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Judicial branch:

Supreme Court; Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders:

Christian Democratic Union [Volodymyr STRETOVYCH]; Communist Party of Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; European Party of Ukraine [Mykola KATERYNCHUK]; Fatherland Party (Batkivshchyna) [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]; Forward Ukraine! [Viktor MUSIYAKA]; Labor Party of Ukraine [Mykola SYROTA]; People's Union Our Ukraine [Vyacheslav KYRYLENKO]; Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; Party of the Defenders of the Fatherland [Yuriy Karmazin]; People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) [Borys TARASYUK]; People's Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]; PORA! (It's Time!) party [Vladyslav KASKIV]; Progressive Socialist Party [Natalya VITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party [Viktor PYNZENYK]; Party of Regions [Viktor YANUKOVYCH]; Republican Party [Yuriy BOYKO]; Sobor [Anatoliy MATVIYENKO]; Social Democratic Party [Yevhen KORNICHUK]; Social Democratic Party (United) or SDPU(o) [Yuriy ZAHORODNIY]; Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ]; Ukrainian People's Party [Yuriy KOSTENKO]; Viche [Inna BOHOSLOVSKA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

Committee of Voters of Ukraine [Ihor POPOV]; Peoples' Self-Defense [Yuriy LUTSENKO]

International organization participation:

Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CE, CEI, CIS, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Oleh V. SHAMSHUR

chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606

FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817

consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador William B. TAYLOR Jr.

embassy: 10 Yurii Kotsiubynsky Street, 04053 Kyiv

mailing address: 5850 Kiev Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850

telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000

FAX: [380] (44) 490-4085

Flag description:

two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky

Economy Ukraine

Economy - overview:

After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. Shortly after independence was ratified in December 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukraine depends on imports to meet about three-fourths of its annual oil and natural gas requirements. A dispute with Russia over pricing in late 2005 and early 2006 led to a temporary gas cut-off; Ukraine concluded a deal with Russia in January 2006 that almost doubled the price Ukraine pays for Russian gas. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the legislative framework. Ukraine's economy remains buoyant despite political turmoil between the Prime Minister and President. Real GDP growth reached about 7% in 2006-07, fueled by high global prices for steel - Ukraine's top export - and by strong domestic consumption, spurred by rising pensions and wages. Although the economy is likely to expand in 2008, long-term growth could be threatened by the government's plans to reinstate tax, trade, and customs privileges and to maintain restrictive grain export quotas.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$320.1 billion (2007 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$140.5 billion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

7.3% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$6,900 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 9.1%

industry: 32.3%

services: 58.7% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

21.58 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 25%

industry: 20%

services: 55% (1996)

Unemployment rate:

2.3% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers; the International Labor Organization calculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is nearly 7% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

37.7% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 25.7% (2006)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

31 (2006)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

12.8% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

26.3% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $43.54 billion

expenditures: $45.06 billion; note - this is the planned, consolidated budget (2007 est.)

Public debt:

11.7% of GDP (2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk

Industries:

coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing (especially sugar)

Industrial production growth rate:

6% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

192.1 billion kWh (2006)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 48.6%

hydro: 7.9%

nuclear: 43.5%

other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

181.9 billion kWh (2006)

Electricity - exports:

10.07 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity - imports:

20 billion kWh (2006)

Oil - production:

90,400 bbl/day (2006)

Oil - consumption:

284,600 bbl/day (2006)

Oil - exports:

214,600 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:

469,600 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:

395 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)

Natural gas - production:

20.85 billion cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

73.94 billion cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

4 billion cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

57.09 billion cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

1.075 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Current account balance:

-$5.918 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$49.84 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products

Exports - partners:

Russia 21.4%, Turkey 7.1%, Italy 6.3%, US 4.1% (2006)

Imports:

$60.41 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Imports - partners:

Russia 28.3%, Germany 11.7%, Poland 7.6%, China 7%, Turkmenistan 5.7% (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$409.6 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (2005)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$32.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$69.19 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$31.08 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$895 million (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$42.87 billion (2006)

Currency (code):

hryvnia (UAH)

Currency code:

UAH

Exchange rates:

hryvnia per US dollar - 5.05 (2007), 5.05 (2006), 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327 (2003)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Ukraine

Telephones - main lines in use:

12.341 million (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

49.076 million (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile-cellular system

domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is rising and the domestic trunk system is being improved; about one-third of Ukraine's networks are digital and a majority of regional centers now have digital switching stations; improvements in local networks and local exchanges continue to lag; the mobile-cellular telephone system is expanding rapidly

international: country code - 380; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by an unknown number of earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems

Radio broadcast stations:

524 (station types NA) (2006)

Radios:

45.05 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

647 (2006)

Televisions:

18.05 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.ua

Internet hosts:

234,349 (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

260 (2001)

Internet users:

5.545 million (2006)

Transportation Ukraine

Airports:

437 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 193

over 3,047 m: 13

2,438 to 3,047 m: 53

1,524 to 2,437 m: 27

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 95 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 244

2,438 to 3,047 m: 3

1,524 to 2,437 m: 11

914 to 1,523 m: 13

under 914 m: 217 (2007)

Heliports:

10 (2007)

Pipelines:

gas 33,721 km; oil 4,514 km; refined products 4,211 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 22,473 km

broad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2006)

Roadways:

total: 169,477 km

paved: 164,732 km (includes 15 km of expressways)

unpaved: 4,745 km (2004)

Waterways:

2,253 km (most on Dnieper River) (2006)

Merchant marine:

total: 193 ships (1000 GRT or over) 763,293 GRT/899,859 DWT

by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 145, container 3, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 9, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 7, specialized tanker 2

registered in other countries: 194 (Belize 10, Cambodia 27, Comoros 13, Cyprus 6, Dominica 3, Georgia 24, Liberia 24, Malta 28, Moldova 3, Mongolia 3, Panama 8, Russia 10, Sierra Leone 8, Slovakia 10, St Kitts and Nevis 5, St Vincent and The Grenadines 12, unknown 3) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Feodosiya, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Yuzhnyy

Military Ukraine

Military branches:

Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (Viyskovo-Povitryani Syly), Air Defense Forces (2002)

Military service age and obligation:

18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months for Army and Air Force, 24 months for Navy (2004)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 11,457,562

females age 16-49: 11,767,357 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 7,141,814

females age 16-49: 9,428,876 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 288,605

females age 16-49: 276,324 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

1.4% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Ukraine

Disputes - international:

1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is complete with preparations for demarcation underway; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region, which remains under OSCE supervision; the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply, and Romania until June 2007 to rejoin, in their dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Illicit drugs:

limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

United Arab Emirates

Introduction United Arab Emirates

Background:

The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading West European nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderate foreign policy stance have allowed the UAE to play a vital role in the affairs of the region.

Geography United Arab Emirates

Location:

Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia