有秘密关押的,也有一些人就囚禁在美国的监狱里。尽管我向典狱长和主审法官多次请求,这些囚犯仍然不得与新闻界进行任何接触。除非允许他们开口,否则基地组织的完整故事将无人知晓。
报道中的另一根轴线——垂直轴线——则主要是关于理解的,而不是简单的事实。对于本书中的一些人,我曾做过几十次深入采访。无一例外,最有收获的谈话都是在记者与消息来源建立起一定程度的信任之后。这种关系存在着许多问题,因为信任与友谊往往相伴而来。消息是极具诱惑力的,记者则想要知道消息;而他知道得越多,对消息来源也就越感兴趣。在人类的天性中,“被人理解”这种渴望的强大力量罕有其匹;如果没有它,新闻业就不会存在。然而,因分享秘密和吐露深切情感而生的亲近之意,会让人相应地产生一种友好的保护欲,而记者并不是总能提供这种保护。在采访时我会把录音机放在显眼的地方,并大量做笔记,以此来提醒自己和采访对象房间里还有第三个人——最终的读者。
为尽可能少用匿名的消息来源,我费了不少工夫。作为一个读者,我常会怀疑来源不明的消息是否可靠,因此我把尽可能多的消息提供者拉到了光天化日之下。有些消息来源在采访一开头会习惯性地说此事不供发表,但后来我征询意见时,他们可能会允许我引用某几句话或发表某些情况。文中还有一些事件并未与特定人物或文件联系起来,但这些事件所代表的信息是至关重要的,我有充分的理由相信其真实性。