43 事实上在北欧出土的维京时代之前的头盔上出现过牛角装饰,而铁器时代的克尔特人头盔上也有,或许北欧就是受了克尔特人的影响。19世纪时,牛角盔的形象开始流行,当时挪威和瑞典的民族主义运动引发了北欧本土历史研究的热潮,维京时代的诸多元素也得以复活,而因为某种原因,牛角盔成了众所周知的维京标志之一。牛角盔也有可能是源自罗马人,在瑞典的瓦尔斯加尔德遗迹的七号墓出土头盔上有动物角的残迹;而罗马帝国晚期的一个军团,“角盔军团”(Cornuti),在5世纪论述罗马陆军的《百官志》(Notitia Dignitatum)之中曾有所提及。Vendel Period Studies – Transactions of the Boat-grave symposium in Stockholm, February 2–3 1981 (edited by J.P. Lamm & H.-Å Nordströ)– Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm Studies 2(Stockholm 1983), p. 15.
44 Paddy Griffith, The Viking Art of War, p. 137.
45 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 896 in English Historical Documents, vol. 1: c.500–1042, ed. Dorothy Whitelock,(London 1965).
46 Foote and Wilson, The Viking Achievement, p. 285.
47 在凡尔登的屠杀起到了反效果,加剧了萨克森人的抵抗,征服直到797年才最终完成。Rosamond McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians 751–987 (London 1983), pp. 61–3.
48 有关《克努特之诗》,见‘King Cnut in the verse of his skalds’ by Roberta Frank in The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway (edited by Alexander R. Rumble), pp. 106–124. 有关“血鹰”的说法是属实还是纯粹的文学描述有激烈的争论。See Roberta Frank‘Viking atrocity and Skaldic verse: the rite of the blood eagle’ in English Historical Review (1984), pp. 332–343;‘The blood eagle again’ in Saga-Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 22, pp. 287–289); and‘The blood eagle once more’ by Bjarni Einarsson in Saga-Book, vol. 23, pp. 80–81).