第 139 页

FAX: [81] (03) 3505-1862

consulate(s) general: Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo

consulate(s): Fukuoka, Nagoya

Flag description:

white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center

Economy Japan

Economy - overview:

Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) helped Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most technologically powerful economy in the world after the US and the third-largest economy in the world after the US and China, measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. One notable characteristic of the economy has been how manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors have worked together in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features have now eroded. Japan's industrial sector is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The tiny agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 55% of its food on a caloric basis. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. For three decades, overall real economic growth had been spectacular - a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely because of the after effects of overinvestment and an asset price bubble during the late 1980s that required a protracted period of time for firms to reduce excess debt, capital, and labor. From 2000 to 2001, government efforts to revive economic growth proved short lived and were hampered by the slowing of the US, European, and Asian economies. In 2002-07, growth improved and the lingering fears of deflation in prices and economic activity lessened, leading the central bank to raise interest rates to 0.25% in July 2006, up from the near 0% rate of the six years prior, and to 0.50% in February 2007. In addition, the 10-year privatization of Japan Post, which has functioned not only as the national postal delivery system but also, through its banking and insurance facilities as Japan's largest financial institution, was completed in October 2007, marking a major milestone in the process of structural reform. Nevertheless, Japan's huge government debt, which totals 182% of GDP, and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems. Some fear that a rise in taxes could endanger the current economic recovery. Debate also continues on the role of and effects of reform in restructuring the economy, particularly with respect to increasing income disparities.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$4.29 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$4.384 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

2.1% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$33,600 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 1.4%

industry: 26.5%

services: 72% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

66.69 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 4.6%

industry: 27.8%

services: 67.7% (2004)

Unemployment rate:

3.9% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 4.8%

highest 10%: 21.7% (1993)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

38.1 (2002)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

0% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

23.8% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $1.448 trillion

expenditures: $1.597 trillion (2007 est.)

Public debt:

195.5% of GDP (2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs; fish

Industries:

among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods

Industrial production growth rate:

1.3% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

1.025 trillion kWh (2005)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 60%

hydro: 8.4%

nuclear: 29.8%

other: 1.8% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

974.2 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2005)

Oil - production:

125,000 bbl/day (2006)

Oil - consumption:

5.353 million bbl/day (2005)

Oil - exports:

94,830 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:

5.425 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:

58.5 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)

Natural gas - production:

4.85 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

83.67 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

77.6 billion cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

38.02 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Current account balance:

$212.8 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$676.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

transport equipment, motor vehicles, semiconductors, electrical machinery, chemicals

Exports - partners:

US 22.8%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8%, Hong Kong 5.6% (2006)

Imports:

$572.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materials

Imports - partners:

China 20.5%, US 12%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7%, Indonesia 4.2% (2006)

Economic aid - donor:

ODA, $11.19 billion (2006)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$954.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$1.492 trillion (30 June 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$109 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$527.8 billion (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$4.737 trillion (2005)

Currency (code):

yen (JPY)

Currency code:

JPY

Exchange rates:

yen per US dollar - 117.99 (2007), 116.18 (2006), 110.22 (2005), 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

Communications Japan

Telephones - main lines in use:

55.155 million (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

101.7 million (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: excellent domestic and international service

domestic: high level of modern technology and excellent service of every kind

international: country code - 81; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 215 (plus 370 repeaters), FM 89 (plus 485 repeaters), shortwave 21 (2001)

Radios:

120.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

211 (plus 7,341 repeaters); in addition, US Forces are served by 3 TV stations and 2 TV cable services (1999)

Televisions:

86.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.jp

Internet hosts:

33.333 million (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

73 (2000)

Internet users:

87.54 million (2006)

Transportation Japan

Airports:

176 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 145

over 3,047 m: 7

2,438 to 3,047 m: 41

1,524 to 2,437 m: 40

914 to 1,523 m: 28

under 914 m: 29 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 31

914 to 1,523 m: 4

under 914 m: 27 (2007)

Heliports:

14 (2007)

Pipelines:

gas 3,939 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 104 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 23,474 km

standard gauge: 3,204 km 1.435-m gauge (3,204 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 77 km 1.372-m gauge (77 km electrified); 20,182 km 1.067-m gauge (13,334 km electrified); 11 km 0.762-m gauge (11 km electrified) (2006)

Roadways:

total: 1.193 million km

paved: 942,000 km (includes 7,383 km of expressways)

unpaved: 251,000 km (2005)

Waterways:

1,770 km (seagoing vessels use inland seas) (2007)

Merchant marine:

total: 676 ships (1000 GRT or over) 10,386,894 GRT/11,689,142 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 131, cargo 29, carrier 3, chemical tanker 23, container 10, liquefied gas 58, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 142, petroleum tanker 157, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 52, vehicle carrier 55

registered in other countries: 2,692 (Bahamas 62, Belize 2, Bermuda 1, Burma 3, Cambodia 3, Cayman Islands 6, China 2, Cyprus 19, France 5, Honduras 4, Hong Kong 78, Indonesia 5, Isle of Man 4, South Korea 1, Liberia 111, Malaysia 4, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 5, Mongolia 1, Norway 1, Panama 2,151, Philippines 69, Portugal 10, Singapore 108, Sweden 1, Thailand 4, UK 1, Vanuatu 28, unknown 2) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Chiba, Kawasaki, Kobe, Mizushima, Moji, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, Tomakomai, Yohohama

Military Japan

Military branches:

Japanese Ministry of Defense (MOD): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jietai, GSDF), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jietai, MSDF), Air Self-Defense Force (Koku Jieitai, ASDF) (2008)

Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 27,819,804

females age 16-49: 26,863,794 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 22.963 million

females age 16-49: 22,134,127 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 622,168

females age 16-49: 590,153 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

0.8% (2006)

Transnational Issues Japan

Disputes - international:

the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Jersey

Introduction Jersey

Background:

Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy that held sway in both France and England. These islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. Jersey is a British crown dependency but is not part of the UK. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation.

Geography Jersey

Location:

Western Europe, island in the English Channel, northwest of France

Geographic coordinates:

49 15 N, 2 10 W

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 116 sq km

land: 116 sq km

water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:

about two-thirds the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

70 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 3 nm

exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Climate:

temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Terrain:

gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 143 m

Natural resources:

arable land

Land use:

arable land: 0%

permanent crops: 0%

other: 100% (2005)

Irrigated land:

NA

Natural hazards:

NA

Environment - current issues:

NA

Geography - note:

largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier

People Jersey

Population:

91,533 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 16.6% (male 7,851/female 7,298)

15-64 years: 67.5% (male 30,744/female 30,997)

65 years and over: 16% (male 6,499/female 8,144) (2008 est.)

Median age:

total: 42.3 years

male: 41.6 years

female: 43.1 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.221% (2008 est.)

Birth rate:

8.84 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate:

9.36 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate:

2.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 5.01 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 5.36 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 4.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 79.65 years

male: 77.15 years

female: 82.35 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.58 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

NA

Nationality:

noun: Channel Islander(s)

adjective: Channel Islander

Ethnic groups:

Jersey 51.1%, Britons 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white 6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)

Religions:

Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian

Languages:

English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)

Literacy:

NA

Government Jersey

Country name:

conventional long form: Bailiwick of Jersey

conventional short form: Jersey

Dependency status:

British crown dependency

Government type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

name: Saint Helier

geographic coordinates: 49 11 N, 2 06 W

time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions:

none (British crown dependency); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 12 parishes including Grouville, Saint Brelade, Saint Clement, Saint Helier, Saint John, Saint Lawrence, Saint Martin, Saint Mary, Saint Quen, Saint Peter, Saint Saviour, and Trinity