[12] Fishman,Sarah,The Battle for Children:World War Ⅱ,Youth Crime,and Juvenile Justice in Twentieth Century France(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2002),p.85.
[13] Brosse,Thérèse,War-Handicapped Children(Paris:UNESCO,1950),p.80.
[14] Zbigniew Ogrodzinski,personal interview,30 October 2007;Captain I.B.Mackay,IWM Docs 94/8/1,typescript memoir,p.130.
[15] Moorehead,Alan,Eclipse(London:Granta,2000),p.66.
[16] Porch,Douglas,Hitler’s Mediterranean Gamble(London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,2004),p.518.
[17] Lewis,Norman,Naples ’44(London:Collins,1978),p.100.
[18] Botting,Douglas,In the Ruins of the Reich(London:Methuen,2005),p.183.另可参阅TNA:PRO FO 1050/292,letter from anti-Fascist parties of Germany on increase in brigandage,31 January 1946;and FO 1050/323 for Berlin statistics in 1945。
[19] Anon.,A Woman in Berlin(London:Virago,2006),p.209.
[20] Andreas-Friedrich,Ruth,Battleground Berlin:Diaries 1945-1948,trans. Anna Boerresen(New York:Paragon House,1990),p.20,entry for 9 May 1945.
[21] Polcz,Alaine,One Woman in the War(Budapest and New York:Central European University Press,2002),p.92.
[22] Alik Ossowski,personal interview,17 November 2007;Maria Bielicka,personal interview,28 January 2008.
[23] Maria Bielicka,personal interview,28 January 2008.
[24] Milward,Alan S.,War,Economy and Society 1939-1945(Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1979),p.282.
[25] Milward,Alan S.,War,Economy and Society 1939-1945(Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1979),p.283.
[26] 引自Mazower,Mark,Inside Hitler’s Greece(New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1995),pp.60-61。
[27] The Great Decree,no.16/1945,para.10:参阅Frommer,Benjamin,National Cleansing:Retribution against Nazi Collaborators in Postwar Czechoslovakia(Cambridge University Press,2005),p.353。
[28] Lt Gen.Sir Frederick Morgan to the Foreign Office’s Under Secretary of State,14 September 1946,IWM Docs 02/49/1.
[29] Margaret Gore interview,IWM Sound,9285,reel 4.
[30] Pavone,Claudio,Una guerra civile:Saggio storico sulla moralità nella Resistenza(Turin:Universali Bollati Boringhieri,2006),pp.475-91.
[31] Lt Gen.Sir Frederick Morgan to the Foreign Office’s Under Secretary of State,14 September 1946,IWM Docs 02/49/1.
[32] 引自Hitchcock,William I.,Liberation:The Bitter Road to Freedom,Europe 1944-1945(London:Faber & Faber,2009),p.252。
[33] 根据the New York Times,23 August 1944.
[34] Dutton,Donald G.,The Psychology of Genocide,Massacres,and Extreme Violence:Why ‘Normal’ People Come to Commit Atrocities(London and Westport,CT:Praeger Security International,2007),pp.114-22.
[35] 损毁状况的照片证据存在于Italian Foreign Ministry Archive,Archivo Storico Diplomatico Jugoslavia(Croazia)AAPP B.138(1943),参阅Steinberg,Jonathan,All or Nothing:The Axis and the Holocaust,1941-1943(London and New York:Routledge,1990),pp.30,271。
[36] 参阅Hitchcock,William I.,Liberation:The Bitter Road to Freedom,Europe 1944-1945(London:Faber & Faber,2009),p.229。
[37] According to the Jewish eyewitness Yakov Groyanowski,引自Friedländer,Saul,The Years of Extermination:Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939-1945(London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,2007),p.318。
[38] De Zayas,Alfred,Nemesis at Potsdam(London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1977),Terrible Revenge,p.45.
[39] Snyder,Timothy,The Reconstruction of Nations:Poland,Ukraine,Lithuania,Belarus,1569-1999(New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2003),p.172.
[40] Lotnik,Waldemar,Nine Lives(London:Serif,1999),p.59.
[41] 参阅Konrad Kwiet,“Erziehung zum Mord:Zwei Beispiele zur Kontinuität der deutschen ‘Endlösung der Judenfrage’”,in Grüttner,Michael,Rüdiger Hachtmann and Heinz-Gerhard Haupt(eds.),Geschichte und Emanzipation(Frankfurt:Campus Fachbuch,1999),p.449。
[42] Bourke,Joanna,Rape:A History from 1860 to the Present Day(London:Virago,2007),p.359.
[43] Polcz,Alaine,One Woman in the War(Budapest and New York:Central European University Press,2002),p.104.
[44] Kopelev,Lev,No Jail for Thought,trans. and ed. Anthony Austin(London:Secker & Warburg,1977),p.57.
[45] Central Statistical Office,Statistical Digest of the War(London:HMSO,1951),pp.48-50.另可参阅“Combating Crime”,The Times,23 July 1946,p.5;以及“A Problem Picture”,The Times,3 June 1948,p.5。
[46] Bourke,Joanna,Rape:A History from 1860 to the Present Day(London:Virago,2007),p.378.
[47] 引自Botting,Douglas,In the Ruins of the Reich(London:Methuen,2005),pp.35-6。
[48] Werner,Hermann,Tübingen 1945(Stuttgart:Konrad Theiss Verlag,1986),p.88.
[49] 参阅Bosch,Manfred,Der Neubeginn:Aus deutscher Nachkriegszeit Südbaden 1945-1950(Konstanz:Südkurier,1988),pp.34,52;以及Willis,F. Roy,The French in Germany 1945-1949(Stanford University Press,1962),pp.69-70:法国殖民部队的强奸行径被人们夸大了。
[50] Beevor,Antony and Luba Vinogradova,A Writer at War:Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941-1945(London:Pimlico,2006),p.209.
[51] Genia Demianova,引自Owen,James and Guy Walters(eds.),The Voice of War(London:Viking,2004),p.134。
[52] 参阅Naimark,Norman,The Russians in Germany(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1997),p.70。
[53] Polcz,Alaine,One Woman in the War(Budapest and New York:Central European University Press,2002),pp.89,90,105.
[54] 引自De Zayas,Alfred,A Terrible Revenge:The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans,2nd edn(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2006),pp.54-65。
[55] 参阅Alexander Solzhenitsyn,Prussian Nights:A Narrative Poem,trans.Robert Conquest(London:Fontana,1978),pp.41,51-3,93-103;以及Kopelev,Lev,No Jail for Thought,trans. and ed. Anthony Austin(London:Secker & Warburg,1977),pp.50-56。另可参阅Beevor,Antony,Berlin:The Downfall 1945(London:Penguin,2003),p.29。
[56] Beevor,Antony and Luba Vinogradova,A Writer at War:Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941-1945(London:Pimlico,2006),p.327.
[57] 引自Andreas-Friedrich,Ruth,Battleground Berlin:Diaries 1945-1948,trans. Anna Boerresen(New York:Paragon House,1990),p.16,entry for 6 May 1945。
[58] Kardorff,Ursula von,Diary of a Nightmare:Berlin 1942-1945,trans. Ewan Butler(London:Rupert Hart-Davis,1965),p.217.
[59] Ost-Dok 2/14,p.106,引自De Zayas,Alfred,A Terrible Revenge:The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans,2nd edn(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2006),p.45。
[60] Judt,Tony,Postwar:A History of Europe Since 1945(London:Pimlico,2007),p.20.
[61] Johr,Barbara,‘Die Ereignisse in Zahlen’,in Helke Sander and Barbara Johr(eds.),Befreier und Befreite:Krieg,Vergewaltigung,Kinder(Frankfurt-am-Main:Fischer Taschenbuch,2006),p.54.根据Botting,Douglas,In the Ruins of the Reich(London:Methuen,2005),p.92,在柏林,有9万名妇女在遭到强奸后求诊。另可参阅Laurel Cohen-Pfister,“Rape,War and Outrage:Changing Perceptions on German Victimhood in the Period of Post-unification”,in Cohen-Pfister,Laurel and Dagmar Wienroeder-Skinner(eds.),Victims and Perpetrators:(Re)Presenting the Past in Post-Unification Culture(Berlin and New York:Walter de Gruyter,2006),p.316。
[62] Naimark,Norman,The Russians in Germany(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1997),pp.79,94-5.
[63] Johr,Barbara,‘Die Ereignisse in Zahlen’,in Helke Sander and Barbara Johr(eds.),Befreier und Befreite:Krieg,Vergewaltigung,Kinder(Frankfurt-am-Main:Fischer Taschenbuch,2006),p.59.
[64] Kenez,Peters,Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets:The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary,1944-1945(New York:Cambridge University Press,2009),p.44.
[65] Lilley,J. Robert,Taken by Force:Rape and American GIs during World War Two(Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2007),pp.11-12.
[66] Ruhl,Klaus-Jörg(ed.),Unsere verlorenen Jahre:Frauenalltag in Kriegs-und Nachkriegszeit 1939-1949,in Berichten,Dokumenten und Bilden(Darmstadt:Luchterhand,1985),p.155.按照西德的统计数据,在6.8万名“占领区儿童”中,有3194人是强奸犯的孩子;参阅德国联邦统计局数字,引自Ebba D.Drolshagen,“Germany’s War Children”,in Ericsson,Kjersti and Eva Simonsen(eds.),Children of World War Ⅱ(Oxford and New York:Berg,2005),p.232。根据Die Welt,17 August 1948,战后德国每年有200万例堕胎手术;参阅Naimark,Norman,The Russians in Germany(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1997),p.123。
[67] 关于欧洲性病大爆发的统计数字,参阅Naimark,Norman,The Russians in Germany(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1997),p.98;War Office,Statistical Report on the Health of the Army,1943-1945(London:HMSO,1948),p.264;United States Army,Office of the Surgeon General,vol.V,p.257;以及Andreas-Friedrich,Ruth,Battleground Berlin:Diaries 1945-1948,trans. Anna Boerresen(New York:Paragon House,1990),p.84,entry for 18 August 1945。
[68] 关于未被强奸的妇女所受战后气氛的影响,参阅Lena Berg,引自Donat,Alexander,The Holocaust Kingdom:A Memoir(London:Secker & Warburg,1965),p.317;Yvette Levy,引自Hitchcock,William I.,Liberation:The Bitter Road to Freedom,Europe 1944-1945(London:Faber & Faber,2009),p.307;Muriel Heath,IWM Docs 98/25/1,manuscript booklet。
[69] See,for example,the testimony of Ruth Irmgard in Jacobs,Ingeborg,Freiwild:Das Schicksal deutscher Frauen 1945(Berlin:Propyläen,2008),p.77.
[70] Naimark,Norman,The Russians in Germany(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1997),p.125.1939~1945年,英格兰和威尔士的离婚率上升了3倍,参阅Central Statistical Office,Statistical Digest of the War(London:HMSO,1951),p.54。
[71] Kopelev,Lev,No Jail for Thought,trans. and ed. Anthony Austin(London:Secker & Warburg,1977),pp.51,55.另可参阅Anon.,A Woman in Berlin(London:Virago,2006),p.158;Naimark,Norman,The Russians in Germany(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1997),p.109。
[72] 苏军士兵的话参阅Lena Berg,引自Donat,Alexander,The Holocaust Kingdom:A Memoir(London:Secker & Warburg,1965),p.317;苏军坦克兵的话参阅Kopelev,Lev,No Jail for Thought,trans. and ed. Anthony Austin(London:Secker & Warburg,1977),p.51,苏军翻译在什未林对英国军政府所说的话参阅Major A.G.Moon,IWM Docs,06/126/1,typescript memoir,p.56。
[73] Beevor,Antony and Luba Vinogradova,A Writer at War:Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941-1945(London:Pimlico,2006),p.327.
[74] Kopelev,Lev,No Jail for Thought,trans. and ed. Anthony Austin(London:Secker & Warburg,1977),pp.56-7.
[75] Grassmann,Ilse,Ausgebombt:Ein Hausfrauen-Kriegstagebuch(Hamburg:Haymarket Media,2003),p.28;MacDonogh,Giles,After the Reich(London:John Murray,2007),p.100.
[76] Byford-Jones,W.,Berlin Twilight(London:Hutchinson,1947),p.53.
[77] Central Statistical Office,Statistical Digest of the War(London:HMSO,1951),p.51.
[78] United States Strategic Bombing Survey,Over-all Report(European War)(Washington DC:US Government Printing Office,1945),vol.I,pp.89-90.另可参阅Beck,Earl R.,Under the Bombs(Lexington:University Press of Kentucky,1986),p.220,note 111。
[79] Newsweek report from Stockholm correspondent,11 June 1945,p.56.
[80] Borgersrud,Lars,‘Meant to be Deported’,in Kjersti Ericsson and Eva Simonsen(eds.),Children of World War Ⅱ(Oxford and New York:Berg,2005),p.75.
[81] “I have looked into the souls of these Nazi boys-they are black”,Daily Express,26 October 1944.