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GDP (purchasing power parity):

$6.991 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$3.251 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

11.4% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$5,300 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 11.3%

industry: 48.6%

services: 40.1% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

803.3 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 43%

industry: 25%

services: 32% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:

4% unemployment in urban areas; substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

8%

note: 21.5 million rural population live below the official "absolute poverty" line (approximately $90 per year); and an additional 35.5 million rural population above that but below the official "low income" line (approximately $125 per year) (2006 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 1.6%

highest 10%: 34.9% (2004)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

47 (2007)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4.8% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

40.4% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $674.3 billion

expenditures: $651.6 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt:

18.4% of GDP (2007 est.)

Agriculture - products:

rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples, cotton, oilseed; pork; fish

Industries:

mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites

Industrial production growth rate:

13.4% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

3.256 trillion kWh (2007)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 80.2%

hydro: 18.5%

nuclear: 1.2%

other: 0.1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

2.859 trillion kWh (2006)

Electricity - exports:

11.27 billion kWh (2006)

Electricity - imports:

5.39 billion kWh (2006)

Oil - production:

3.73 million bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - consumption:

6.93 million bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - exports:

79,060 bbl/day (2007)

Oil - imports:

3.19 million bbl/day (2007)

Oil - proved reserves:

12.8 billion bbl (2007 est.)

Natural gas - production:

58.6 billion cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

55.6 billion cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

2.874 billion cu m (2006)

Natural gas - imports:

976 million cu m (2006)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

2.45 trillion cu m (2006 est.)

Current account balance:

$360.7 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$1.217 trillion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

machinery, electrical products, data processing equipment, apparel, textile, steel, mobile phones

Exports - partners:

US 21%, Hong Kong 16%, Japan 9.5%, South Korea 4.6%, Germany 4.2% (2006)

Imports:

$901.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, oil and mineral fuels, plastics, LED screens, data processing equipment, optical and medical equipment, organic chemicals, steel, copper

Imports - partners:

Japan 14.6%, South Korea 11.3%, Taiwan 10.9%, US 7.5%, Germany 4.8% (2006)

Economic aid - recipient:

$1.641 billion (FY07)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$1.534 trillion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$363 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$758.9 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$93.75 billion (2007 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$4.477 trillion (31 December 2007 est.)

Currency (code):

Renminbi (RMB); note - also referred to by the unit yuan (CNY)

Currency code:

CNY

Exchange rates:

yuan per US dollar - 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004), 8.277 (2003)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications China

Telephones - main lines in use:

368 million (2006)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

461.1 million (2006)

Telephone system:

general assessment: domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns; China continues to develop its telecommunications infrastructure, and is partnering with foreign providers to expand its global reach; 3 of China's 6 major telecommunications operators are part of an international consortium which, in December 2006, signed an agreement with Verizon Business to build the first next-generation fiber optic submarine cable system directly linking the US mainland and China

domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of internet users reached 162 million in 2007; a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place

international: country code - 86; a number of submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region, and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian Ocean regions) (2007)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 (1998)

Radios:

417 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

3,240 (of which 209 are operated by China Central Television, 31 are provincial TV stations, and nearly 3,000 are local city stations) (1997)

Televisions:

400 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.cn

Internet hosts:

10.637 million (2007)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

3 (2000)

Internet users:

162 million (2007)

Transportation China

Airports:

467 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 403

over 3,047 m: 58

2,438 to 3,047 m: 128

1,524 to 2,437 m: 130

914 to 1,523 m: 20

under 914 m: 67 (2007)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 64

over 3,047 m: 4

2,438 to 3,047 m: 4

1,524 to 2,437 m: 13

914 to 1,523 m: 17

under 914 m: 26 (2007)

Heliports:

35 (2007)

Pipelines:

gas 26,344 km; oil 17,240 km; refined products 6,106 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 75,438 km

standard gauge: 75,438 km 1.435-m gauge (20,151 km electrified) (2005)

Roadways:

total: 1,930,544 km

paved: 1,575,571 km (includes 41,005 km of expressways)

unpaved: 354,973 km (2005)

Waterways:

124,000 km navigable (2006)

Merchant marine:

total: 1,775 ships (1000 GRT or over) 22,219,786 GRT/33,819,636 DWT

by type: barge carrier 3, bulk carrier 415, cargo 689, carrier 3, chemical tanker 62, combination ore/oil 2, container 157, liquefied gas 35, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 84, petroleum tanker 250, refrigerated cargo 33, roll on/roll off 9, specialized tanker 8, vehicle carrier 17

foreign-owned: 12 (Ecuador 1, Greece 1, Hong Kong 6, Japan 2, South Korea 1, Norway 1)

registered in other countries: 1,366 (Bahamas 9, Bangladesh 1, Belize 107, Bermuda 10, Bolivia 1, Cambodia 166, Cyprus 10, France 5, Georgia 4, Germany 2, Honduras 3, Hong Kong 309, India 1, Indonesia 2, Liberia 32, Malaysia 1, Malta 13, Marshall Islands 3, Mongolia 3, Norway 47, Panama 473, Philippines 2, Sierra Leone 8, Singapore 19, St Vincent and The Grenadines 106, Thailand 1, Turkey 1, Tuvalu 25, unknown 33) (2007)

Ports and terminals:

Dalian, Guangzhou, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin

Military China

Military branches:

People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (includes airborne forces), and Second Artillery Corps (strategic missile force); People's Armed Police (PAP); Reserve and Militia Forces (2008)

Military service age and obligation:

18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with 24-month service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs (2007)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 375,009,345

females age 16-49: 354,314,328 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 313,321,639

females age 16-49: 295,951,438 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

males age 16-49: 10,760,380

females age 16-49: 9,710,032 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

4.3% (2006)

Transnational Issues China

Disputes - international:

continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes due to cartographic discrepancies; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratly's but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly's and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary is expected to be completed by the end of 2008, while the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements in the Gulf of Tonkin, ratified in June 2004, have been implemented; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans to reduce 2000 out of 2800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

refugees (country of origin): 300,897 (Vietnam); estimated 30,000-50,000 (North Korea)

IDPs: 90,000 (2007)

Trafficking in persons:

current situation: China is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; the majority of trafficking in China occurs within the country's borders, but there is also considerable international trafficking of Chinese citizens to Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and North America; Chinese women are lured abroad through false promises of legitimate employment, only to be forced into commercial sexual exploitation, largely in Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan; women and children are trafficked to China from Mongolia, Burma, North Korea, Russia, and Vietnam for forced labor, marriage, and prostitution; some North Korean women and children seeking to leave their country voluntarily cross the border into China and are then sold into prostitution, marriage, or forced labor

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - China is on the Tier 2 Watch List for the fourth consecutive year for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking, particularly in terms of punishment of trafficking crimes and the protection of Chinese and foreign victims of trafficking; victims are sometimes punished for unlawful acts that were committed as a direct result of their being trafficked, such as violations of prostitution or immigration/emigration controls; the Chinese Government continued to treat North Korean victims of trafficking solely as economic migrants, routinely deporting them back to horrendous conditions in North Korea; additional challenges facing the Chinese Government include the enormous size of its trafficking problem and the significant level of corruption and complicity in trafficking by some local government officials (2008)

Illicit drugs:

major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry

This page was last updated on 15 July, 2008

The World Factbook

Christmas Island

Introduction Christmas Island

Background:

Named in 1643 for the day of its discovery, the island was annexed and settlement began by the UK in 1888. Phosphate mining began in the 1890s. The UK transferred sovereignty to Australia in 1958. Almost two-thirds of the island has been declared a national park.