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GDP (purchasing power parity):

$185.9 billion (2007 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$161.9 billion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

5.3% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$25,800 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 2.7%

industry: 30.2%

services: 67.1% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

2.894 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture 18.5%, industry 23.7%, services 50%, other 7.8% (2002)

Unemployment rate:

7.3% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

21.6%

note: Israel's poverty line is $7.30 per person per day (2005)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.4%

highest 10%: 28.3% (2005)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

38.6 (2005)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

0.5% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

18.5% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $53.6 billion

expenditures: $53.63 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt:

80.6% of GDP (2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products

Industries:

high-technology projects (including aviation, communications, computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metals products, chemical products, plastics, diamond cutting, textiles, footwear

Industrial production growth rate:

4.1% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

46.85 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 99.9%

hydro: 0.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

43.28 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - exports:

1.663 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2005)

Oil - production:

100 bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil - consumption:

249,500 bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil - exports:

75,980 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:

315,200 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:

2 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)

Natural gas - production:

709.7 million cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

709.7 million cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

37.34 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Current account balance:

$4.993 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$50.24 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel

Exports - partners:

US 38.4%, Belgium 6.5%, Hong Kong 5.9% (2006)

Imports:

$55.76 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods

Imports - partners:

US 12.4%, Belgium 8.2%, Germany 6.7%, Switzerland 5.9%, UK 5.1%, China 5.1% (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$240 million from US (FY06)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$28.52 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$89.95 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$57.43 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$41.98 billion (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$173.3 billion (2006)

Currency (code):

new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) code for the NIS

Currency code:

ILS

Exchange rates:

new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Israel

Telephones - main lines in use:

3.005 million (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

8.404 million (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: most highly developed system in the Middle East although not the largest

domestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; all systems are digital; four privately-owned mobile-cellular service providers with countrywide coverage; mobile-cellular teledensity is more than 130 per 100 persons

international: country code - 972; submarine cables provide links to Europe, Cyprus, and parts of the Middle East; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 23, FM 15, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:

3.07 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

17 (plus 36 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:

1.69 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.il

Internet hosts:

671,030 (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

21 (2000)

Internet users:

1.899 million (2006)

Transportation Israel

Airports:

53 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 30

over 3,047 m: 2

2,438 to 3,047 m: 5

1,524 to 2,437 m: 7

914 to 1,523 m: 10

under 914 m: 6 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 23

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 2

under 914 m: 20 (2007)

Heliports:

3 (2007)

Pipelines:

gas 160 km; oil 442 km; refined products 261 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 853 km

standard gauge: 853 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)

Roadways:

total: 17,686 km

paved: 17,686 km (includes 146 km of expressways) (2006)

Merchant marine:

total: 18 ships (1000 GRT or over) 716,382 GRT/845,053 DWT

by type: cargo 2, container 16

registered in other countries: 51 (Bermuda 3, Cyprus 4, Honduras 1, North Korea 1, Liberia 9, Malta 21, Panama 2, Slovakia 6, St Vincent and The Grenadines 4) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Ashdod, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa

Military Israel

Military branches:

Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Israel Naval Forces (INF), Israel Air Force (IAF) (2007)

Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druzes) and voluntary (Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service; both sexes are obligated to military service; conscript service obligation - 36 months for enlisted men, 21 months for enlisted women, 48 months for officers; reserve obligation to age 41-51 (men), 24 (women) (2008)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 1,717,362

females age 16-49: 1,636,574 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 1,452,926

females age 16-49: 1,383,796 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 60,602

females age 16-49: 57,532 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

7.3% (2006)

Transnational Issues Israel

Disputes - international:

West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the region

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

IDPs: 150,000-420,000 (Arab villagers displaced from homes in northern Israel) (2007)

Illicit drugs:

increasingly concerned about ecstasy, cocaine, and heroin abuse; drugs arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan; money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Italy

Introduction Italy

Background:

Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include illegal immigration, organized crime, corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared with the prosperous north.

Geography Italy

Location:

Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Geographic coordinates:

42 50 N, 12 50 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 301,230 sq km

land: 294,020 sq km

water: 7,210 sq km

note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

Area - comparative:

slightly larger than Arizona

Land boundaries:

total: 1,932.2 km

border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 232 km, Switzerland 740 km

Coastline:

7,600 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm

continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:

predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Terrain:

mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)

Natural resources:

coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land

Land use:

arable land: 26.41%

permanent crops: 9.09%

other: 64.5% (2005)

Irrigated land:

27,500 sq km (2003)

Total renewable water resources:

175 cu km (2005)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic / industrial / agricultural):

total: 41.98 cu km/yr (18%/37%/45%)

per capita: 723 cu m/yr (1998)

Natural hazards:

regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice

Environment - current issues:

air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

People Italy

Population:

58,145,321 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 13.6% (male 4,086,951/female 3,842,765)

15-64 years: 66.3% (male 19,534,247/female 19,024,776)

65 years and over: 20% (male 4,864,189/female 6,792,393) (2008 est.)

Median age:

total: 42.9 years

male: 41.4 years

female: 44.4 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate:

-0.019% (2008 est.)

Birth rate:

8.36 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate:

10.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate:

2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 5.61 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 6.19 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 80.07 years

male: 77.13 years

female: 83.2 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.3 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.5% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

140,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

fewer than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Italian(s)

adjective: Italian

Ethnic groups:

Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)

Religions:

Roman Catholic 90% (approximately; about one-third practicing), other 10% (includes mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community)

Languages:

Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98.4%

male: 98.8%

female: 98% (2001 census)

Government Italy

Country name:

conventional long form: Italian Republic

conventional short form: Italy

local long form: Repubblica Italiana

local short form: Italia

former: Kingdom of Italy

Government type:

republic

Capital:

name: Rome

geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions:

15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions* (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma); Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia*, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Sardegna* (Sardinia), Sicilia*, Toscana (Tuscany), Trentino-Alto Adige* (Trentino-South Tyrol), Umbria, Valle d'Aosta* (Aosta Valley), Veneto (Venetia)