第 270 页

other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

7.602 billion kWh (2005 est.)

Electricity - exports:

2.918 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2005)

Oil - production:

196,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - consumption:

156,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - exports:

40,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - imports:

0 bbl/day (2007)

Oil - proved reserves:

500 million bbl (1 January 2007 est.)

Natural gas - production:

72.3 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

14.4 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

58 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2007)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

2.86 trillion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)

Current account balance:

$4.525 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$7.567 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber

Exports - partners:

Ukraine 47.5%, Iran 16.4%, Azerbaijan 5.3% (2006)

Imports:

$4.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:

UAE 15.5%, Turkey 11.1%, Ukraine 9.1%, Russia 9%, Germany 7.7%, Iran 7.6%, China 6.4%, US 4.5% (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$28.25 million from the US (2005)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$5.173 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$1.4 billion to $5 billion (2004 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$NA

Currency (code):

Turkmen manat (TMM)

Currency code:

TMM

Exchange rates:

Turkmen manat per US$ - 6,250 (2007) official rate

note: the commercial rate was 19,800 Turkemen manat per US$ (2007)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Turkmenistan

Telephones - main lines in use:

495,000 (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

216,900 (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: poorly developed

domestic: Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign investors, is planning to upgrade the country's telephone exchanges and install a new digital switching system; mobile-cellular useage remains limited

international: country code - 993; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2006)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:

1.225 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

4 (government-owned and programmed) (2004)

Televisions:

820,000 (1997)

Internet country code:

.tm

Internet hosts:

97 (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

1

Internet users:

64,800 (2006)

Transportation Turkmenistan

Airports:

28 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 22

over 3,047 m: 1

2,438 to 3,047 m: 11

1,524 to 2,437 m: 8

914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 6

1,524 to 2,437 m: 2

under 914 m: 4 (2007)

Heliports:

1 (2007)

Pipelines:

gas 6,441 km; oil 1,361 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 2,440 km

broad gauge: 2,440 km 1.520-m gauge (2006)

Roadways:

total: 24,000 km

paved: 19,488 km

unpaved: 4,512 km (1999)

Waterways:

1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal important inland waterways) (2006)

Merchant marine:

total: 8 ships (1000 GRT or over) 22,870 GRT/25,801 DWT

by type: cargo 4, combination ore/oil 1, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1 (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Turkmenbasy

Military Turkmenistan

Military branches:

Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2007)

Military service age and obligation:

18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2006)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 1,316,698

females age 16-49: 1,331,005 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 1,064,965

females age 16-49: 1,136,553 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 57,615

females age 16-49: 55,426 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

3.4% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Turkmenistan

Disputes - international:

cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

refugees (country of origin): 11,173 (Tajikistan); less than 1,000 (Afghanistan) (2007)

Illicit drugs:

transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Turks and Caicos Islands

Introduction Turks and Caicos Islands

Background:

The islands were part of the UK's Jamaican colony until 1962, when they assumed the status of a separate crown colony upon Jamaica's independence. The governor of The Bahamas oversaw affairs from 1965 to 1973. With Bahamian independence, the islands received a separate governor in 1973. Although independence was agreed upon for 1982, the policy was reversed and the islands remain a British overseas territory.

Geography Turks and Caicos Islands

Location:

Caribbean, two island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of The Bahamas, north of Haiti

Geographic coordinates:

21 45 N, 71 35 W

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

total: 430 sq km

land: 430 sq km

water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:

2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

389 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:

tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry

Terrain:

low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Blue Hills 49 m

Natural resources:

spiny lobster, conch

Land use:

arable land: 2.33%

permanent crops: 0%

other: 97.67% (2005)

Irrigated land:

NA

Natural hazards:

frequent hurricanes

Environment - current issues:

limited natural fresh water resources, private cisterns collect rainwater

Geography - note:

about 40 islands (eight inhabited)

People Turks and Caicos Islands

Population:

22,352 (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 30.7% (male 3,497/female 3,374)

15-64 years: 65.2% (male 7,640/female 6,929)

65 years and over: 4.1% (male 435/female 477) (2008 est.)

Median age:

total: 27.8 years

male: 28.5 years

female: 27 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.644% (2008 est.)

Birth rate:

21.12 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate:

4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate:

9.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 14.35 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 16.56 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 12.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 75.19 years

male: 72.91 years

female: 77.59 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.98 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

NA

Nationality:

noun: none

adjective: none

Ethnic groups:

black 90%, mixed, European, or North American 10%

Religions:

Baptist 40%, Anglican 18%, Methodist 16%, Church of God 12%, other 14% (1990)

Languages:

English (official)

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school

total population: 98%

male: 99%

female: 98% (1970 est.)

People - note:

destination and transit point for illegal Haitian immigrants bound for the Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, and the US

Government Turks and Caicos Islands

Country name:

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands

abbreviation: TCI

Dependency status:

overseas territory of the UK

Government type:

NA

Capital:

name: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)

geographic coordinates: 21 28 N, 71 08 W

time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:

Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)

Constitution:

Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2006 (effective 9 August 2006)

Legal system:

based on laws of England and Wales, with a few adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Richard TAUWHARE (since 11 July 2005)

head of government: Premier Michael Eugene MISICK (since 15 August 2003); note - the office of premier was created in the 2006 constitution

cabinet: Cabinet consists of the governor, the premier, six ministers appointed by the governor from among the members of the House of Assembly, and the attorney general

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is appointed premier by the governor

Legislative branch:

unicameral House of Assembly (21 seats of which 15 are popularly elected; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 9 February 2007 (next to be held in 2011)

election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 60%, PDM 40%; seats by party - PNP 13, PDM 2

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:

People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Floyd SEYMOUR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Michael Eugene MISICK]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

NA

International organization participation:

Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:

blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus

Economy Turks and Caicos Islands

Economy - overview:

The Turks and Caicos economy is based on tourism, offshore financial services, and fishing. Most capital goods and food for domestic consumption are imported. The US is the leading source of tourists, accounting for more than three-quarters of the 175,000 visitors that arrived in 2004. Major sources of government revenue also include fees from offshore financial activities and customs receipts.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$216 million (2002 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$NA

GDP - real growth rate:

4.9% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$11,500 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: NA%

industry: NA%

services: NA%

Labor force:

4,848 (1990 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

note: about 33% in government and 20% in agriculture and fishing; significant numbers in tourism, financial, and other services

Unemployment rate:

10% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: NA%

highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4% (1995)

Budget:

revenues: $47 million

expenditures: $33.6 million (1997-98 est.)

Agriculture - products:

corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), citrus fruits; fish

Industries:

tourism, offshore financial services

Industrial production growth rate:

NA%

Electricity - production:

11.57 million kWh (2005)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

10.76 million kWh (2005)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2005 est.)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2005)

Oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - consumption:

80 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - exports:

0 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:

83.55 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:

0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)

Natural gas - production:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2005)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Exports:

$169.2 million (2000)

Exports - commodities:

lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

Exports - partners:

US, UK (2006)

Imports:

$175.6 million (2000)

Imports - commodities:

food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials

Imports - partners:

US, UK (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$4.1 million (1997)

Debt - external:

$NA

Currency (code):

US dollar (USD)

Currency code:

USD

Exchange rates:

the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Turks and Caicos Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:

5,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

1,700 (1999)