[24] Paul Collier,The Bottom Billion:Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It(Oxford,2007),185-89.
[25] www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/10/Europe/EU_Gen_Norway.
[26] http://losangeles.broowaha.com/article.php?id=962.
[27] Mira Kamdar,Planet India:The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World(New York,2007),118-19;www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/10/Europe/EU_Gen_Norway.
[28] Amartya Sen,Development as Freedom(New York,1999),204,282-65.
[29] Peter Barnes,Capitalism 3.0:A Guide to Reclaaiming the Commons(San Francisco,2006),65-78,135-52.
[30] Elisabeth Rosenthal,“To Counter Problems of Food,Try Spuds,” New York Times,October 25,2008.
[31] Dan Bilefsky,“Oh,Yugoslavia!How They Long for Your Firm Embrace,” New York Times,January 30,2008.
[32] Deepak Lal,Reviving the Invisible Hand:The Case for Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-first Century(Princeton,2006),214-19.
[33] Elisabeth Rosenthal,“European Support for Bicycles Promotes Sharing of the Wheels,” New York Times,November 10,2008.
[34] Fareed Zakaria,“Is America in Decline?Why the United States Will Survive the Rise of the Rest,” Foreign Affairs,87(2008):26-27;Parag Khanna,“Waving Goodbye to Hegemony,” New York Times Magazine,January 27,2008.
[35] Joseph A. Schumpter,Capitalism,Socialism and Democracy,3rd ed.(New York,1950),61.
索引
(索引页码为原著页码即本书边码)
Abbe,Ernst,207-8
abortion,355,378
Acapulco trade,30
Addams,Jane,217
advanced economies,171-72,267,351
Advancement of Learning,The(Bacon),141
advertising,224-25,346,347
TV commercials and,307-8
Afghanistan,425
AFL-CIO,411
Africa,7-10,21,115,229-38,350,424
craftsmen in,145
Dutch in,44
empire building in,229,233-38,240,263,268,420
European missionaries to,230-33,240
immigrants to,210
Portuguese in,8,10,30,34,35,124,237
rubber in,234,237,261
trade in,8,10,34,43,66,124-25,129,420
warfare in,125
African Americans,135,182,263,320
credit and,307
in Roaring Twenties,271
segregation and,137,216,219,300,321,324,388
unions and,219,302,321
voting rights of,215
Afrikaners(Boers),236-37
Agricultural Revolution,13,73-86,137,392
industrialization and,85-86
agriculture,54,56-86,194-95,291,352,420
collective farms,267
description of traditional practices in,60
effects of enclosures on,80-82
famines and,see famines
Great Depression and,277
innovation in,12,13,21,52,64,73-84,116
labor for,5,10,52,54,57,60,63,69,70,75-76,80,86,138-39,167,170,215,245,299,352,390,417
manuals on,76
population growth and,5-6,65-70,72,79,84,255
specialization and,209
subsidies for,367-68,369
World War Ⅰ and,270
see also specific crops
Aid to Families with Dependent Children,322
airlines,308,333,346
airplanes,259,308
air pressure,143,144
Akins,James,327
Alabama,133,151,175,176
Alaska Permanent Fund,430
Albert,Prince,166
Albuquerque,Afonso de,29-30,34
Alembert,Jean Le Rond d’,144
Algeria,210,235,285
Allen,Paul,343-44,348
Alliance for Progress,329
Alsace-Lorraine,173,269,296
alternating current,256
Aluminum Corporation of America,239
Aluminum Corporation of China,239
Amazon,234,261,346-47
Ambani,Mukesh D.,395
Amboina,45
American Federation of Labor(AFL),219,220,221,225-26,302
American International Group(AIG),402,403
American Revolution,53,113,161-62,168,174,189,363
Amsterdam,32,42,46,52,173,188,292
anarchists,212-13,214,220,221
Angola,286
Anhui Province,376
antibiotics,316
anticommunism,286,303-4,338,353
anti-Semitism,173,211,280,283,292
antisubmarine programs,283
antitrust policies,U.S.,218,263,319,341,356
Antwerp,42,129,188
Apple,342-45,349
Arabian Peninsula,oil in,262,326
Arabs,27,34,59,134,145,285,326
slaves of,124,232
sugar growing of,126
trade of,12-13,28
Arawaks,29
architecture,145,246,257,301,308
Arendt,Hannah,241
Argentina,135,194,196,210,214,302,333,351,352,414
aristocracy,169,198,417
consumer culture vs.,223
as contemptuous of commerce,32-33,35-36,46,88
diet of,64
Dutch,45
English,46-47,55,76,78,93,97,103,109,160
French,47,51,113
German,171,186,194,199,214
Japanese(samurai),243,244,245
Portuguese,13,29-30,47
Spanish,13,30,35-36,46,47,97
Aristotle,142,143
Arkwright,Richard,122,150
ARPANET,345
Articles of Confederation,162
artisans,50,59,60,97,103,243
in Netherlands,44,46
artists,art,50,235,246,328
Christian,28
Dutch,44,181
Asia,7-9,14,27,33,36,54,124,134,299,350,415
economic arrival of,398-99
European empire building in,229-30,263,269
financial crisis in(1997),356,380,401,405
asiento,126,130
assembly line,211,257-58,261,266,340
Aswan Dam,315
AT&;T(American Telephone and Telegraph Company),314,319,324,341
Atatürk,Mustafa Kemal,269
Atlantic Ocean,8,10,27,31,39,43,64,130,137,239,366,420
Spanish treasure fleets in,30,37,42
World War Ⅱ and,282
atomic bomb,285,304,313
Australia,164,195,296,353,398
immigration to,209,210,282,299
Austria,84,123,165,168,169,172,173,270
Nazi seizure of,280
Austria-Hungary,183,265-68,270
authority,111,114-15,143,174,413
weakening of,79,93,169
automobiles,222,250,257-61,352,421
cost of,258
credit for,306
electric,393,433
gasoline for,204,260,261
in Germany,199,257,258,298,299
in Japan,272,335,337,339-41
rubber for,238,261
strikes and,321
in U.S.,222,250,257-61,337、340,341,359,410-11,414
World War Ⅱ and,298-99
Aztec,28,30,46,100,133,145
B-2 Northrup Grumman “stealth bombers,” 313
B-24 Consolidated “Liberator,” 284
B-29 Boeing “Superfortress,” 281
backward economies,171-72,173,267,293,350
Bacon,Francis,97,141-42
balanced budgets,276-77,278
balance of trade theory,96,103,104,106
Balkans,84,172,432
Baltic countries,42,64,72,84,312
Bangladesh,285,389,392,426-27
Bank of Amsterdam,42
Bank of China,375
Bank of England,92,111-12,113,188,275
Bank of France,188
Bank of the United States,189
bankruptcy,192,275,356,410,416
banks,186-90,318,346,413
Great Depression and,274-75,276
investment,333,403,404,405-6,408
moral hazard and,416
poverty and,426-27
see also specific countries
Barbados,128,130,131
Barnes,Peter,425,429-30
Batavia,45
Beijing:
June Fourth Incident in(1989),372,379
Olympics in,365,383-84
Belgian Congo,235
Belgium,Belgians,46,165,168,172,182,185,254,296
currency of,195
empire building of,229,233-35,240,285
Great Depression in,277
guest workers in,299-300
independence of,42,53
industrialization of,40,53,146,165,212,233
in World War Ⅱ,280,285
Bell,Alexander Graham,255,256
Bell Laboratories,314
Bello,Walden,425,430,431
Bentonville,Ark.,358
Benz,Karl,257,261,298
Berkeley,William,131
Berkman,Alexander,220
Berlin Conference(1884-1885),240,272
Berlin Wall,304
Berners-Lee,Tim,346
Bezos,Jeff,346
Bible,58-59,82,98,104,159
bicycles,238,433
Bill of Rights,English(1689),92
Bill of Rights,U.S.,324
biology:
epigenetics in,22
microscopes and,207
Birmingham,145,147
birth control,23,324,360-61,428-29
Bismarck,Otto von,173,213-14
Blackbeard(Edward Teach),38
Black Death,66,71,84,418
blacks,see African Americans;slaves,slavery;slave trade
Blake,William,152
blood,316
Boers(Afrikaners),236-37
Bollywood,395
Bombay,see Mumbai
bonuses,405,406
bookkeeping,55,69-70
books,93,369
trade in,46,55
Borlaug,Norman,391
Boulton,Matthew,147
Boyle,Robert,97,142,143
Brahmins,388,395
brain drain,391
brand names,224
Braun,Wernher von,311-12
Brazil,30,49,334,374,398,424
abolition of slavery in,124,135,136
Dutch in,44
education in,379
at G20 meetings,414,415
Great Depression and,276
immigration to,210
labor activists in,214
rubber in,237,261
sugar in,31,63,121,127,130
World Trade Organization and,368,369
brazilwood,127,151
bread,57,64
Bretton Woods Conference(1944),291-92,325,367,412
bribery,193,198,375,383,425
BRICs,398,424
see also Brazil;China;India;Russia
Brin,Sergey,347
Bryan,William Jennings,190,196
Bubble Act,192
Buffett,Warren,427
Buick,259,261
building trade,257
Bulgaria,270,290,385
bureaucracy,249,252,253,370
Bureau of Reclamation,U.S.,279
Burke,Edmund,91,93
Burma,282,285,381
Buru Quartet(Pramoedya),247
Bush,George,415
business:
small,252,302
see also corporations;entrepreneurs;firms;specific businesses
Cadillac,259
Cailliau,Robert,346
Calcutta,39,381,394
calendars,245
California,151,196,239,243,326
agriculture in,178
education in,310,311
gold rush in,189,202
immigrants in,189,210
Silicon Valley in,330,334,348,412
Sony plant in,342
California,University of,310,311
call centers,390
cameras,207
Canada,164,165,210,293,296,302,326,413,414
canals,150,172,176,177
Cancún round of trade negotiations,368
Cape Town,236
capital,12,13,24,69,118,178,322,329,368
accumulation of,15,16,229
bank role and,186-87,190
in China,366
cultural,16
defined,6-7
economic choices and,229
human,301
investment,123,173,191,193,350,380-84
in Japan,336,337
patient,380
poverty and,425-26
capitalism:
attitudes and skills required for,54
closing thoughts about,433-36
contemporary,critics of,422-24
as cultural system,4,20-26,119-20
debating the origins of,212-13
definition of,25-26
distinctions of,6-10
eighteenth-century,two faces of,121-62
as juggernaut,286
personal choice and,360-64
puzzle of,3-26
recapitulation of history of,417-22
social ills ascribed to,23-24
start of,118-19
weaknesses of,290-91
see also specific topics
Capitalism 3.0(Barnes),430
Captain Swing demonstrations,153
Caribbean,61-64,133,137,239,420
British soldiers in,136
Columbus’s voyages to,27,30,62,127
emigration from,299,325
privateers and pirates in,37,38
sugar in,63,64,121,125,127,130,161,230
Carnegie,Andrew,201-6,220,248,357
Carnegie Commission on Higher Education,311
Carnegie Steel Company,203,253
Carson,Rachel,328
Cartagena,126,128
cartels,252-53,254,272,341
Cartwright,Edmund,150
caste system,388-89,395,397,398
cathedrals,European,6,16
Catherine Ⅱ(the Great),Empress of Russia,149
Catholicism,17,30,35,42,45,98,117,135,218
science and,13,144
cattle,61,368
CD-ROM(compact disc read-only memory),349
cement,260,276
censorship,92,93,156,383
Central African Republic,58
Central America,133,202,299
Central Europe,55,169
central planning,290,291,375
Cervantes,Miguel de,36,37
Ceylon,34,285
“challenge and response” formula,11
change,329,419,425
in agriculture,71,79
by authority,115
culture and,88
for each generation in China,370-72
economic,15-18
fashion and,103
public receptivity to,14
resistance to,6,35
of work habits,104
see also innovation
Chappe,Claude,183-84
Chappe,Ignace,183-84
charcoal,140
charity,99,275
Charles Ⅴ,King of Spain,35
chemistry,167,199,208,254,255,309,314,419
Chesapeake settlements,37,48
Chiang Kai-shek,282
chief executive officers(CEOs),249,323,405,410
salaries of,411,414
childbirth,182,355,361
children,302,383,416,429
consumption and,223,224
entertainment for,358
nutrition of,363,392
sex ratio of,355,378
see also fertility rates;pregnancies
Chile,208,276,369
China,27,34,49,66,93,133,322,335,360,365-85,387-94,396-99,413,423,424,425,431
agriculture in,368,371,375-76,377,431
automobiles in,374,382
banks in,368,375,380,397
British relations with,229-30,235
calendar and,245
communism in,282,338,354,366,371-72,396-97;see also Communist Party,Chinese
corruption in,383
cotton in,151,165
Cultural Revolution in,371
dependency rate in,378
dramatic change for each generation in,370-72
dual-track system in,375
economic zones in,374-75
education in,379,390-91,397
emigrants from,189,210,218,219,380,424
explorations of,8,9,115
at G20 meetings,414,415
Great Leap Forward in,371
Hong Kong returned to,286,354,375
India compared with,387-88,390-91,393,394,397-98
India’s relations with,381
industrialization in,372,376
investment capital in,380-84
irrigation in,72
Japan compared with,339
Japan’s relations with,245,246,247,282,381
China(continued)
Korea’s relations with,245
marriage in,69
migrants in,377
Olympics in,365
one-child policy in,378,394
population growth in,45,54,72
porcelain of,148,149
press coverage of,383
revolution in,247
Russia compared with,385
savings in,380,382,394,401
science in,9,145
sex ratio in,355,378
silver standard in,54
steel in,334,371
textile industry of,368
Township and Village Enterprise in,376
trade of,9,12-13,45,349,381-82,397
Walmart’s imports from,359
World Trade Organization and,367-70,398
Chittagong University,426
Christianity,49-50,91,159
commercial law and,12
evangelical imperative of,9
feast days and,75,105-6