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Cunninghams’

house.

about the shape of the world, during which he survived the winter conditions by sheltering in a tent.

Watson does not explain what Maupertuis’s evil namesake, the baron, has actually done, stating that his schemes are not “fitting subjects for this series of sketches.” However, it seems Holmes’s success in bringing him down was such a feat that all of Europe is “ringing” with the detective’s name, and his hotel room in Lyons is “ankle-deep with congratulatory telegrams.”

Holmes, though, was so utterly worn out by the struggle that Watson had to rush to his side and escort him back to 221B baher Street. Caring as ever, Watson has decided that they should take up the offer of a quiet stay in the Surrey countryside around Reigate, at the home of Colonel Hayter, “a fine old soldier” and Watson’s friend from his army days in Afghanistan.

And so, by the time they arrive at Colonel Hayter’s house, we have a complete picture of Holmes, the exhausted hero of international crime fighting, and of the dependable Watson. The shift from Lyons to Reigate also allows Holmes to solve a local murder rather than a grand crime, without being any less the great detective.

I have usually found that there was method in his madness.

Dr. Watson

And so it begins

Their sojourn in Reigate has barely begun before news of a crime reaches Holmes’s ears. There has been a break-in at the nearby home of old Mr. Acton, during which some very odd things were stolen, including a ball of string. The very next morning they hear news of a murder at the “fine old Queen Anne house” of some other neighbors, old Mr. Cunningham and his son Alec: the Reigate squires. Moments later, Inspector Forrester—“a smart, keen-faced young fellow”—arrives. He has heard that Holmes is staying locally and is eager for him to help with the investigation. Watson tries in vain to persuade Holmes to stay out of it for the sake of his health. But, as Holmes teases him, “The Fates are against you, Watson.”

It is an intriguing case. The Cunninghams have both apparently witnessed a man wrestle with

THE REIGATE SQUIRE 129

their coachman, William Kirwan, outside their house, shoot him dead in the struggle, then leap over the hedge and run away. The only clue is a scrap of paper found gripped in the dead coachman’s fingers, on which is written “at quarter to twelve learn what maybe.” This immediately sets Holmes’s mind racing, but he keeps his ideas to himself for now.

Meeting the squires

Holmes and the inspector head off to investigate the murder scene, where Holmes observes another clue that he keeps to himself. Holmes, Watson, the inspector, and Colonel Hayter then return to the Cunninghams’ house, where they are received by the father and son, the former elderly and with a “heavy-eyed face,” the latter a cheery, flashily dressed young man.

The two men inquire about the investigation, and Inspector Forrester is about to tell them about the scrap of paper when Holmes falls to the ground as if in a fit. Inside the house, however, he quickly recovers, and explains that he has recently been under a great deal of stress. He then composes an offer of a reward for information, but makes an uncharacteristic error when writing “at a quarter to one” instead of “at a quarter to twelve.” Old Mr. Cunningham happily corrects the text for him. Watson puts the apparent mistake down to Holmes’s illness, but Holmes has in fact, with his customary ingenuity, erred deliberately in order to get the old man to write down the very same phrase, “quarter to twelve,” so that he can compare his handwriting with that on the piece of evidence.

Holmes then asks if he might be shown around the Cunninghams’ home. When they are in old Mr. Cunningham’s bedroom, he hangs back with Watson, and, when no one else is looking, he deliberately knocks over a small table with a carafe of water and a dish of oranges on it, before loudly blaming Watson. As a confused Watson and the inspector stoop to clear up the mess, they hear a sudden cry of “Help! Help! Murder!” coming from Alec’s dressing room. Rushing in, they find Alec strangling Holmes, with his father trying to wrestle a piece of paper from Holmes’s grasp. Alec then tries to pull out a revolver, but within seconds both he and his father are under arrest. All that remains is for Holmes to explain how he solved the case.

Holmes tells all

Back at Colonel Hayter’s house, Holmes explains his methods. The key to solving the case was to concentrate on the scrap of paper, rather than allowing himself to be distracted by the Cunninghams’ witness statements. “It is of the highest importance in the art of detection,” he insists, “to be ❯❯

In a rare physical attack, as drawn by Sidney Paget for The Strand Magazine, Holmes is overpowered and throttled by Alec Cunningham until Watson and Forrester rush to his aid.

130 THE GREAT DETECTIVE

Alec Cunningham

Young, energetic, and full of life and cheeriness—Alec Cunningham seems to be the very opposite of how a murderer would be expected to look and behave. When Watson first encounters him, he describes Alec as “a dashing young fellow”; there seems nothing furtive or dangerous in him. But, as Holmes is quick to realize, looks can be deceptive; indeed, Alec is a perfect illustration of Holmes’s policy of the need to be wary of any kind of prejudice.

able to recognize, out of a number of facts, which are incidental and which vital.”

Someone, Holmes says, must have torn a piece of paper from the murdered coachman’s grip, leaving just the fragment found in his hand. If the murderer fled instantly, as the Cunninghams had said, it could not have been him. Could it therefore have been Alec, who was first on the scene?

Holmes explains how Forrester ignored this possibility because he assumed such respectable landowners could not be involved. “I make a point,” Holmes says, “of never having any prejudices, and of following docilely wherever fact may lead me.” This is a central plank in Holmes’s methods. He knows how easy it is to be blinded by preconceptions and so miss vital clues, which is why the police so often get it wrong. Even he must be vigilant to ensure he does not fall into the same trap.

The handwriting on the scrap of paper yielded key clues to Holmes’s sharp eyes. Holmes, it seems, is an expert in graphology: determining someone’s character from their handwriting (see box, p.127). He

Alec is not only involved in the murder but is also the leader who bullies his elderly father into going along with him. Alec’s bonhomie and fashionable clothes are a perfect mask for his brutal personality. He is perhaps the epitome of the rapacious English landowner with a sense of entitlement. His performance is so convincing that Inspector Forrester still thinks he is innocent even after seeing him try to strangle Holmes. Only when Alec pulls out his revolver does Forrester finally see the truth.

explains how differences in the shape of the letters reveal that the writing was the work of two people. One has a stronger hand, and wrote parts of the message first, leaving the weaker hand to fill in the gaps. Holmes asserts that the stronger hand is that of the ringleader; that it is firmer and steadier also suggests that it was written by the younger of the pair. Similarities in the shaping of the letters also indicates that the

Henry George (1839–1897) was an influential writer and politician who argued that the benefits derived from resources and opportunities belonged to all—not just wealthy landowners.

writers are related. It must have been that Alec coerced his father into writing the note with him, so that they were equally responsible.

Holmes’s inferences are entirely plausible, but this is one instance in which Conan Doyle was wrong. Graphology has not turned out to be the exact forensic science that Holmes claims it to be, and it very rarely proves much help in criminal investigations. Experts can identify someone from their handwriting, even when that person tries to disguise it, but it is not possible to tell a person’s age, character, or gender from their handwriting.

On closer inspection

An examination of the crime scene confirmed to Holmes that Alec’s witness statement was false on at least two counts. Firstly, the nature of the murdered man’s wound and the lack of powder-blackening around it showed Holmes, a pioneer in the science of ballistics, that the gun must have been fired from at least four yards away, and not at point-blank range. Secondly, there was no trace of any boot marks beyond the hedge that Alec claimed the murderer had leapt over. Alec, therefore, was lying, and must himself have been the murderer—in which case, he must also have torn the piece of paper from the dead man’s hand, and most likely thrust it into his dressing-gown pocket.

With the Cunninghams firmly in his sight, Holmes then sought a motive—and in the initial burglary he found one: the men were looking to destroy a document that proved Mr. Acton’s claim on half their land. When they could not find it, they took the strange items to make it seem like a burglary.

Land ownership was a hot issue at the time Conan Doyle was writing. In 1873, the UK government had

THE REIGATE SQUIRE 131

commissioned “a second Domesday book” to record who owned each piece of land in the country. It was not only a huge work, but also political dynamite, since it revealed that just 4.5 percent of people owned all of the land in the UK, while 95.5 percent owned nothing. At the same time, 100,000 copies of American land reformer Henry George’s radical book Progress and Poverty were sold in the 1880s. In 1889, the Land Nationalization Society was formed to campaign for land to become the common property of all, and then in 1892 Alfred R Wallace wrote the bestselling Land Nationalization. Thus greedy, conniving landowners were very much in the spotlight.

Diversionary tactics

With a motive established and strong evidence pointing to the two men, Holmes needed the piece of paper that had been torn from

I tumbled down in a sort of fit and so changed the conversation.

Sherlock Holmes

Kirwan’s hand. Once inside the Cunninghams’ house, Holmes had to create a diversion that would enable him to slip into Alec’s room and find the piece of paper—hence he knocked over the table and pinned the blame on Watson. However, the Cunninghams followed him, and, seeing that he had found the note, they had become desperate.

Evidently, Kirwan had seen the Cunninghams in Mr. Acton’s house as they searched for the document, and had attempted to blackmail them as a result. The torn paper was a letter primarily designed to lure Kirwan to his death, but also cleverly worded in order to imply that he was guilty of the theft, thus staining his character too. The idea had been Alec’s—“a stroke of positive genius on his part,” says Holmes admiringly.

Having solved the crime, Holmes feels entirely rejuvenated. “Watson,” he says cheerfully, “I think our quiet rest in the country has been a distinct success, and I shall certainly return much invigorated to Baker Street tomorrow.” ■

Disputes of land ownership, such as that between the Cunninghams and Acton, were common in the 19th century, as ownership of land was based on voluntary registration.

ONE OF THE STRANGEST

CASES WHICH EVER

PERPLEXED A MAN’S BRAIN

THE CROOKED MAN (1893)

IN CONTEXT

TYPE

Short story

FIRST PUBLICATION

UK: July 1893 US: July 1893

COLLECTION

The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, 1894

CHARACTERS

Colonel James Barclay

Commander of the Royal Mallows.

Nancy Barclay

(neé Nancy Devoy) Colonel Barclay’s beautiful wife.

Miss Morrison Young friend of Nancy Barclay.

Corporal Henry “Harry” Wood Formerly of the Mallows, and an old comrade of Colonel Barclay.

W

hile it did not feature on the official list of Conan Doyle’s favorite Holmes stories (see p.18), “The Crooked Man” is one he held in particularly high regard. Although narrated by Watson, much of the story is in fact recounted by Holmes himself, when he calls on his friend one evening. In a clever move by Conan Doyle, strategic gaps in Holmes’s story allow Watson to save key details and keep the reader guessing.

Yet, before embarking on his tale, Holmes remarks that Watson must have had a busy day. When

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 saw several states rise up against the ruling East India Company. It lasted a year, and once it was quashed, Britain imposed direct rule as the new British Raj.

the astonished Watson asks how he knew, Holmes replies, “Elementary,” before citing a few simple clues he has observed. It is the closest he ever comes to uttering the immortal catchphrase, “Elementary, my dear Watson.” Although Holmes often refers to the doctor as “my dear Watson,” never in any story does he use the full, now iconic, phrase.

Holmes’s story

The story Holmes has to tell Watson concerns his investigation of the mysterious death of Colonel Barclay in Aldershot. After the colonel’s wife, Nancy, returned home, much distressed, from a church errand with her friend Miss Morrison, the couple had been heard arguing in the morning room. Nancy was heard to shout “David!” twice—odd since the colonel’s name is James. A crash and a piercing scream led her servants to try to break down the door, but it appeared to have been locked from the inside, so the coachman entered through the open French windows. Mrs. Barclay lay insensible on the couch and Colonel Barclay was dead, with blood streaming from his head and a ghastly expression on his face.

It seems like murder, and Mrs. Barclay is the prime suspect, but the facts don’t add up. Holmes persuades Miss Morrison to reveal what upset Nancy. She tells of an earlier encounter with a deformed man (“a dreadful-looking creature”) who was known to Nancy. Holmes tracks down the man’s lodgings, finds that his name is Henry Wood, and deduces from an Indian rupee given to his landlady that Wood is connected to the Barclays’ past in India, where they met and married.

Betrayal in Bhurtee

The following morning, Holmes and Watson set off to Aldershot to call on Wood. Hearing that Nancy Barclay could be tried for murder, Wood tells his story. Thirty years ago, he and the colonel were young officers in the same corps in the British Army in India, and both fell in love with Nancy. It was Henry that Nancy loved, but her father was set on her marrying Barclay, who was destined to be an officer. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, Barclay saw a chance to dipose of his rival, and betrayed Wood to the rebels. Wood escaped, but was disfigured as a result of being tortured. He roamed India as a street entertainer before returning to England. Then, by chance, he had seen Mrs. Barclay and followed her home. When Wood burst in through the French window, Barclay had dropped down dead, hitting his head as he fell. The “bare sight of me was like a bullet through his guilty heart,” claims Wood. Mrs. Barclay had fainted, so Wood