今天，世界各地都能看到资本主义顺利发展的迷人实验，但是最初，至少有三个世纪，资本主义都只停留在西方世界。资本主义的动力带着欧洲人和他们的运作模式一起环游世界。一旦资本主义成为完整的体系，拥有了可以增强自己力量的文化价值和社会习性，它就会随时准备着粉碎对它扩张的反对。在成功的磨砺下，西欧人的气质——对新奇、进取、坚韧、独创和优越感的开放态度——愈加清晰可见。这正是世界其他地方了解、钦佩和敬畏的欧洲，也是培育自然权利、民主和人道主义情感的文化。
* * *
[1] These were the War of the League of Augsburg（1689-1697），War of the Spanish Succession（1702-1713），War of Jenkins’s Ear（1739-1741），War of the Austrian Succession（1740-1748），Seven Years’War（1756-1763），War of the American Revolution（1777-1783），War of the French Revolution（1792-1800），Napoleonic Wars（1803-1815）.
[2] David Brion Davis，Inhuman Bondage：The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World（Oxford，2006），80；David Eltis，“The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade：A Reassessment，” William and Mary Quarterly，58（2001）.
[3] Peter Bakewell，A History of Latin America，2nd ed.（2004），153-57.
[4] Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topik，The World That Trade Created：Society，Culture，and the World Economy，2nd ed.（Armonk，NY，2006），88-89.
[5] Arnold Pacey，Technology in World Civilization：A Thousand-Year History（Cambridge，1991），100.
[6] Davis，Inhuman Bondage，83-85.
[7] Pomeranz and Topik，World That Trade Created，104-07.
[8] Richard S. Dunn，Sugar and Slaves：The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies（Chapel Hill，1972），9-10.
[9] Davis，Inhuman Bondage，92-93.
[10] Jan De Vries，“The Limits of Globalization in the Early Modern World，” Economic History Review（forthcoming）：8.
[11] Frank Tannenbaum，Slave and Citizen：The Negro in America（New York，1947），33.
[12] See Chapter 2 for a fuller account of Virginia’s tobacco boom.
[13] Edmund Morgan，American Slavery，American Freedom：The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia（New York，1975），24-26.
[14] Peter H. Wood，Black Majority：Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1676 through the Stono Rebellion（New York，1974），30-42.
[15] Martha Schwendener，“Growing Up in the Caribbean，Inspiring Artists over the Centuries，” New York Times，June 29，2007；Pomeranz and Topik，World That Trade Created，72-73.
[16] Tannenbaum，Slave and Citizen，48-54.
[17] Carl N. Degler，Neither Black nor White：Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States（New York，1971），245-56；Davis，Inhuman Bondage，120-21；Tannenbaum，Slave and Citizen，10.
[18] www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/black_voices_display.cfn？id-24.
[19] Bryan Edwards，The History，Civil and Commercial，of the British Colonies in the West Indies，5 vols.（London，1810），2：287-89，quoted by James Epstein，“Politics of Colonial Sensation：The Trial of Thomas Picton and the Cause of Louisa Calderon，” American Historical Review，112（June 2007）：714，n.17.
[20] Davis，Inhuman Bondage，240-48.
[21] Eric Williams，Capitalism and Slavery（London，1944）.
[22] James M. Bryant，“The West and the Rest Revisited：Debating Capitalist Origins，European Colonialism，and the Advent of Modernity，” Canadian Journal of Sociology，31（2006）：434；Joel Mokyr，The Gifts of Athena：Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy（Princeton，2002），123.
[23] David Levine，Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism（New York，1977），77-78，146-47.
[24] E.A. Wrigley，“A Simple Model of London’s Importance in Changing English Society and Economy 1650-1750，” Past and Present，37（1967）：48.
[25] E.A. Wrigley，Continuity，Chance，and Change：The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England（Cambridge，1988），26-29，32，56.
[26] Robert C. Allen，The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective：How Commerce Created the Industrial Revolution and Modern Economic Growth，forthcoming，April 2009，http：//www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/users/allen/unpublished/econinvent-3.pdf.
[27] Mokyr，Gifts of Athena，75，n.72.
[28] Margaret C. Jacob，Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West（Oxford，1997）.
[29] Margaret C. Jacob and Larry Stewart，Practical Matter：Newton’s Science in the Service of Industry and Empire，1687-1851（Cambridge，2004），38-41；Mokyr，Gifts of Athena，44-45.
[30] Jacob and Stewart，Practical Matter，83-87；Joyce Chaplin，The First Scientific American：Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius（New York，2006），29-33.
[31] Allen，British Industrial Revolution，10；Mokyr，Gifts of Athena，68.
[32] Chaplin，The First Scientific American，29-33；Jacob and Stewart，Practical Matter，95，97；the quote is from p.93.
[33] Pacey，Technology in World Civilization，111-12；Allen，British Industrial Revolution，27.
[34] Paul Collier，The Bottom Billion：Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It（Oxford，2007），82-84.
[35] Allen，British Industrial Revolution，28.
[36] Eric Robinson and A.E. Musson，James Watt and the Steam Revolution：A Documentary History（London，1969），4-6.
[37] Jack A. Goldstone，“Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History：Rethinking the‘Rise of the West’and the Industrial Revolution，” Journal of World History，13（2002）：363.
[38] J.R. McNeill，Something New under the Sun：An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World（New York，2000），13，315.
[39] Neil McKendrick，“Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline，” Historical Journal（1961）.
[40] Pacey，Technology in World Civilization，101.
[41] Charles P. Kindleberger，A Financial History of Western Europe，2nd ed.（Oxford，1993），193.
[42] Pacey，Technology in World Civilization，116.
[43] A.E. Musson，“Industrial Motive Power in the United Kingdom，1800-70，” Economic History Review，29（1976）：415-17；Mokyr，Gifts of Athena，131-40.
[44] Walter G. Moss，An Age of Progress？：Clashing Twentieth-Century Global Forces（New York，2008），74-75.
[45] Adrian J. Randall，“The Philosophy of Luddism：The Case of the West of England Woolen Workers，ca. 1790-1809，” Technology and Culture，27（1986）：1-8；Mokyr，Gifts of Athena，267；Jeff Horn，The Path Not Taken：French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution，1750-1830（Cambridge，2006），96-101.
[46] Raphael Samuel，“Workshop of the World：Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain，” History Workshop，no.3（1977）.
[47] Mokyr，Gifts of Athena，87；Christine MacLeod，“James Watt，Heroic Invention and the Idea of the Industrial Revolution，” in Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland，eds.，Technological Revolutions in Europe：Historical Perspectives（Northampton，MA，1998），96-98.
[48] Mokyr，Gifts of Athena，48，65，72.
[49] Jan De Vries，“The Industrious Revolution and the Industrial Revolution，” Papers Presented at the Fifty-third Annual Meeting of the Economic History Association（June 1994）.
[50] Adam Smith，An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（New York，1937 [Modern Library ed.]），306，3，328.
[51] Adam Smith，An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（New York，1937 [Modern Library ed.]），13.
[52] Thomas Paine，Common Sense，ed. Isaac Kramnick（London，1976），65-72，228.
[53] Lynn Hunt，Inventing Human Rights：A History（New York，2007），24-32.
