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Orlando (12.72), Otto (13.73), Parker (14.69), Parsa (15.22), Patrick (14.25), Paul

(14.13), Peter (15.00), Philip (14.82), Philippe (15.61), Phoenix (13.08), Presley

(12.68), Quentin (13.84), Ralph (13.45), Raphael (14.63), Reagan (14.92), Rex

(13.77), Rexford (14.89), Rocco (13.68), Rocky (11.47), Roland (13.95), Romain

(15.69), Royce (13.73), Russell (13.68), Ryan (14.04), Sage (13.63), Saleh (10.15),

Satchel (15.52), Schuyler (14.73), Sean (14.12), Sequoia (13.15), Sergei (14.28),

Sergio (11.92), Shawn (12.72), Shelby (12.88), Simon (14.74), Slater (14.62),

Solomon (14.20), Spencer (14.53), Stephen (14.01), Stetson (12.90), Steven (13.31),

Tanner (13.82), Tariq (13.16), Tennyson (15.63), Terence (14.36), Terry (12.16),

Thaddeus (14.56), Theodore (14.61), Thomas (14.08), Timothy (13.58), Toby

(13.24), Trace (14.09), Trevor (13.89), Tristan (13.95), Troy (13.52), Ulysses (14.25),

Uriel (15.00), Valentino (12.25), Virgil (11.87), Vladimir (13.37), Walker (14.75),

Whitney (15.58), Willem (15.38), William (14.17), Willie (12.12), Winston (15.07),

Xavier (13.37), Yasser (14.25), Zachary (14.02), Zachory (11.92), Zane (13.93), and

Zebulon (15.00).

MOST POPULAR WHITE GIRL NAMES, 1960 AND 2000: The California names

data actually begin in 1961, but the year-to-year difference is negligible.

SHIRLEY TEMPLE AS SYMPTOM, NOT CAUSE: See Stanley Lieberson, A

Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change (New Haven,

Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000). A Harvard sociologist, Lieberson is the

, July 6, 2003; and, if only

for entertainment, see (2001), Alan Berliner’s documentary

film about names.

acknowledged master of (among other subjects) the academic study of names.

For instance, A Matter of Taste details how, from 1960, it was American Jewish

families who first popularized many girls’ names (Amy, Danielle, Erica, Jennifer,

Jessica, Melissa, Rachel, Rebecca, Sarah, Stacy, Stephanie, Tracy) while only a

handful (Ashley, Kelly, and Kimberly) began in non-Jewish families. Another

good discussion of naming habits can be found in Peggy Orenstein, “Where

Have All the Lisas Gone?” New York Times MagazineThe Sweetest Sound

BOYS’ NAMES BECOMING GIRLS’ NAMES (BUT NOT VICE VERSA): This

observation is drawn from the work of Cleveland Kent Evans, a psychologist and

onomastician at Bellevue University in Bellevue, Nebraska. A sample of Evans’s

work is available as of this writing at academic.bellevue.edu/

~CKEvans/cevans.html; see also Cleveland Kent Evans, Unusual & Most

Popular Baby Names (Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International/Signet, 1994);

and Cleveland Kent Evans, The Ultimate Baby Name Book (Lincoln-wood, Ill.:

Publications International/Plume, 1997).

EPILOGUE. TWO PATHS TO HARVARD

THE WHITE BOY WHO GREW UP OUTSIDE CHICAGO: This passage, as well

as the earlier passage about the same boy on pp. 155–56, was drawn from author

interviews and from Ted Kaczynski, Truth Versus Lies, unpublished manuscript,

1998; see also Stephen J. Dubner, “I Don’t Want to Live Long. I Would Rather Get

the Death Penalty than Spend the Rest of My Life in Prison,” Time, October 18,

1999.

THE BLACK BOY FROM DAYTONA BEACH: This passage, as well as the

earlier passage about the same boy on p. 156, were drawn from author

interviews with Roland G. Fryer Jr.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Jointly, we would like to thank two people who helped nurture this book: Claire

Wachtel of William Morrow and Suzanne Gluck of the William Morris Agency.

This is the third book that Stephen Dubner has written under their auspices; he

continues to be grateful and, on occasion, awestruck. This was the first such book

for Steven Levitt; he has been duly impressed. Many thanks also to the talented

and supportive colleagues in each shop: Michael Morrison, Cathy Hemming,

Lisa Gallagher, Debbie Stier, Dee Dee De Bartlo, George Bick, Brian McSharry,

Jennifer Pooley, Kevin Callahan, Trent Duffy, and many others at William

Morrow; Tracy Fisher, Karen Gerwin, Erin Malone, Candace Finn, Andi

McNichol, and many others at the William Morris Agency. We would also like to

thank the various subjects of this book (especially Stetson Kennedy, Paul

Feldman, Sudhir Venkatesh, Arne Duncan, and Roland Fryer) for their time and

trouble. Thanks also to the friends and colleagues who helped improve the

manuscript, including Melanie Thernstrom, Lisa Chase, and Colin Camerer. And

to Linda Jines, who came up with the title: nicely done.

PERSONAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I owe an enormous debt to my many co-authors and colleagues, whose great

ideas fill this book, and to all the kind people who have taken the time to teach

me what I know about economics and life. I am especially grateful to the

University of Chicago, whose Initiative on Chicago Price Theory provides me the

ideal research home; and also to the American Bar Foundation for its collegiality

and support. My wife, Jeannette, and our children, Amanda, Olivia, Nicholas,

and Sophie, make every day a joy, even though we miss Andrew so much. I

thank my parents, who showed me it was okay to be different. Most of all, I want

to thank my good friend and co-author Stephen Dubner, who is a brilliant writer

and a creative genius.

—S. D. L.

I have yet to write a book that did not germinate, or was not at least brought

along, in the pages of the New York Times Magazine. This one is no exception.

For that I thank Hugo Lindgren, Adam Moss, and Gerry Marzorati; also, thanks

to Vera Titunik and Paul Tough for inviting the Bagel Man into the Magazine’s

pages. I am most grateful to Steven Levitt, who is so clever and wise and even

kind as to make me wish—well, almost—that I had become an economist myself.

Now I know why half the profession dreams of having an adjoining office to

Levitt. And finally, as always, thanks and love to Ellen, Solomon, and Anya. See

you at dinnertime.

—S. J. D.

About the Author

Steven D. Levitt teaches economics at the University of Chicago; he recently

received the John Bates Clark Medal, awarded every two years to the best

American economist under forty.

Stephen J. Dubner lives in New York City; he writes for the New York Times and

The New Yorker and is the national bestselling author of Turbulent Souls and

Confessions of a Hero-Worshiper.

To receive notice of author events and new books by Steven D. Levitt and

Stephen J. Dubner, sign up at www.authortracker.com.

Credits

Jacket design by Chika Azuma

Jacket photograph collage by James Meyer/Getty Images; inside orange slice by

Jan Cobb

Copyright

FREAKONOMICS. Copyright . 2005 by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright

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Publishers, Inc.

Microsoft Reader March 2005 ISBN 0-06-083822-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Levitt, Steven D.

Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything /

Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner.—1st ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

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