37 麦克弗森最著名的事迹便是在1761年“发现”了一系列有关爱尔兰英雄芬戈尔的诗作,据说作者是奥西恩。麦克弗森提供了一份“译文”,但此后越来越多的证据显示这个诗作是他自己的伪作(尽管尚有许多人为其辩护)。
38 期刊以北欧女神伊德娜(Iduna)的名字命名,据说她的金苹果能让众神长生不老。
39 Viking Tales of the North: The Sagas of Thornstein, Viking’s Son, and Fridthof the Bold (translated by Rasmus Bjorn Anderson & Jon Bjarnason, Chicago 1876), canto XV, p. 291.
40 Ian Bradley, William Morris and His World (New York 1978), p. 57.
参考书目
一手资料
Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (translated by Francis J. Tschan in Adam of Bremen: History of the Archbishops of Hamburg Bremen, New York 1959)
Ágrip, A Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway (edited by M.J. Driscoll, London 1995)
Alcuin of York, Vita Willibrordi (translated by the Reverend Alexander Grieve in Willibrord, Missionary in the Netherlands, 691–739, London 1923)
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (translated and edited by Dorothy Whitelock, London 1965)
Anna Comnena, The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth A.S. Dawes, London 1928)
Annales Bertiniani (translated and edited by Janet Nelson in The Annals of St-Bertin, Manchester 1991)
Annales Fuldenses (edited by F. Kurze, Hanover 1891)
Annales Regni Francorum (translated by B.W. Scholz in Carolingian Chronicles, Ann Arbor 1970)
The Annals of Ulster to AD 1131 (edited by Seán Mac Airt & Gearóid Mac Niocaill, Dublin 1983)
Anskar, Vita Anskarii auctore Rimberto (translated by C.H. Robinson in Anskar, Apostle of the North, 801–865, London 1921)
Asser, Life of Alfred (translated by J.A. Giles in Six Old English Chronicles, London 1848)
Beowulf (translated and edited by R.D. Fulk in The Beowulf manuscript: Complete texts, Cambridge, Mass. 2010)
The Borgarthing Law of the Codex Tunsbergensis . . . Diplomatic edition, with an introduction on the paleography and the orthography (edited by George T. Flom, Urbana 1925)
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio (translated by R.J.H. Jenkins, London 1962)
Dicuil, Liber de Mensura Orbis Terrae (edited by J.J. Tierney, London 1967)
Dudo of Saint-Quentin, Gesta Normannorum (translated by Thomas Forrester, London 1854)
Egil’s Saga (translated Gwyn Jones, Syracuse 1960)
The Elder Edda: A Selection (translated by Paul B. Taylor & W.H. Auden, London 1969)
Encomium Emmae Reginae (edited by Alistair Campbell, with a supplementary introduction by Simon Keynes, Cambridge 1998)
Ermentarius, Vie et miracles de Saint Philibert (in A. Giry, Monuments de l’histoire des abbayes de Saint-Philibert, Paris 1905)
Fagrskinna: A catalogue of the Kings of Norway (translated by Alison Finlay, Leiden 2004)
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (edited by Joan Newlon Radner, Dublin 1978)
Grágás (edited by Peter Foote, Andrew Dennis & Richard Perkins in Laws of Early Iceland: Grágas, the Codex Regius of Grágás with Material from Other Manuscripts, Winnipeg 1980–2000, in two volumes)
Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks (translated by Lewis Thorpe, London 1974)
Grettir’s Saga (translated by George Ainslie Hight, London 1914)
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum (edited and translated by Diana Greenway, Oxford 1996)
Historia Norwegiae (translated by Peter Fisher, Copenhagen 2003)
Ibn Fadlan, Risala in Journey to Russia: A Tenth-Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River (Richard Frye, Princeton 2005)
Ibn Rusteh, Les Atours Précieux (translated into French by Gaston Wiet, Cairo 1955)
Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae (translated by Stephen A. Barney, W.J. Lewis, J.A. Beach & Oliver Berghof in The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, Cambridge 2006)
Landnámabók (translated by H. Palsson & P. Edwards, Winnipeg 1972)
Leo the Deacon, History (translated by Alice-Mary Talbot & Denis F. Sullivan in The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century, Dumbarton Oaks 2005)
Njal’s Saga (translated by Magnus Magnusson & Hermann Pálsson, London 1964)
Ordericus Vitalis, Historia Ecclesiastica (translated by Marjorie Chibnall, Oxford 1969)
Orkneyinga Saga (translated by Alexander Burt Taylor, London 1938)
Orosius, Historiarium Adversum Paganos Libri septem (King Alfred’s Anglo-Saxon Version of the Compendious History of the World by Orosius, translated by the Reverend Joseph Bosworth, London 1859); contains the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Övar-Odds Saga (translated by Herman Palsson & Paul Edwards in Seven Viking Romances, London 1985)
Pliny, Naturalis Historiae (translated by H. Rackham, London 1938–63)
The Poetic Edda of Saemund the Learned (London 1866)
Regino of Prüm, Chronicon (translated by Simon Maclean in History and politics in late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The chronicle of Regino of Prum and Adalbert of Magdeburg, Manchester 2009)
Russian Primary Chronicle (Laurentian Text),(translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross & Olgerd P. Sherbowitze-Wetzor, Cambridge, Mass. 1953)
Saga of the Jomsvíkings (translated by Lee Hollander, Austin, Texas 1955)
Saga of the Volsungs, Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok (translated by M. Schlauch, New York 1949)
Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum (translated by Hilda Ellis Davidson & Peter Fisher in The History of the Danes, Woodbridge 1980)
Speculum Regale (The King’s Mirror, translated by Laurence Marcellus Larson, New York 1917)
Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla (translated by Erling Monsen, Cambridge 1932)
Sturluson Snorri, Prose Edda (translated by Anthony Faulkes, London 1987)
Symeon of Durham, Libellus de Exordio atque Procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, Ecclesie / Tract on the origins and progress of this the Church of Durham (edited by David Rollason, Oxford 2000)
Three Icelandic Outlaw Sagas (translated by George Johnston & Anthony Faulkes, London 2001); contains Gisli’s Saga, Grettir’s Saga and Hord’s Saga
Vegetius, Epitoma Re Militaris (translated by N.P. Milner in Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, 2nd edition, Liverpool 1996)
The Vinland Sagas (translated by Keneva Kunz, London 1997); contains The Saga of the Greenlanders and The Saga of Eirik the Red
Vita Edwardi Regis (edited and translated by Frank Barlow in The Life of King Edward who rests at Westminster, Oxford 1992)
William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi (edited and translated by R.H.C. Davis & Marjorie Chibnall, Oxford 1998)
Ynglinga Saga in Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla (edited by Erling Momsen, translated by A.H. Smith, Cambridge 1932)
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二手资料
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A Century of Population Growth: From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth 1790–1900 (Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census, Washington 1909)
Adalsteinsson, Jon Hnefill, Under the Cloak: The acceptance of Christianity in Iceland with particular reference to religious attitudes prevailing at the time (Uppsala 1978)
Adams, Jonathan & Holman, Katherine(eds), Scandinavia and Europe 800–1350: Contact, Conflict and Co-existence (Turnhout, Belgium 2004)
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Almqvist, Bo & Greene, David(eds), Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress, Dublin 15–21 August 1973 (Dublin 1976)
Ambrosiani, Bjön,‘Birka, a planted town serving and increasing agricultural population’ in Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress (edited by Bekker- Nielsen et al., Odense 1981), pp. 19–24
Ambrosiani, Bjön & Clarke, Helen(eds), Birka Studies 2: Excavations in the Black Earth 1990 (Stockholm 1995)
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Antonsson, Hakí, St Magnús of Orkney: A Scandinavian Martyr-Cult in Context (Brill 2007)
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Arge Símun V.,‘The landnám in the Faroes’ in Arctic Anthropology 28(2)(1991), pp. 101–120
Arge, Símun V.,‘Vikings in the Faroe Islands’ in Fitzhugh & Ward(eds), Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga (Washington 2000)
Arneborg, Jette,‘The Roman Church in Norse Greenland’ in Acta Archaeologica 61 (1991), pp. 142–150
Arneborg, Jette,‘Greenland and Europe’ in Fitzhugh & Ward(eds), Vikings, The North Atlantic Saga (Washington 2000)
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Arnold, Martin, The Vikings: Culture and Conquest (London 2006)
Ashe, Geoffrey, Land to the West: St Brendan’s Voyage to America (London 1962)
Bagge, Sverre, Society and Politics in Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla (Berkeley 1991)
Bagge, Sverre, From Viking Stronghold to Christian Kingdom: State Formation in Norway 900–1350 (Copenhagen 2010)
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