第 208 页

Agriculture - products:

coffee, cocoa, copra, palm kernels, tea, sugar, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, vanilla; shell fish, poultry, pork

Industries:

copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining of gold, silver, and copper; crude oil production, petroleum refining; construction, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:

6.4% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

3.698 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 54.1%

hydro: 45.9%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

3.439 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2005)

Oil - production:

50,000 bbl/day (January 2006 est.)

Oil - consumption:

26,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - exports:

44,580 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:

24,020 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:

170 million bbl (2007 est.)

Natural gas - production:

95.91 million cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

95.91 million cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

331.3 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Current account balance:

$259 million (2007 est.)

Exports:

$4.676 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish, prawns

Exports - partners:

Australia 30.2%, Japan 8.2%, China 5.7% (2006)

Imports:

$2.564 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners:

Australia 52%, Singapore 12.6%, China 5.9%, Japan 4.3% (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$266.1 million (2005)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$2.108 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$1.595 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$NA

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$4.863 billion (2005)

Currency (code):

kina (PGK)

Currency code:

PGK

Exchange rates:

kina per US dollar - 3.03 (2007), 3.0643 (2006), 3.08 (2005), 3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Papua New Guinea

Telephones - main lines in use:

63,700 (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

75,000 (2005)

Telephone system:

general assessment: services are minimal; facilities provide radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and international radio communication services

domestic: access to telephone services is not widely available; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is less than 3 per 100 persons

international: country code - 675; submarine cables to Australia and Guam; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); international radio communication service

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 8, FM 19, shortwave 28 (1998)

Radios:

410,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

3 (all in the Port Moresby area; stations at Mt. Hagen, Goroka, Lae, and Rabaul are planned) (2004)

Televisions:

59,841 (1999)

Internet country code:

.pg

Internet hosts:

2,436 (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

3 (2000)

Internet users:

110,000 (2006)

Transportation Papua New Guinea

Airports:

578 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 21

2,438 to 3,047 m: 2

1,524 to 2,437 m: 14

914 to 1,523 m: 4

under 914 m: 1 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 557

1,524 to 2,437 m: 10

914 to 1,523 m: 58

under 914 m: 489 (2007)

Heliports:

2 (2007)

Pipelines:

oil 264 km (2007)

Roadways:

total: 19,600 km

paved: 686 km

unpaved: 18,914 km (2000)

Waterways:

11,000 km (2006)

Merchant marine:

total: 24 ships (1000 GRT or over) 56,157 GRT/72,821 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 20, petroleum tanker 1

foreign-owned: 6 (UK 6) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Kimbe, Lae, Madang, Rabaul, Wewak

Military Papua New Guinea

Military branches:

Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF; includes Maritime Operations Element, Air Operations Element) (2008)

Military service age and obligation:

16 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2008)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 1,481,417

females age 16-49: 1,385,040 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 1,080,466

females age 16-49: 1,092,040 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

1.4% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Papua New Guinea

Disputes - international:

relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

refugees (country of origin): 10,177 (Indonesia) (2007)

Trafficking in persons:

current situation: Papua New Guinea is a country of destination for women and children from Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and China trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; internal trafficking of women and children for the purposes of sexual exploitation and involuntary domestic servitude occurs as well

tier rating: Tier 3 - Papua New Guinea does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the current legal framework does not contain elements of crimes that characterize trafficking; the government lacks victim protection services or a systematic procedure to identify victims of trafficking; the government did not prosecute anyone in 2007 for trafficking; Papua New Guinea has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)

Illicit drugs:

major consumer of cannabis

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Paracel Islands

Introduction Paracel Islands

Background:

The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. China built a military installation on Mischief Reef in 1999. The islands are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.

Geography Paracel Islands

Location:

Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines

Geographic coordinates:

16 30 N, 112 00 E

Map references:

Southeast Asia

Area:

total: NA sq km

land: NA sq km

water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:

NA

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

518 km

Maritime claims:

NA

Climate:

tropical

Terrain:

mostly low and flat

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m

Natural resources:

none

Land use:

arable land: 0%

permanent crops: 0%

other: 100% (2005)

Irrigated land:

0 sq km

Natural hazards:

typhoons

Environment - current issues:

NA

Geography - note:

composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs divided into the northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent Group

People Paracel Islands

Population:

no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons

Government Paracel Islands

Country name:

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Paracel Islands

Economy Paracel Islands

Economy - overview:

China announced plans in 1997 to open the islands for tourism.

Transportation Paracel Islands

Airports:

1 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)

Ports and terminals:

small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island being expanded

Military Paracel Islands

Military - note:

occupied by China

Transnational Issues Paracel Islands

Disputes - international:

occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Paraguay

Introduction Paraguay

Background:

In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70) - between Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay - Paraguay lost two-thirds of all adult males and much of its territory. It stagnated economically for the next half century. In the Chaco War of 1932-35, Paraguay won large, economically important areas from Bolivia. The 35-year military dictatorship of Alfredo STROESSNER ended in 1989, and, despite a marked increase in political infighting in recent years, Paraguay has held relatively free and regular presidential elections since then.

Geography Paraguay

Location:

Central South America, northeast of Argentina

Geographic coordinates:

23 00 S, 58 00 W

Map references:

South America

Area:

total: 406,750 sq km

land: 397,300 sq km

water: 9,450 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than California

Land boundaries:

total: 3,995 km

border countries: Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,365 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none (landlocked)

Climate:

subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Terrain:

grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m

highest point: Cerro Pero (Cerro Tres Kandu) 842 m

Natural resources:

hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone

Land use:

arable land: 7.47%

permanent crops: 0.24%

other: 92.29% (2005)

Irrigated land:

670 sq km (2003)

Total renewable water resources:

336 cu km (2000)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic / industrial / agricultural):

total: 0.49 cu km/yr (20%/8%/71%)

per capita: 80 cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards:

local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)

Environment - current issues:

deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposal pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil; population concentrated in southern part of country

People Paraguay

Population:

6,831,306 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 36.9% (male 1,283,311/female 1,240,769)

15-64 years: 57.9% (male 1,988,256/female 1,968,869)

65 years and over: 5.1% (male 161,811/female 188,290) (2008 est.)

Median age:

total: 21.7 years

male: 21.5 years

female: 22 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.39% (2008 est.)

Birth rate:

28.47 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate:

4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 25.55 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 29.74 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 21.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 75.56 years

male: 72.99 years

female: 78.26 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.8 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

15,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

600 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:

degree of risk: intermediate

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2008)

Nationality:

noun: Paraguayan(s)

adjective: Paraguayan

Ethnic groups:

mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 89.6%, Protestant 6.2%, other Christian 1.1%, other or unspecified 1.9%, none 1.1% (2002 census)

Languages:

Spanish (official), Guarani (official)

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 94%

male: 94.9%

female: 93% (2003 est.)

Government Paraguay

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Paraguay

conventional short form: Paraguay

local long form: Republica del Paraguay

local short form: Paraguay

Government type:

constitutional republic

Capital:

name: Asuncion

geographic coordinates: 25 16 S, 57 40 W

time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions:

17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital city*; Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro

Independence:

14 May 1811 (from Spain)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 14 May 1811 (observed 15 May)

Constitution:

promulgated 20 June 1992

Legal system:

based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 75

Executive branch: