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agriculture: 12%

industry: 20%

services: 68% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:

8.3% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.5%

highest 10%: 26% (2000 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

33 (2005)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

26.2% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $111.8 billion

expenditures: $120.6 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt:

89.7% of GDP (2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products

Industries:

tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate:

3.2% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

56.13 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 94.5%

hydro: 3.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

54.31 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - exports:

1.836 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports:

5.616 billion kWh (2005)

Oil - production:

5,687 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:

415,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - exports:

119,200 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:

550,400 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:

7 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)

Natural gas - production:

15.35 million cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

2.724 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

2.707 billion cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

950.5 million cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Current account balance:

-$43.7 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$23.91 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products, chemicals, textiles

Exports - partners:

Germany 11.4%, Italy 11.3%, Bulgaria 6.4%, UK 6%, Cyprus 5.4%, Turkey 5.1%, France 4.4%, US 4.4%, Spain 4% (2006)

Imports:

$80.79 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners:

Germany 12.6%, Italy 11.5%, Russia 7.1%, France 5.9%, Netherlands 5.1%, South Korea 4.2% (2006)

Economic aid - donor:

$424 million (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$8 billion annually from EU (2000-06); Greece will receive about $3.8 billion per year between 2007-13 under the EU's Community Support Funds IV

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$3.658 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$86.72 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$43.18 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$18.02 billion (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$145 billion (2005)

Currency (code):

euro (EUR)

Currency code:

EUR

Exchange rates:

euros per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Greece

Telephones - main lines in use:

6.185 million (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

11.098 million (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good mobile telephone and international service

domestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands

international: country code - 30; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Europe, Middle East, and Asia; a number of smaller submarine cables provide connectivity to various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Cyprus; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat - Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 26, FM 88, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:

5.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

36 (plus 1,341 repeaters); also 2 stations in the US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (1995)

Televisions:

2.54 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.gr

Internet hosts:

905,824 (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

27 (2000)

Internet users:

2.048 million (2006)

Transportation Greece

Airports:

81 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 66

over 3,047 m: 5

2,438 to 3,047 m: 15

1,524 to 2,437 m: 20

914 to 1,523 m: 17

under 914 m: 9 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 15

914 to 1,523 m: 3

under 914 m: 12 (2007)

Heliports:

9 (2007)

Pipelines:

gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 2,571 km

standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (764 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge

dual gauge: 23 km combined 1.435 m and 1.000-m gauges (three rail system) (2006)

Roadways:

total: 117,533 km

paved: 107,895 km (includes 880 km of expressways)

unpaved: 9,638 km (2005)

Waterways:

6 km

note: Corinth Canal (6 km) crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; shortens sea voyage by 325 km (2007)

Merchant marine:

total: 824 ships (1000 GRT or over) 33,654,384 GRT/57,898,789 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 246, cargo 66, carrier 1, chemical tanker 52, combination ore/oil 1, container 43, liquefied gas 6, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 109, petroleum tanker 269, roll on/roll off 19, specialized tanker 1

foreign-owned: 49 (Belgium 16, Cyprus 5, Italy 1, South Korea 2, UK 15, US 10)

registered in other countries: 2,324 (Antigua and Barbuda 3, Bahamas 214, Barbados 11, Belgium 4, Bermuda 3, Cambodia 5, Cayman Islands 23, China 1, Comoros 8, Cyprus 292, Denmark 4, Dominica 8, Egypt 8, Georgia 7, Gibraltar 8, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 30, Isle of Man 48, Italy 13, Jamaica 8, Lebanon 2, Liberia 311, Maldives 1, Malta 448, Marshall Islands 226, Norway 6, Panama 505, Philippines 3, Portugal 4, Russia 1, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Saudi Arabia 2, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 14, Slovakia 4, St Kitts and Nevis 2, St Vincent and The Grenadines 81, UAE 3, UK 6, Uruguay 1, Venezuela 3, unknown 8) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Agioitheodoroi, Aspropyrgos, Pachi, Piraeus, Thessaloniki

Military Greece

Military branches:

Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES), Hellenic Navy (Ellinikos Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polimiki Aeroporia, EPA) (2007)

Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment beginning January of the year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 17 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation - 12 months for the Army, Air Force; 15 months for Navy; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2007)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 2,535,174

females age 16-49: 2,517,273 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 2,084,469

females age 16-49: 2,065,956 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 53,858

females age 16-49: 50,488 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

4.3% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Greece

Disputes - international:

Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia; the mass migration of unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy

Illicit drugs:

a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Greenland

Introduction Greenland

Background:

Greenland, the world's largest island, is about 81% ice-capped. Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from Iceland; Danish colonization began in the 18th century, and Greenland was made an integral part of Denmark in 1953. It joined the European Community (now the EU) with Denmark in 1973, but withdrew in 1985 over a dispute centered on stringent fishing quotas. Greenland was granted self-government in 1979 by the Danish parliament; the law went into effect the following year. Denmark continues to exercise control of Greenland's foreign affairs in consultation with Greenland's Home Rule Government.

Geography Greenland

Location:

Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada

Geographic coordinates:

72 00 N, 40 00 W

Map references:

Arctic Region

Area:

total: 2,166,086 sq km

land: 2,166,086 sq km (410,449 sq km ice-free, 1,755,637 sq km ice-covered) (2000 est.)

Area - comparative:

slightly more than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

44,087 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 3 nm

exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

Climate:

arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Terrain:

flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Gunnbjorn 3,700 m

Natural resources:

coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, diamonds, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalite, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

Land use:

arable land: 0%

permanent crops: 0%

other: 100% (2005)

Irrigated land:

NA

Natural hazards:

continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island

Environment - current issues:

protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

Geography - note:

dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe; sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk; world's second largest ice cap

People Greenland

Population:

56,326 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 23.5% (male 6,788/female 6,464)

15-64 years: 69.2% (male 20,890/female 18,096)

65 years and over: 7.3% (male 1,977/female 2,111) (2008 est.)

Median age:

total: 34 years

male: 35.4 years

female: 32.3 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate:

-0.034% (2008 est.)

Birth rate:

16.08 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate:

8.04 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate:

-8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.15 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female

total population: 1.11 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 14.56 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 13.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 70.53 years

male: 66.95 years

female: 74.2 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.39 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

100 (1999)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

NA

Nationality:

noun: Greenlander(s)

adjective: Greenlandic

Ethnic groups:

Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish and others 12% (2000)

Religions:

Evangelical Lutheran

Languages:

Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100%

male: 100%

female: 100% (2001 est.)

Government Greenland

Country name:

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Greenland

local long form: none

local short form: Kalaallit Nunaat

Dependency status:

part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979

Government type:

parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy

Capital:

name: Nuuk (Godthab)

geographic coordinates: 64 11 N, 51 45 W

time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

note: Greenland is divided into four time zones

Administrative divisions:

3 districts (landsdele); Avannaa (Nordgronland), Tunu (Ostgronland), Kitaa (Vestgronland)

note: there are 18 municipalities in Greenland

Independence:

none (extensive self-rule as part of the Kingdom of Denmark; foreign affairs is the responsibility of Denmark, but Greenland actively participates in international agreements relating to Greenland)

National holiday:

June 21 (longest day)

Constitution:

5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Legal system:

the laws of Denmark, where applicable, apply

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Soren MOLLER (since April 2005)

head of government: Prime Minister Hans ENOKSEN (since 14 December 2002)

cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the parliament (Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties

elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; prime minister is elected by parliament (usually the leader of the majority party);

election results: Hans ENOKSEN reelected prime minister

note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit

Legislative branch:

unicameral Parliament or Landstinget (31 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 15 November 2005 (next to be held by December 2009)