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GDP (purchasing power parity):

$2.088 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$1.286 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

8.1% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$14,700 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 4.7%

industry: 39.1%

services: 56.2% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

74.1 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 10.8%

industry: 28.8%

services: 60.5% (November 2007 est.)

Unemployment rate:

6.2% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

15.8% (November 2007)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 1.9%

highest 10%: 30.4% (September 2007)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

41.3 (September 2007)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

11.9% annual average

note: 12% at year-end (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

21% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $299 billion

expenditures: $262 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt:

5.9% of GDP (2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk

Industries:

complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:

7.4% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

1 trillion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 66.3%

hydro: 17.2%

nuclear: 16.4%

other: 0.1% (2003)

Electricity - consumption:

985.2 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - exports:

18 billion kWh (2007)

Electricity - imports:

2.9 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Oil - production:

9.87 million bbl/day (2007)

Oil - consumption:

2.916 million bbl/day (2006)

Oil - exports:

5.08 million bbl/day (2007)

Oil - imports:

100,000 bbl/day (2005)

Oil - proved reserves:

60 billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.)

Natural gas - production:

656.2 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

610 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

182 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

37.5 billion cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

47.57 trillion cu m (1 January 2006)

Current account balance:

$76.6 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$365 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures

Exports - partners:

Netherlands 12.3%, Italy 8.6%, Germany 8.4%, China 5.4%, Ukraine 5.1%, Turkey 4.9%, Switzerland 4.1% (2006)

Imports:

$260.4 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, sugar, semifinished metal products

Imports - partners:

Germany 13.9%, China 9.7%, Ukraine 7%, Japan 5.9%, South Korea 5.1%, US 4.8%, France 4.4%, Italy 4.3% (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$982.7 million in FY06 from US, including $847 million in non-proliferation subsidies

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$476.4 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$343.1 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$271.6 billion (2006)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$209.6 billion (2006)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$1.322 trillion (2006)

Currency (code):

Russian ruble (RUB)

Currency code:

RUR

Exchange rates:

Russian rubles per US dollar - 25.659 (2007), 27.19 (2006), 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Russia

Telephones - main lines in use:

40.1 million (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

150 million (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; the estimated number of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to 150 million in 2006; a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied, but fixed-line operators continue to grow their services

domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density

international: country code - 7; Russia is connected internationally by undersea fiber optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 323, FM 1,500 est., shortwave 62 (2004)

Radios:

61.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

7,306 (1998)

Televisions:

60.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out

Internet hosts:

2.844 million (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

300 (June 2000)

Internet users:

25.689 million (2006)

Transportation Russia

Airports:

1,260 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 601

over 3,047 m: 51

2,438 to 3,047 m: 197

1,524 to 2,437 m: 129

914 to 1,523 m: 102

under 914 m: 122 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 659

over 3,047 m: 4

2,438 to 3,047 m: 13

1,524 to 2,437 m: 69

914 to 1,523 m: 89

under 914 m: 484 (2007)

Heliports:

47 (2007)

Pipelines:

condensate 122 km; gas 158,699 km; oil 72,347 km; refined products 13,658 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 87,157 km

broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)

note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2006)

Roadways:

total: 854,000 km

paved: 722,000 km (includes 29,000 km of expressways)

unpaved: 132,000 km

note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2006)

Waterways:

102,000 km (including 33,000 km with guaranteed depth)

note: 72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2006)

Merchant marine:

total: 1,130 ships (1000 GRT or over) 4,712,349 GRT/5,747,083 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 28, cargo 718, carrier 2, chemical tanker 27, combination ore/oil 35, container 10, passenger 15, passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker 215, refrigerated cargo 51, roll on/roll off 14, specialized tanker 7

foreign-owned: 101 (Belgium 6, Cyprus 2, Germany 2, Greece 1, South Korea 1, Latvia 2, Switzerland 6, Turkey 70, Ukraine 10, US 1)

registered in other countries: 469 (Antigua and Barbuda 5, Bahamas 5, Belize 39, Bulgaria 1, Cambodia 112, Comoros 9, Cyprus 50, Dominica 2, Georgia 17, North Korea 1, Liberia 87, Malta 66, Marshall Islands 4, Mongolia 17, Panama 9, Sierra Leone 5, St Kitts and Nevis 14, St Vincent and The Grenadines 19, Thailand 1, Tuvalu 4, Vanuatu 1, Venezuela 1, unknown 21) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Azov, Kaliningrad, Kavkaz, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Saint Petersburg, Vostochnyy

Military Russia

Military branches:

Ground Forces (SV), Navy (VMF), Air Forces (Voyenno-Vozdushniye Sily, VVS); Airborne Troops (VDV), Strategic Rocket Troops (RVSN), and Space Troops (KV) are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches; Russian Ground Forces include the following combat arms: motorized-rifle troops, tank troops, missile and artillery troops, air defense of ground troops (2007)

Military service age and obligation:

18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; service obligation - 1 year; reserve obligation to age 50; foreign citizens and dual-nationality Russians are precluded from contract military service (2008)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 36,219,908

females age 16-49: 37,019,853 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 21,488,878

females age 16-49: 28,760,976 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 821,103

females age 16-49: 781,570 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

3.9% (2005)

Transnational Issues Russia

Disputes - international:

China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

IDPs: 18,000-160,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2007)

Trafficking in persons:

current situation: Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for various purposes; it remains a significant source of women trafficked to over 50 countries for commercial sexual exploitation; Russia is also a transit and destination country for men and women trafficked from Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and North Korea to Central and Western Europe and the Middle East for purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation; internal trafficking remains a problem in Russia with women trafficked from rural areas to urban centers for commercial sexual exploitation, and men trafficked internally and from Central Asia for forced labor in the construction and agricultural industries; debt bondage is common among trafficking victims, and child sex tourism remains a concern

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Russia is on the Tier 2 Watch List for a fifth consecutive year for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking over the previous year, particularly in providing assistance to victims of trafficking; comprehensive trafficking victim assistance legislation, which would address key deficiencies, has been pending before the Duma since 2003 and was neither passed nor enacted in 2007 (2008)

Illicit drugs:

limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; major consumer of opiates

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Rwanda

Introduction Rwanda

Background:

In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC; the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output, and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in the neighboring DRC continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy.