饭饭TXT > 海外名作 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比【完结】 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比.txt

第十三章 危机与批评论.3

作者:美-乔伊斯·阿普尔比 当前章节:14540 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 08:24

[24] Paul Collier,The Bottom Billion:Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It(Oxford,2007),185-89.

[25] www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/10/Europe/EU_Gen_Norway.

[26] http://losangeles.broowaha.com/article.php?id=962.

[27] Mira Kamdar,Planet India:The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World(New York,2007),118-19;www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/10/Europe/EU_Gen_Norway.

[28] Amartya Sen,Development as Freedom(New York,1999),204,282-65.

[29] Peter Barnes,Capitalism 3.0:A Guide to Reclaaiming the Commons(San Francisco,2006),65-78,135-52.

[30] Elisabeth Rosenthal,“To Counter Problems of Food,Try Spuds,” New York Times,October 25,2008.

[31] Dan Bilefsky,“Oh,Yugoslavia!How They Long for Your Firm Embrace,” New York Times,January 30,2008.

[32] Deepak Lal,Reviving the Invisible Hand:The Case for Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-first Century(Princeton,2006),214-19.

[33] Elisabeth Rosenthal,“European Support for Bicycles Promotes Sharing of the Wheels,” New York Times,November 10,2008.

[34] Fareed Zakaria,“Is America in Decline?Why the United States Will Survive the Rise of the Rest,” Foreign Affairs,87(2008):26-27;Parag Khanna,“Waving Goodbye to Hegemony,” New York Times Magazine,January 27,2008.

[35] Joseph A. Schumpter,Capitalism,Socialism and Democracy,3rd ed.(New York,1950),61.

索引

(索引页码为原著页码即本书边码)

Abbe,Ernst,207-8

abortion,355,378

Acapulco trade,30

Addams,Jane,217

advanced economies,171-72,267,351

Advancement of Learning,The(Bacon),141

advertising,224-25,346,347

TV commercials and,307-8

Afghanistan,425

AFL-CIO,411

Africa,7-10,21,115,229-38,350,424

craftsmen in,145

Dutch in,44

empire building in,229,233-38,240,263,268,420

European missionaries to,230-33,240

immigrants to,210

Portuguese in,8,10,30,34,35,124,237

rubber in,234,237,261

trade in,8,10,34,43,66,124-25,129,420

warfare in,125

African Americans,135,182,263,320

credit and,307

in Roaring Twenties,271

segregation and,137,216,219,300,321,324,388

unions and,219,302,321

voting rights of,215

Afrikaners(Boers),236-37

Agricultural Revolution,13,73-86,137,392

industrialization and,85-86

agriculture,54,56-86,194-95,291,352,420

collective farms,267

description of traditional practices in,60

effects of enclosures on,80-82

famines and,see famines

Great Depression and,277

innovation in,12,13,21,52,64,73-84,116

labor for,5,10,52,54,57,60,63,69,70,75-76,80,86,138-39,167,170,215,245,299,352,390,417

manuals on,76

population growth and,5-6,65-70,72,79,84,255

specialization and,209

subsidies for,367-68,369

World War Ⅰ and,270

see also specific crops

Aid to Families with Dependent Children,322

airlines,308,333,346

airplanes,259,308

air pressure,143,144

Akins,James,327

Alabama,133,151,175,176

Alaska Permanent Fund,430

Albert,Prince,166

Albuquerque,Afonso de,29-30,34

Alembert,Jean Le Rond d’,144

Algeria,210,235,285

Allen,Paul,343-44,348

Alliance for Progress,329

Alsace-Lorraine,173,269,296

alternating current,256

Aluminum Corporation of America,239

Aluminum Corporation of China,239

Amazon,234,261,346-47

Ambani,Mukesh D.,395

Amboina,45

American Federation of Labor(AFL),219,220,221,225-26,302

American International Group(AIG),402,403

American Revolution,53,113,161-62,168,174,189,363

Amsterdam,32,42,46,52,173,188,292

anarchists,212-13,214,220,221

Angola,286

Anhui Province,376

antibiotics,316

anticommunism,286,303-4,338,353

anti-Semitism,173,211,280,283,292

antisubmarine programs,283

antitrust policies,U.S.,218,263,319,341,356

Antwerp,42,129,188

Apple,342-45,349

Arabian Peninsula,oil in,262,326

Arabs,27,34,59,134,145,285,326

slaves of,124,232

sugar growing of,126

trade of,12-13,28

Arawaks,29

architecture,145,246,257,301,308

Arendt,Hannah,241

Argentina,135,194,196,210,214,302,333,351,352,414

aristocracy,169,198,417

consumer culture vs.,223

as contemptuous of commerce,32-33,35-36,46,88

diet of,64

Dutch,45

English,46-47,55,76,78,93,97,103,109,160

French,47,51,113

German,171,186,194,199,214

Japanese(samurai),243,244,245

Portuguese,13,29-30,47

Spanish,13,30,35-36,46,47,97

Aristotle,142,143

Arkwright,Richard,122,150

ARPANET,345

Articles of Confederation,162

artisans,50,59,60,97,103,243

in Netherlands,44,46

artists,art,50,235,246,328

Christian,28

Dutch,44,181

Asia,7-9,14,27,33,36,54,124,134,299,350,415

economic arrival of,398-99

European empire building in,229-30,263,269

financial crisis in(1997),356,380,401,405

asiento,126,130

assembly line,211,257-58,261,266,340

Aswan Dam,315

AT&T(American Telephone and Telegraph Company),314,319,324,341

Atatürk,Mustafa Kemal,269

Atlantic Ocean,8,10,27,31,39,43,64,130,137,239,366,420

Spanish treasure fleets in,30,37,42

World War Ⅱ and,282

atomic bomb,285,304,313

Australia,164,195,296,353,398

immigration to,209,210,282,299

Austria,84,123,165,168,169,172,173,270

Nazi seizure of,280

Austria-Hungary,183,265-68,270

authority,111,114-15,143,174,413

weakening of,79,93,169

automobiles,222,250,257-61,352,421

cost of,258

credit for,306

electric,393,433

gasoline for,204,260,261

in Germany,199,257,258,298,299

in Japan,272,335,337,339-41

rubber for,238,261

strikes and,321

in U.S.,222,250,257-61,337、340,341,359,410-11,414

World War Ⅱ and,298-99

Aztec,28,30,46,100,133,145

B-2 Northrup Grumman “stealth bombers,” 313

B-24 Consolidated “Liberator,” 284

B-29 Boeing “Superfortress,” 281

backward economies,171-72,173,267,293,350

Bacon,Francis,97,141-42

balanced budgets,276-77,278

balance of trade theory,96,103,104,106

Balkans,84,172,432

Baltic countries,42,64,72,84,312

Bangladesh,285,389,392,426-27

Bank of Amsterdam,42

Bank of China,375

Bank of England,92,111-12,113,188,275

Bank of France,188

Bank of the United States,189

bankruptcy,192,275,356,410,416

banks,186-90,318,346,413

Great Depression and,274-75,276

investment,333,403,404,405-6,408

moral hazard and,416

poverty and,426-27

see also specific countries

Barbados,128,130,131

Barnes,Peter,425,429-30

Batavia,45

Beijing:

June Fourth Incident in(1989),372,379

Olympics in,365,383-84

Belgian Congo,235

Belgium,Belgians,46,165,168,172,182,185,254,296

currency of,195

empire building of,229,233-35,240,285

Great Depression in,277

guest workers in,299-300

independence of,42,53

industrialization of,40,53,146,165,212,233

in World War Ⅱ,280,285

Bell,Alexander Graham,255,256

Bell Laboratories,314

Bello,Walden,425,430,431

Bentonville,Ark.,358

Benz,Karl,257,261,298

Berkeley,William,131

Berkman,Alexander,220

Berlin Conference(1884-1885),240,272

Berlin Wall,304

Berners-Lee,Tim,346

Bezos,Jeff,346

Bible,58-59,82,98,104,159

bicycles,238,433

Bill of Rights,English(1689),92

Bill of Rights,U.S.,324

biology:

epigenetics in,22

microscopes and,207

Birmingham,145,147

birth control,23,324,360-61,428-29

Bismarck,Otto von,173,213-14

Blackbeard(Edward Teach),38

Black Death,66,71,84,418

blacks,see African Americans;slaves,slavery;slave trade

Blake,William,152

blood,316

Boers(Afrikaners),236-37

Bollywood,395

Bombay,see Mumbai

bonuses,405,406

bookkeeping,55,69-70

books,93,369

trade in,46,55

Borlaug,Norman,391

Boulton,Matthew,147

Boyle,Robert,97,142,143

Brahmins,388,395

brain drain,391

brand names,224

Braun,Wernher von,311-12

Brazil,30,49,334,374,398,424

abolition of slavery in,124,135,136

Dutch in,44

education in,379

at G20 meetings,414,415

Great Depression and,276

immigration to,210

labor activists in,214

rubber in,237,261

sugar in,31,63,121,127,130

World Trade Organization and,368,369

brazilwood,127,151

bread,57,64

Bretton Woods Conference(1944),291-92,325,367,412

bribery,193,198,375,383,425

BRICs,398,424

see also Brazil;China;India;Russia

Brin,Sergey,347

Bryan,William Jennings,190,196

Bubble Act,192

Buffett,Warren,427

Buick,259,261

building trade,257

Bulgaria,270,290,385

bureaucracy,249,252,253,370

Bureau of Reclamation,U.S.,279

Burke,Edmund,91,93

Burma,282,285,381

Buru Quartet(Pramoedya),247

Bush,George,415

business:

small,252,302

see also corporations;entrepreneurs;firms;specific businesses

Cadillac,259

Cailliau,Robert,346

Calcutta,39,381,394

calendars,245

California,151,196,239,243,326

agriculture in,178

education in,310,311

gold rush in,189,202

immigrants in,189,210

Silicon Valley in,330,334,348,412

Sony plant in,342

California,University of,310,311

call centers,390

cameras,207

Canada,164,165,210,293,296,302,326,413,414

canals,150,172,176,177

Cancún round of trade negotiations,368

Cape Town,236

capital,12,13,24,69,118,178,322,329,368

accumulation of,15,16,229

bank role and,186-87,190

in China,366

cultural,16

defined,6-7

economic choices and,229

human,301

investment,123,173,191,193,350,380-84

in Japan,336,337

patient,380

poverty and,425-26

capitalism:

attitudes and skills required for,54

closing thoughts about,433-36

contemporary,critics of,422-24

as cultural system,4,20-26,119-20

debating the origins of,212-13

definition of,25-26

distinctions of,6-10

eighteenth-century,two faces of,121-62

as juggernaut,286

personal choice and,360-64

puzzle of,3-26

recapitulation of history of,417-22

social ills ascribed to,23-24

start of,118-19

weaknesses of,290-91

see also specific topics

Capitalism 3.0(Barnes),430

Captain Swing demonstrations,153

Caribbean,61-64,133,137,239,420

British soldiers in,136

Columbus’s voyages to,27,30,62,127

emigration from,299,325

privateers and pirates in,37,38

sugar in,63,64,121,125,127,130,161,230

Carnegie,Andrew,201-6,220,248,357

Carnegie Commission on Higher Education,311

Carnegie Steel Company,203,253

Carson,Rachel,328

Cartagena,126,128

cartels,252-53,254,272,341

Cartwright,Edmund,150

caste system,388-89,395,397,398

cathedrals,European,6,16

Catherine Ⅱ(the Great),Empress of Russia,149

Catholicism,17,30,35,42,45,98,117,135,218

science and,13,144

cattle,61,368

CD-ROM(compact disc read-only memory),349

cement,260,276

censorship,92,93,156,383

Central African Republic,58

Central America,133,202,299

Central Europe,55,169

central planning,290,291,375

Cervantes,Miguel de,36,37

Ceylon,34,285

“challenge and response” formula,11

change,329,419,425

in agriculture,71,79

by authority,115

culture and,88

for each generation in China,370-72

economic,15-18

fashion and,103

public receptivity to,14

resistance to,6,35

of work habits,104

see also innovation

Chappe,Claude,183-84

Chappe,Ignace,183-84

charcoal,140

charity,99,275

Charles Ⅴ,King of Spain,35

chemistry,167,199,208,254,255,309,314,419

Chesapeake settlements,37,48

Chiang Kai-shek,282

chief executive officers(CEOs),249,323,405,410

salaries of,411,414

childbirth,182,355,361

children,302,383,416,429

consumption and,223,224

entertainment for,358

nutrition of,363,392

sex ratio of,355,378

see also fertility rates;pregnancies

Chile,208,276,369

China,27,34,49,66,93,133,322,335,360,365-85,387-94,396-99,413,423,424,425,431

agriculture in,368,371,375-76,377,431

automobiles in,374,382

banks in,368,375,380,397

British relations with,229-30,235

calendar and,245

communism in,282,338,354,366,371-72,396-97;see also Communist Party,Chinese

corruption in,383

cotton in,151,165

Cultural Revolution in,371

dependency rate in,378

dramatic change for each generation in,370-72

dual-track system in,375

economic zones in,374-75

education in,379,390-91,397

emigrants from,189,210,218,219,380,424

explorations of,8,9,115

at G20 meetings,414,415

Great Leap Forward in,371

Hong Kong returned to,286,354,375

India compared with,387-88,390-91,393,394,397-98

India’s relations with,381

industrialization in,372,376

investment capital in,380-84

irrigation in,72

Japan compared with,339

Japan’s relations with,245,246,247,282,381

China(continued)

Korea’s relations with,245

marriage in,69

migrants in,377

Olympics in,365

one-child policy in,378,394

population growth in,45,54,72

porcelain of,148,149

press coverage of,383

revolution in,247

Russia compared with,385

savings in,380,382,394,401

science in,9,145

sex ratio in,355,378

silver standard in,54

steel in,334,371

textile industry of,368

Township and Village Enterprise in,376

trade of,9,12-13,45,349,381-82,397

Walmart’s imports from,359

World Trade Organization and,367-70,398

Chittagong University,426

Christianity,49-50,91,159

commercial law and,12

evangelical imperative of,9

feast days and,75,105-6

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