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GDP (purchasing power parity):

$57.69 billion (2007)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$67.76 billion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

14.2% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$80,900 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 0.1%

industry: 71.2%

services: 28.7% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

638,000 (2007 est.)

Unemployment rate:

0.7% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: NA%

highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

13.8% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

46.1% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $27.22 billion

expenditures: $22.55 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt:

11.7% of GDP (2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

fruits, vegetables; poultry, dairy products, beef; fish

Industries:

crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:

8% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

13.54 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

12.52 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2005)

Oil - production:

1.111 million bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:

95,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - exports:

960,600 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:

0 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:

15.2 billion bbl (2007 est.)

Natural gas - production:

43.93 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

17.93 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

25.99 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

25.79 trillion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)

Current account balance:

$23.44 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$37.95 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel

Exports - partners:

Japan 41%, South Korea 16.7%, Singapore 6.6%, Thailand 4.2% (2006)

Imports:

$19.86 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals

Imports - partners:

France 13.3%, Japan 10.2%, US 9.3%, Italy 8.9%, Germany 7.8%, UK 6.2%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, South Korea 4.7% (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$2.18 million (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$9.788 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$33.09 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$11.18 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$5.625 billion (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$61.56 billion (2006)

Currency (code):

Qatari rial (QAR)

Currency code:

QAR

Exchange rates:

Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2007), 3.64 (2006), 3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004), 3.64 (2003)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

Communications Qatar

Telephones - main lines in use:

228,300 (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

919,800 (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: modern system centered in Doha

domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density is roughly 130 telephones per 100 persons

international: country code - 974; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and the US; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and the UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:

256,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

1 (plus 3 repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:

230,000 (1997)

Internet country code:

.qa

Internet hosts:

19 (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

1 (2000)

Internet users:

289,900 (2006)

Transportation Qatar

Airports:

5 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 3

over 3,047 m: 2

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 1

under 914 m: 1 (2007)

Heliports:

1 (2007)

Pipelines:

condensate 322 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,970 km; liquid petroleum gas 87 km; oil 741 km (2007)

Roadways:

total: 7,761 km (2005)

Merchant marine:

total: 20 ships (1000 GRT or over) 574,969 GRT/856,057 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, container 8, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 1

foreign-owned: 7 (Kuwait 7)

registered in other countries: 3 (Liberia 2, Panama 1) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Doha, Ra's Laffan

Military Qatar

Military branches:

Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN), Qatari Amiri Air Force (QAAF) (2007)

Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2008)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 320,383

females age 16-49: 167,475 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 258,159

females age 16-49: 143,999 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 7,539

females age 16-49: 7,022 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

10% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Qatar

Disputes - international:

none

Trafficking in persons:

current situation: Qatar is a destination country for men and women from South and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly, but are subsequently trafficked into involuntary servitude as domestic workers and laborers, and, to a lesser extent, commercial sexual exploitation; the most common offense was forcing workers to accept worse contract terms than those under which they were recruited; other conditions include bonded labor, withholding of pay, restrictions on movement, arbitrary detention, and physical, mental, and sexual abuse

tier rating: Tier 3 - Qatar failed, for the second consecutive year, to enforce criminal laws against traffickers, or to provide an effective mechanism to identify and protect victims; it continues to detain and deport victims rather than providing them protection; the government made little progress to increase prosecutions for trafficking in a meaningful way in 2007; workers complaining of working conditions or non-payment of wages were sometimes penalized (2008)

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Romania

Introduction Romania

Background:

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they united in 1859 and a few years later adopted the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a Communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Geography Romania

Location:

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Geographic coordinates:

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 237,500 sq km

land: 230,340 sq km

water: 7,160 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:

total: 2,508 km

border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

Coastline:

225 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Terrain:

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Natural resources:

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use:

arable land: 39.49%

permanent crops: 1.92%

other: 58.59% (2005)

Irrigated land:

30,770 sq km (2003)

Total renewable water resources:

42.3 cu km (2003)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic / industrial / agricultural):

total: 6.5 cu km/yr (9%/34%/57%)

per capita: 299 cu m/yr (2003)

Natural hazards:

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Environment - current issues:

soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

People Romania

Population:

22,246,862 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 15.6% (male 1,778,864/female 1,687,659)

15-64 years: 69.7% (male 7,718,125/female 7,791,102)

65 years and over: 14.7% (male 1,337,915/female 1,933,197) (2008 est.)

Median age:

total: 37.3 years

male: 35.9 years

female: 38.7 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate:

-0.136% (2008 est.)

Birth rate:

10.61 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate:

11.84 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 23.73 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 26.81 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 20.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 72.18 years

male: 68.69 years

female: 75.89 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.38 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

6,500 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

350 (2001 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Romanian(s)

adjective: Romanian

Ethnic groups:

Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Religions:

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)

Languages:

Romanian 91% (official), Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.3%

male: 98.4%

female: 96.3% (2002 census)

Government Romania

Country name:

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Romania

local long form: none

local short form: Romania

Government type:

republic

Capital:

name: Bucharest

geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions:

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

Independence:

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

National holiday:

Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

Constitution:

8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003

Legal system:

based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004); note - President Traian BASESCU was suspended by vote of parliament on 19 April 2007, but resumed his duties on 23 May 2007 after a popular referendum confirmed that his impeachment should not stand

head of government: Prime Minister Calin Popescu-TARICEANU (since 29 December 2004)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 28 November 2004 with runoff between the top two candidates held 12 December 2004 (next to be held in November-December 2009); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament