第 14 页

NOTES:

1. D. B. ii, 21, 26, 37 b, 59 b.

2. D. B. i. 21.

3. D. B. i. 45.

4. D. B. i. 6 b.

5. D. B. i. 27.

6. D. B. i, 163.

7. So in the Exeter record D. B. iv. 390: 'Tenuerunt 3 tegni pro 4 mansionibus, et Robertus habet illas pro 1 mansione.'

8. D. B. i. 169 b. Similar interlineations in i. 98.

9. D. B. i. 148; on f. 149 is a similar case.

10. D. B. i. 45 b.

11. D. B. i. 280 b.

12. In several passages in D. B. the word seems to be manerius.

13. D. B. ii. 96 b: 'Huic manerio iacebant 3 liberi homines, unus tenuit dim, hidam et potuit abire sine licentia domini ipsius mansions.'

14. D. B. i. 149, Wicombe.

15. D. B. ii. 38 b, Hersam.

16. D. B. i. 174, b. Poiwic.

17. D. B. i. 268, Gretford.

18. D. B. ii. 350 b.

19. D. B. ii. 263: 'sed fuerunt in aula S. Edmundi.'

20. D. B. i. 337 b.

21. D. B. ii. 408 b: 'cum soca et saca super dominium hallae tantum.'

22. D. B. i. 45, Wicheham, Werste.

23. D. B. i. 20, Waliland.

24. D. B. i. 11 b, Acres.

25. D. B. i. 26 b, Eldretune.

26. D. B. i. 27, Percinges.

27. D. B. i. 284 b, AEttune.

28. D. B. ii. 29 b, 30 b.

29. D. B. i. 307 b, Burghedurum; 308, Ternusc.

30. D. B. i. 63: 'Ipse quoque transportavit hallam et alias domos et pecuniam in alio manerio.'

31. D. B. i. 338 b: 'Ad huius manerii aulam pertinent Catenai et Usun 4 car. terrae ad geldum. Terra ad 8 carucas. Ibi in dominio 2 carucae et 20 villani et 15 sochemanni et 10 bordarii habentes 9 carucas. Ibi 360 acre prati. Ad eundem manerium iacet hec soca: -- In Linberge 4 car. terrae etc.'

32. Throughout Yorkshire the phrase is common, 'Totum manerium x. leu. long. et y. leu. lat.'

33. D. B. i. 128.

34. D. B. i. 128 b.

35. D. B. i. 127.

36. D. B. i. 128 b.

37. D. B. i. 180.

38. Compare the cases in Seebohm, Village Community, 267.

39. D. B. i. 163.

40. If we mistake not, the Osleuuorde of the record is Ashleworth, which, though some miles to the north of Gloucester, either still is, or but lately was, a detached piece of the Berkeley hundred.

41. D. B. i. 163.

42. D. B. i. 163 b: 'Hanc terram dedit regina Rogerio de Buslei et geldabat pro 4 hidis in Tedechesberie.'

43. D. B. i. 87 b; iv. 161.

44. Eyton, Somerset, ii. 34.

45. D. B. i. 101 b; iv. 107.

46. D. B. i. 41.

47. D. B. i. 230.

48. D. B. i. 338-9.

49. D. B. i. 220, Tingdene.

50. D. B. ii. 15 b, 17 b.

51. D. B. ii. 385 b.

52. The form bereuita is exceedingly common, but must, we think, be due to a mistake; c has been read as t.

53. D. B. i. 38 b, Edlinges. Some of the 'wicks' seem to have been dairy farms. D. B. i. 58 b: 'et wika de 10 pensis caseorum.' On the Glastonbury estates we find persons called wikarii, each of whom has a wika. Glastonbury Rentalia, 39: 'Thomas de Wika tenet 5 acras et 50 oves matrices et 12 vaccas... Philippus de Wika tenet unum ferlingum et 50 oves matrices et 12 vaccas.' Ibid. 44: 'A. B. tenet unum ferlingum et 50 oves matrices et 12 vaccas pro 1 sol. pro wika.' Ibid. 48: 'Ricardus de Wika tenet 5 acras et 50 oves matrices et 12 vaccas. Alanus de Wika eodem modo.' Ibid. p. 51.

54. D. B. i. 350: 'In Osgotebi et Tauelebi 2 bo[vatae] inland et 1 bo[vata] soca huius manerii.' D. B. i. 338 b: 'Hiboldeston est bereuuita non soca et in Grangeham sunt 2 car[ucatae] inland et in Springetorp dim. car[ucata] est inland. Reliqua omnis est soca.'

55. When therefore, as is often the case, we find that the occupants of 'the soke are not sokemen but villeins, this seems to point to a recent depression of the peasantry.

56. D. B. ii. 330 b: 'In illo manerio... sunt 35 liberi homines.... Tunc valuerunt liberi homines 4 libras. Manerium cum liberis hominibus valet modo 24 libras.'

57. D. B. ii. 358 b: 'Hoc manerium exceptis liberis tunc valuit 30 solidos.'

58. D. B. ii. 289 b.

59. D. B. ii. 285 b.

60. D. B. iv. 397; i. 93 b, Ichetoca.

61. D. B. iv. 411; 94 b, Tocheswilla.

62. D. B. iv. 398; i. 93 b, Pilloc.

63. D. B. iv. 341; i. 96, Sordemanneford.

64. D. B. iv. 355; i. 116 b, Labera.

65. D. B. iv. 367; i. 112 b. Oplomia.

66. D. B. iv. 338; i. 95 b, Aisseforda.

67. D. B. iv. 395; i. 93. Terra Colgrini.

68. D. B. iv. 394; i. 93, Rima.

69. D. B. iv. 338; i. 95 b, Aisseforda.

70. As the term manerium is often represented by the mere letter M or m. we will refer to some cases in which it is written in full. D. B. ii. 295 b: '40 acras pro uno manerio'; Ibid. 311 b: 'In eadem villa est 1 liber homo de 40 acris et tenet pro manerio.'

71. The question whether the acreage stated in the Suffolk survey is real or rateable cannot be briefly debated. We hope to return to it.

72. D. B. ii. 322 b, 323.

73. D. B. ii. 323.

74. D. B. ii. 288.

75. D. B. ii. 309.

76. D. B. ii. 297 b.

77. D. B. ii. 377.

78. D. B. ii. 333.

79. D. B. ii. 423.

80. D. B. ii. 316: 'In Aldeburc tenuit Uluricus sochemannus Edrici T. R. E. 80 acras pro manerio.' Ibid. 353: 'Nordberiam tenuit Eduinus presbyter sochemannus Abbatis 30 acras pro manerio.'

81. We have taken our examples of small manors from the east and the south-west because Little Domesday and the Exeter Domesday give details which are not to be had elsewhere. But instances may be found in many other parts of England. Thus in Sussex, i. 24, two free men held as two manors land rated at a hide and sufficient for one team; it is now tilled by four villeins. In the Isle of Wight, D. B. i. 39 b, five free men held as five manors land sufficient for two teams; it is now tilled by four villeins. In Gloucestershire, D. B. i. 170, is a manor worth ten shillings with two serfs upon it; also a manor rated at one virgate. In Derbyshire, i. 274 b, land sufficient for four teams and rated as four carucate had formed eight manors. In Nottinghamshire, D. B. i. 285 b, land sufficient for a team and a half and valued at ten shillings had formed five manors for five thegns, each of whom had his hall.

82. D. B. ii. 380: 'In Thistledona tenet 1 liber homo Ulmarus commendatus S. Eldrede 60 acras pro manerio et 5 liberi homines sub se.'

83. D. B. i. 127 b: 'Wellesdone tenent canonici S. Pauli... Hoc manerium tenant villani ad firmam canonicorum. In dominio nil habetur.'

84. D.B. 235 b: Billesdone, 'In dominio nil fuit nec est.' Ibid. 166 b, Glouc.: 'Isdem Willelmus [de Ow] tenet Alvredestone. Bondi tenuit T. R. E. Ibi 3 hidae geldantes. Nil ibi est in dominio, sed 5 villani et 3 bordarii habent 3 carucas.' 'Isdem Willelmus tenet Odelavestone. Brictri filius Algari tenuit. Ibinil in dominio nisi 5 villani cum 5 carucis.' D. B. iv 396: 'Rogerius habet 1 mansionem quae vocatur P.... et reddit gildum pro dimidia virgata; hanc potest arare 1 carruca. Hanc tenet Anschetillus de Rogerio. Ibi habet Anschetillus 4 bordarios qui tenent totam illam terram et habent ibi 1 carrucam et 1 agrum prati, et reddit 10 solidos.'

85. D. B. ii. 31.

86. D. B. ii. 59 b.

87. I leave this sentence as it stood before Mr Round had published in his Feudal England the results of his brilliant researches. Of the 'five-hide unit' I already knew a good deal; of the 'six-carucate unit' I knew nothing.

88. Round, Domesday Studies, i. 109.

89. D. B. i. 35: 'In Driteham tenet Ricardus filius Gisleberti] 1 hidam et dimidiam. AElmar tenuit de Rege E. pro uno manerio... In eadeum Dritehanm est 1 hida et dimidia quam tenuit Aluric de Rege E. pro uno manerio, et postea dedit illam terram uxori suae et filiae ed aecclesiam de Certesy, sicuti homines de hundredo testantur. Ricardus [filius calumniatur. Non iacet ulli manerio, nec pro manerio tenet, set Gisleberti] liberata fuit ei et modo 3 hidae geldant pro una hida et dimidia.' To say of the second of these two plots that it neither is a manor not yet belongs to a manor, is to say that it is shirking the geld. D. B. i. 48: 'Walerannus tenet Dene.... Ista tera non adiacet ulli suo manerio.' Here suo = Waleranni. Waleran seems to be holding land without good title.

90. D. B. i. 163 b, Clifort. D. B. i. 58 b: 'In Winteham tenet Hubertus de Abbate 5 hidas, de terra villanorum fuerunt 4, et geldaverunt cum hidis manerii.'

91. The word wara means defence; it comes from a root which has given us, wary, warrant, warn, guarantee, weir, etc. See Vinogradoff, Villainage, 243.

92. D. B. i. 212.

93. D. B. i. 340, 366, 368. Is not the last part of the word A.-S. notu, (business, office)?

94. D. B. i. 132 b: 'Hoc manerium tenuit Heraldus Comes et iacuit et iacet in Hiz [Hitchin, Herts] sed wara hujus manerii iacuit in Bedefordscire T. R. E. in hundredo de Maneheue., D. B. i. 190, 'Haec terra est bereuuicha in Neuport [Essex] set wara ejus iacet in Grantebrige.' When in the survey of Oxfordshire, i. 160, it is said, 'Ibi 1 hida de warland in dominio,' the taxed land is contrasted with the inland, which in this county has gone untaxed.

95. D. B. i. 28.

96. See the cases of the monks of Bury and the canons of S. Petroc, above, p. 82.

97. D. B. i. 4 b: 'De terra huius manerii ten[uit] unus homo archiepiscopi dimid. solin et cum his 6 solins geldabat T. R. E. quamvis non pertineret manerio nisi de scoto quia libera terra erat.' The scotum in this context seems to be or to include the geld. Compare D. B. i. 61 b: 'Haec terra iacet et appreciata est in Gratentun quod est in Oxenfordscire et tamen dat scotum in Berchescire.' D. B. ii. 11: 'In Colecestra habet episcopus 14 domos et 4 acras non reddentes consuetudinem praeter scotum nisi episcopo.'

98. See above, p. 115.

99. Hamilton, Inquisitio, 60.

100. Above, p. 142.

101. D. B. i. 35 b.

102. Northumbrian Priests' Law, 58, 59 (Schmid, p. 369).

103. An Act of 1869 (32-3 Vic. c. 41) allowed the owners of certain small houses to agree to pay the rates which under the ordinary law would become due from the occupiers, and authorized the vestries to allow such owners a commission of 25 per cent. See also the instructive recital in 59 Geo. III. c. 12, sec. 19: -- The small occupiers are evading the poors' rate, and the owners exact higher rents than they would otherwise get, on the ground that the occupiers cannot be effectually assessed.

104. See above, p. 47.

105. E.g. D. B. ii. 389 b, 'Clarum tenuit Aluricus pro manerio 24 car. terrae T. R. E. Tunc 40 villani.... Tunc 12 carucae in dominio. Tunc 36 carucae hominum.... Huic manerio semper adiacent 5 sochemani cum omni consuetudine 1 car. terrae et dim. Semper 1 caruca et dimidia.'

106. E.g. D. B. ii. 339: 'In eadem villa 14 Liberi homines commendati, Godricus faber et Edricus et Ulnotus et Osulfus et Uluricus et Stanmarus et Leuietus et Wihtricus et Blachemanus et Mansuna et Leuinus et Ulmarus et Ulfah et aLter Ulfah et Leofstanus de 40 acris et habent 2 carucas et valent 10 solidos.'

107. Above, p. 148.

108. Rolls of the King's Court, Ric. I (Pipe Roll. Soc.), p. xxiv. But apparently there had been considerable rearrangements in some of the counties.

109. Hoveden, iv. 46. The important words are these: 'Statutum etiam fuit quod quilibet baro cum vicecomite faceret districtiones super homines suos; et si per defectum baronum districtiones factae non fuissent, caperetur de dominico baronum quod super homines suos restaret reddendum, et ipsi barones ad homines suos inde caperent.' The baron's homines we take to be freeholder; he would be absolutely liable for the tax cast upon his villeinage. As to the tax of 1198 see Eng. Hist, Rev, iii. 501, 701; iv. 105, 108.

110. In Dial. de Scac. ii. 14, the author tells us that until recently if a baron who owed money to the crown was insolvent, the goods of his knights could be seized. The idea of subsidiary liability is not too subtle for the time.

111. Above, p. 140.

112. D. B. ii. 9: 'set Comes Eustachius 1 ex illis [hidis] tenet que non est de suis c. [100] mansionibus.'

113. D. B. ii. 233 b.

114. D. B. ii. 242 b.

115. D. B. ii. 258.

116. D. B. ii. 258.

117. D. B. ii. 447.

118. D. B. i. 45 b.

119. Two objections to our theory may be met by a note. (1) Some manors are free of geld, and therefore to make our definition correct we ought to say that a manor is a tenement which either pays its geld at a single place or which would do so were it not freed from the tax by some special privilege. A manerium does not cease to be a manerium by being freed from geld. (2) In later days we may well find a manor holden of another manor, so that a plot of land may be within two manors. If this usage of the term can be traced back into Domesday Book our doctrine is in great jeopardy. But we have noticed no passage which clearly and unabiguously says that a tract of land was at one and the same time both a manerium and also a part of another manerium. To this we must add that of the distribution of maneria T. R. E. we only obtain casual and very imperfect tidings. If T. R. W. a free man has been 'added to' a manerium, the commissioners have no deep interest in the inquiry whether T. R. E. his tenement was itself an independent manerium. A great simplification has been effected and the number of maneria has been largely reduced.

7. Manor and Vill

After what has now been said, it is needless to repeat that in Domesday Book the manerium and the villa are utterly different things.(1*) In a given case the two may coincide, and throughout a great tract of England such cases were common and we may even say that they were normal. But in the east this was not so. We may easily find a village which taken as a whole has been utterly free from seignorial domination. Orwell in Cambridgeshire will be a good example.(2*) In King Edward's day this vill of Orwell was rated at 4 hides: probably it was somewhat underrated for at the date of the survey it was deemed capable of finding land for nearly 6 teams. The following table will show who held the four hides before the Conquest: --

H. V. A.

Two sokemen, men of Edith the Fair 2/3 A sokeman, man of Abp Stigand 1 1/3 A sokeman, man of Robert Wimarc's son 1 1/3 A sokeman, man of the King 2/3 A sokeman, man of Earl AElfgar 1 1/3 A sokeman, man of Earl Waltheof 3 A sokeman, man of the King 1/3 Sigar, a man of AEsgar the Staller 1 1/3 Turbert, a man of Edith the Fair 3 1/4 5 Achil, a man of Earl Harold 1 A sokeman of the King 1 St. Mary of Chatteris 1/3 St. Mary of Chatteris 1/4