P．S；关于小白兔，最好将它比做整个宇宙，而我们人类则是寄居在兔子毛皮深处的微生虫。不过哲学家总是试图沿着兔子的细毛往上爬，以便将魔术师看个清楚。
苏菲，你还在看吗?未完待续……苏菲真是累极了。“还在看吗?”她甚至不记得她在看信时是否曾停下来喘口气呢!是谁捎来这封信?当然不可能是那位寄生日卡给席德的人，因为卡片上不但有邮票，还有邮戳。但这个棕色的信封却像那两封白色的信一样，是由某人亲自投进信箱的。
苏菲看了看手表，时间是两点四十五分。妈妈还有两个多小时才下班。
苏菲爬出来，回到园子里，跑到信箱旁。也许还有另一封信呢!她发现另一个写着她名字的棕色信封。这回她四下看了看，但却没有见到任何人影。她又跑到树林边，往路的那一头张望。
那边也没有人。
突然间她好像听到树林深处某根枝条“啪!”一声折断的声音。
不过她并不是百分之百确定。何况，如果一个人决心要逃跑，再怎么追他也没有用。
苏菲进入屋里，把书包和给妈妈的信放在厨房的桌子上，然后便跑上楼梯，进入她的房间，拿出一个装满美丽石子的饼干盒。她把那些石头倒在地板上，把两个大信封装进盒子里。然后又匆忙走到花园里，双手紧紧拿着饼干盒。临走时，她拿出一些食物给雪儿吃。
“猫咪!猫咪!猫眯!”回到密洞中后，她打开了第二封棕色的信，取出几页才刚打好字的信纸。她开始看信。
奇怪的生物嗨!苏菲，我们又见面了。诚如你所看见的，这门简短的哲学课程将会以一小段、一小段的形式出现。以下仍然是序言部分：我是否曾经说过，成为一个优秀哲学家的唯一条件是要有好奇心?如果我未曾说过，那么我现在要说：成为一个优秀哲学家的唯一条件是要有好奇心。
婴儿有好奇心，这并不令人意外。在娘胎里短短几个月后，他们便掉进一个崭新的世界。不过当他们慢慢成长时，这种好奇心似乎也逐渐减少。为什么?你知道答案吗，苏菲?苏衣的世界让我们假设，如果一个初生的婴儿会说话，他可能会说他来到的世界是多么奇特。因为，尽管他不能说话，我们可以看到他如何左顾右盼并好奇地伸手想碰触他身边的每一样东西。
小孩子逐渐学会说话后，每一次看见狗，便会抬起头说：“汪!汪!”他会在学步车里跳上跳下，挥舞着双手说：“汪!汪!汪!汪!”我们这些年纪比较大、比较见多识广的人可能会觉得小孩子这种兴奋之情洋溢的样子很累人。我们会无动于衷地说：“对，对，这是汪汪。好了，坐着不要动尸看到狗，我们可不像小孩子那样着迷，因为我们早就看过了。
小孩子这种行为会一再重复，可能要经过数百次之后，他才会在看到狗时不再兴奋异常。在他看到大象或河马时，也会发生同样的情况。远在孩童学会如何讲话得体、如何从事哲学性的思考前，他就早已经习惯这个世界了。
这是很可惜的一件事，如果你问我的看法的话。
亲爱的苏菲，我不希望你长大之后也会成为一个把这世界视为理所当然的人。为了确定起见，在这课程开始之前，我们将做两三个有关思想的测验。
请你想象，有一天你去树林里散步。突然间你看到前面的路上有一艘小小的太空船，有一个很小的火星人从船舱里爬出来，站在路上抬头看着你……你会怎么想?算了，这并不重要。但你是否曾经想过你自己也是个火星人?很明显的，你不太可能突然撞见一个来自其他星球的生物。我们甚至不知道其他星球是否也有生物存在。不过有一天你可能会突然发现自己。你可能会突然停下来，以一种完全不同的眼光来看自己，就在你在树林里散步的时候。
你会想：“我是一个不同凡响的存在。我是一个神秘的生物。”你觉得自己好像刚从一个梦幻中醒来。我是谁?你问道。你知道自己正行走在宇宙的一个星球上。但宇宙又是什么?如果你像这样，突然意识到自己的存在，你会发现自己正像我们刚才提到的火星人那样神秘。你不仅看到一个从外太空来的生命，同时也会打内心深处觉得自己的存在是如此不凡响。．如果你不介意的话，苏菲，现在就让我们来做另一个思想上的测验。
有一天早上，爸、妈和小同正在厨房里吃早餐。过了一会儿，妈妈站起身来，走到水槽边。这时，爸爸飞了起来，在天花板下面飘浮。小同坐在那儿看着。你想小同会说什么?也许他会指着父亲说：“爸爸在飞。”小同当然会觉得吃惊，但是他经常有这样的经验。
爸爸所做的奇妙的事太多了，因此这回他飞到早餐桌上方这件事对小同并没有什么特别，每天爸爸都用一个很滑稽的机器刮胡子，有时他会爬到屋顶上调整电视的天线。或者，他偶尔也会把头伸进汽车的引擎盖里，出来时脸都是黑的。好了，现在轮到妈妈了。她听到小同说的话，转身一瞧。你想她看到爸爸像没事人一般飘浮在餐桌的上方会有什么反应?她吓得把果酱罐子掉在地上，然后开始尖叫。等到爸爸好整以暇地回到座位上时，她可能已经需要急救了。(从现在起，爸爸可真是该注意一下自己的餐桌礼仪了!)为何小同和妈妈有如此不同的反应?你认为呢?这完全与习惯有关。(注意㈠妈妈已经知道人是不能飞的，小周则不然。他仍然不确定在这个世界上人能做些什么或不能做些什么。
然而，苏菲，这世界又是怎么回事呢?它也一样飘浮在太空中呀。你认为这可能吗?遗憾的是，当我们成长时，不仅习惯了有地心引力这回事，同时也很快地习惯了世上的一切。我们在成长的过程当中，似乎失去了对这世界的好奇心。也正因此，我们丧失了某种极为重要的能力(这也是一种哲学家们想要使人们恢复的能力)。因为，在我们内心的某处，有某个声音告诉我们：生命是一种很庞大的、神秘的存在。
这是我们在学会从事这样的思考前都曾经有过的体验。
更明白地说：尽管我们都想过哲学性的问题，却并不一定每个人都会成为哲学家。由于种种理由，大多数人都忙于日常生活的琐事，因此他们对于这世界的好奇心都受到压抑。(就像那些微生虫一般，爬进兔子的毛皮深处，在那儿怡然自得地待上一辈予，从此不再出来。)对于孩子们而言，世上的种种都是新鲜而令人惊奇的。对于大人们则不然。大多数成人都把这世界当成一种理所当然的存在。
这正是哲学家们之所以与众不同的地方。哲学家从来不会过分习惯这个世界。对于他或她而言，这个世界一直都有一些不合理，甚至有些复杂难解、神秘莫测。这是哲学家与小孩子共同具有的一种重要能力。你可以说，哲学家终其一生都像个孩子一般敏感。
所以，苏菲，你现在必须做个选择。你是个还没有被世界磨掉好奇心的孩子?还是一个永远不会如此的哲学家?如果你只是摇摇头，不知道自己究竟是个孩子还是哲学家，那么你已经太过习惯这个世界，以至于不再对它感到惊讶了。果真如此，你得小心，因为你正处于一个危险的阶段，这也是为何你要上这门哲学课的原因。因为我们要以防万一。我不会听任你变得像其他人一样没有感觉、无动于衷。我希望你有一个好奇、充满求知欲的心灵。
这门课程是不收费的，因此即使你没有上完也不能退费。如果你中途不想上了，也没关系，只要在信箱里放个东西做信号就可以了。最好是一只活青蛙，或至少是某种绿色的东西，以免让邮差吓一大跳。
综合我上面所说的话，简而言之，这世界就像魔术师从他的帽子里拉出的一只白兔。只是这白兔的体积极其庞大，因此这场戏法要数十亿年才变得出来。所有的生物都出生于这只兔予的细毛顶端，他们刚开始对于这场令人不可置信的戏法都感到惊奇。然而当他们年纪愈长，也就愈深入兔子的毛皮，并且待了下来。他们在那儿觉得非常安适，因此不愿再冒险爬回脆弱的兔毛顶端。唯有哲学家才会踏上此一危险的旅程，迈向语言与存在所能达到的顶峰。其中有些人掉了下来，但也有些人死命攀住兔毛不放，并对那些窝在舒适柔软的兔毛的深处、尽情吃喝的人们大声吼叫。
他们喊：“各位先生女士们，我们正飘浮在太空中呢!”但下面的人可不管这些哲学家们在嚷些什么。
这些人只会说：“哇!真是一群捣蛋鬼尸然后又继续他们原先的谈话：请你把奶油递过来好吗?我们今天的股价涨了多少?番茄现在是什么价钱?你有没有听说黛安娜王妃又怀孕了?那天下午，苏菲的妈妈回家时，苏菲仍处于震惊状态中。她把那个装着神秘哲学家来信的铁盒子很稳妥地藏在密洞中。然后她试着开始做功课，但是当她坐在那儿时，满脑子想的都是她刚才读的信。
她过去从未这样努力思考过。她已经不再是个孩子了，但也还没有真正长大。苏菲意识到她已经开始朝着兔子(就是从宇宙的帽子中被拉出来的那只)温暖舒适的毛皮深处向下爬，却被这位哲学家中途拦住。他(或者说不定是她)一把抓住她的后脑勺，将她拉回毛尖(她孩提时代戏耍的地方)。就在那儿，在兔毛的最顶端，她再度以仿佛乍见的眼光打量这个世界。
毫无疑问，这位哲学家救了她。写信给她的无名氏将她从琐碎的日常生活拯救出来了。
下午五点，妈妈到家时，苏菲把她拉进起居室，将她推在一张安乐椅上坐下。
一日她开始问：“妈，我们居然有生命，你不觉得这很令人惊讶吗?”她妈妈真是丈二金刚摸不着头脑，不知道该怎么回答。平常她回家时，苏菲多半在做功课。
“我想是吧!有时候。”她说。
“有时候?没错，可是--你不觉得这个世界居然存在是很令人惊讶的事吗?”“听着，苏菲，不要再说这些话。”“为什么?难道你认为这个世界平凡无奇吗?”“不是吗?多少总有一些吧?”苏菲终于明白哲学家说得没错。大人们总是将这个世界视为理所当然的存在，并且就此任自己陷入柴米油盐的生活中而浑然不觉。
“你太习惯这个世界了，才会对任何事情都不感到惊奇。”“你到底在说些什么?”“我是说你对每一件事都太习惯了。换句话说，已经变得非常迟钝了。”“不要这样对我讲话，苏菲!”“好吧，我换一种方式说好了。你已经在这只被拉出宇宙的帽子的白兔毛皮深处待得太舒服了。再过一会儿你就会把马铃薯拿出来，然后就开始看报纸，之后打半个小时的盹，然后看电视新闻。”妈妈的脸上掠过一抹忧虑的神色。她走进厨房把马铃薯拿出来。过了一会儿，她便走回起居室，这次轮到她把苏菲推到安乐椅上坐下了。
“我有事情要跟你谈。”她说。从她的声音听起来，苏菲可以猜到事情一定很严重。
“你没有跑去跟人家喝什么药吧?宝贝!”苏菲差一点笑出来。但她了解妈妈为什么会问她这个问题。
“我又不是神经病，”她说，“那样只会让人变得更钝呀!”那天晚上，谁也没有再提起任何有关喝药或白兔的事情。
The Myths
... a precarious balance between the forces of good and evil
There was no letter for Sophie the next morning. All through the interminable day at school she was bored stiff. She took care to be extra nice to Joanna during the breaks. On the way home they talked about going camping as soon as the woods were dry enough.
After what seemed an eternity she was once again at the mailbox. First she opened a letter postmarked in Mexico. It was from her father. He wrote about how much he was longing for home and how for the first time he had managed to beat the Chief Officer at chess. Apart from that he had almost finished the pile of books he had brought aboard with him after his winter leave.
And then, there it was--a brown envelope with her name on it! Leaving her schoolbag and the rest of the mail in the house, Sophie ran to the den. She pulled out the new typewritten pages and began to read:
THE MYTHOLOGICAL WORLD PICTURE
Hello there, Sophie! We have a lot to do, so we'll get started without delay.
By philosophy we mean the completely new way of thinking that evolved in Greece about six hundred years before the birth of Christ. Until that time people had found answers to all their questions in various religions. These religious explanations were handed down from generation to generation in the form of myths. A myth is a story about the gods which sets out to explain why life is as it is.
Over the millennia a wild profusion of mythological explanations of philosophical questions spread across the world. The Greek philosophers attempted to prove that these explanations were not to be trusted.
In order to understand how the early philosophers thought, we have to understand what it was like to have a mythological picture of the world. We can take some Nordic myths as examples. (There is no need to carry coals to Newcastle.)
You have probably heard of Thor and his hammer. Before Christianity came to Norway, people believed that Thor rode across the sky in a chariot drawn by two goats. When he swung his hammer it made thunder and lightning. The word "thunder" in Norwegian--"Thor-d0n"--means Thor's roar. In Swedish, the word for thunder is "aska," originally "as-aka," which means "god's journey" over the heavens.
When there is thunder and lightning there is also rain, which was vital to the Viking farmers. So Thor was worshipped as the god of fertility.
The mythological explanation for rain was therefore that Thor was swinging his hammer. And when it rained the corn germinated and thrived in the fields.
How the plants of the field could grow and yield crops was not understood. But it was clearly somehow connected with the rain. And since everybody believed that the rain had something to do with Thor, he was one of the most important of the Norse gods.
There was another reason why Thor was important, a reason related to the entire world order.
The Vikings believed that the inhabited world was an island under constant threat from outside dangers. They called this part of the world Midgard, which means the kingdom in the middle. Within Midgard lay Asgard, the domain of the gods.
Outside Midgard was the kingdom of Utgard, the domain of the treacherous giants, who resorted to all kinds of cunning tricks to try and destroy the world. Evil monsters like these are often referred to as the "forces of chaos." Not only in Norse mythology but in almost all other cultures, people found that there was a precarious balance between the forces of good and evil.
One of the ways in which the giants could destroy Midgard was by abducting Freyja, the goddess of fertility. If they could do this, nothing would grow in the fields and the women would no longer have children. So it was vital to hold these giants in check.
Thor was a central figure in this battle with the giants. His hammer could do more than make rain; it was a key weapon in the struggle against the dangerous forces of chaos. It gave him almost unlimited power. For example, he could hurl it at the giants and slay them. And he never had to worry about losing it because it always came back to him, just like a boomerang.
This was the mythological explanation for how the balance of nature was maintained and why there was a constant struggle between good and evil. And this was precisely the kind of explanation that the philosophers rejected.
But it was not a question of explanations alone.
Mortals could not just sit idly by and wait for the gods to intervene while catastrophes such as drought or plague loomed. They had to act for themselves in the struggle against evil. This they did by performing various religious ceremonies, or rites.
The most significant religious ceremony in Norse times was the offering. Making an offering to a god had the effect of increasing that god's power. For example, mortals had to make offerings to the gods to give them the strength to conquer the forces of chaos. They could do this by sacrificing an animal to the god. The offering to Thor was usually a goat. Offerings to Odin sometimes took the form of human sacrifices.
The myth that is best known in the Nordic countries comes from the Eddie poem "The Lay of Thrym." It tells how Thor, rising from sleep, finds that his hammer is gone. This makes him so angry that his hands tremble and his beard shakes. Accompanied by his henchman Loki he goes to Freyja to ask if Loki may borrow her wings so that he can fly to Jotunheim, the land of the giants, and find out if they are the ones who have stolen Thor's hammer.
At Jotunheim Loki meets Thrym, the king of the giants, who sure enough begins to boast that he has hidden the hammer seven leagues under the earth. And he adds that the gods will not get the hammer back until Thrym is given Freyja as his bride.
Can you picture it, Sophie? Suddenly the good gods find themselves in the midst of a full-blown hostage incident. The giants have seized the gods' most vital defensive weapon. This is an utterly unacceptable situation. As long as the giants have Thor's hammer, they have total control over the world of gods and mortals. In exchange for the hammer they are demanding Freyja. But this is equally unacceptable. If the gods have to give up their goddess of fertility--she who protects all life--the grass will disappear from the fields and all gods and mortals will die. The situation is deadlocked.
Loki returns to Asgard, so the myth goes, and tells Freyja to put on her wedding attire for she is (alas!) to wed the king of the giants. Freyja is furious, and says people will think she is absolutely man-crazy if she agrees to marry a giant.
Then the god Heimdall has an idea. He suggests that Thor dress up as a bride. With his hair up and two stones under his tunic he will look like a woman. Understandably, Thor is not wildly enthusiastic about the idea, but he finally accepts that this is the only way he will ever get his hammer back.
So Thor allows himself to be attired in bridal costume, with Loki as his bridesmaid.
To put it in present-day terms, Thor and Loki are the gods' "anti-terrorist squad." Disguised as women, their mission is to breach the giants' stronghold and recapture Thor's hammer.
When the gods arrive at Jotunheim, the giants begin to prepare the wedding feast. But during the feast, the bride--Thor, that is--devours an entire ox and eight salmon. He also drinks three barrels of beer. This astonishes Thrym. The true identity of the "commandos" is very nearly revealed. But Loki manages to avert the danger by explaining that Freyja has been looking forward to coming to jotunheim so much that she has not eaten for a week.
When Thrym lifts the bridal veil to kiss the bride, he is startled to find himself looking into Thor's burning eyes. Once again Loki saves the situation by explaining that the bride has not slept for a week because she is so excited about the wedding. At this, Thrym commands that the hammer be brought forth and laid in the bride's lap during the wedding ceremony.
Thor roars with laughter when he is given the hammer. First he kills Thrym with it, and then he wipes out the giants and all their kin. And thus the gruesome hostage affair has a happy ending. Thor--the Batman or James Bond of the gods--has once again conquered the forces of evil.
So much for the myth itself, Sophie. But what is the real meaning behind it? It wasn't made up just for entertainment. The myth also tries to explain something. Here is one possible interpretation:
When a drought occurred, people sought an explanation of why there was no rain. Could it be that the giants had stolen Thor's hammer?
Perhaps the myth was an attempt to explain the changing seasons of the year: in the winter Nature dies because Thor's hammer is in jotunheim. But in the spring he succeeds in winning it back. So the myth tried to give people an explanation for something they could not understand.
But a myth was not only an explanation. People also carried out religious ceremonies related to the myths. We can imagine how people's response to drought or crop failure would be to enact a drama about the events in the myth. Perhaps a man from the village would dress up as a bride--with stones for breasts--in order to steal the hammer back from the giants. By doing this, people were taking some action to make it rain so the crops would grow in their fields.
There are a great many examples from other parts of the world of the way people dramatized their myths of the seasons in order to speed up the processes of nature.
So far we have only taken a brief glimpse at the world of Norse mythology. But there were countless myths about Thor and Odin, Freyr and Frey a, Hoder and Balder and many other gods. Mythologica notions of this kind flourished all over the world until philosophers began to tamper with them.
A mythological world picture also existed in Greece when the first philosophy was evolving. The stories of the Greek gods had been handed down from generation to generation for centuries. In Greece the gods were called Zeus and Apollo, Hera and Athene, Dionysos and Ascle-pios, Heracles and Hephaestos, to mention only a few of them.
Around 700 B.C., much of the Greek mythology was written down by Homer and Hesiod. This created a whole new situation. Now that the myths existed in written form, it was possible to discuss them.
The earliest Greek philosophers criticized Homer's mythology because the gods resembled mortals too much and were just as egoistic and treacherous. For the first time it was said that the myths were nothing but human notions.
One exponent of this view was the philosopher Xe-nophanes, who lived from about 570 B.C. Men have created the gods in their own image, he said. They believe the gods were born and have bodies and clothes and language just as we have. Ethiopians believe that the gods are black and flat-nosed, Thracians imagine them to be blue-eyed and fair-haired. If oxen, horses, and lions could draw, they would depict gods that looked like oxen, horses, and lions!
