missionaries,230-33,240
see also specific sects
Chrysler,340,410-11
Chung Ju-yung,352
Churchill,Winston,47,303,304,315
Church of England,117,155
Cities of Salt(Munif),262
Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC),279
civil war,39-42,425
in England,15,39,40-41,51,92,117
Civil War,U.S.,136,151,162,178,203,232,266
cotton shortage and,235
paying for,189-90
U.S. unification and,196
Clarke,Olive Cleaveland,181
Clay,Henry,184
Clemenceau,Georges,296
clerical workers,323-24,390
Clinton,Bill,403
clothiers,95-96,103,139,152-53,379,386
clover,73,74,77
coal,24,26,53,335
in England,51,74,133-34,139,140-41,146,152
in Germany,171,183,194
in U.S.,168,182
Cobbett,William,428
cochineal,151
cocoa,133,420
coffee,10,49,133,140,276
coke,146
Colbert,Jean-Baptiste,114
Cold War,286,303-5,311,321,338,350
China and,372
Collapse(Diamond),412
collective farms,267,376,377
college education,300,309-11
Collier,Paul,424-25
coltan,238
Columbian exchange,28-29
Columbus,Christopher,8,27,28,30,62,125
command economies,267,284,290,366,384,389,431
“commercial capitalism,” 54
commercials,TV,307-8
Committee of European Economic Cooperation,293,295-96
common law,193,216,253
Common Market(European Economic Community),296-97,393
commons,the,430
Common Sense(Paine),19,157,159
communism,213,286,290,293,321
in China,282,338,354,366,371-72,396-97;see also Communist Party,Chinese
containment of,303
Vietnam War and,286
see also Soviet Union
Communist Party,Chinese,366,371,372,374,375,379-80,382-83,387-88,389,397
Compaq,345,349
competition,26,172,176,215,252,254,319,341,409,431-32,435
agriculture and,367
automobiles and,259
Cold War,311
in computer industry,345
cooperation vs.,297
Friedman on,332,333
in oil industry,248-49,261-62
shrinking of,201,250,253,272
warfare and,124,421
computers,313-14,317-20,354,362,422
anxiety about,364
Walmart’s use of,357,358
computers,personal(PCs),342-50
Conan Doyle,Sir Arthur,234-35
concentration camps,208,285,298,299
Concert of Europe,169
Congo,237,238
Congo Free State,233-35,261
Congo River,232,234
Congress,U.S.,177,184,219,239,301,313,367,422
banks and,189
bribing of,193
Cold War and,311,314
corporations and,217,263
labor issues and,301,411
League of Nations and,270,291
Marshall Plan and,293
Native Americans and,196
New Deal and,278,279
tariffs and,203
Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO),221,302
Congress of Vienna,169
Congress Party,Indian,389
Connecticut Valley,327
Conover,Lloyd,316
Conrad,Joseph,234-35
Conservative Party,British,215
Constitution,U.S.,168,174,175,176,363,435
First Amendment to,302
Fourteenth Amendment to,162,215
Sixteenth Amendment to,215
constitutions:
British,159
Indian,388,396
Japanese,244,246,337-38
consumers,consumption,33,49,246,335,394,415
agricultural,66
in China,382,397
in England,96,102-7
Great Depression and,275
importance of,221-27,420
in India,393,394-95,397
luxury,71,104
mass,258
of oil,326,327
postwar,306-7
of tobacco,48,131
Coolidge,Calvin,197
Cooper,James Fenimore,124
cooperation,295-98,304-5,362,412,414
copper,238-39
corn(maize),60,62,277,367,391
corporations,187,191-94,211,215-18,221,289,317,323
agricultural,209
Barnes on,430
family vs. impersonal,250,254
mergers of,250,262,263
military-industrial complex and,314-15
multinational,334,351,369,370,423
restructuring of,247-55
small business vs.,252
stock of,189
taxes of,300
white-collar jobs in,223
World War Ⅰ and,265
see also firms;specific corporations
corporatist economy,295,341
corruption,383,435
Cortés,Hernando,30
Costco,359
cottagers,76,80,81,139
cotton,3,150-51,178,181,190,277,336,367
in American South,132-33,161,162,175
of India,87,103-4,106,140,151,386
Japan’s export of,244
shortage of,235
cotton gin,132-33,151,168,175
cotton spindles,165
Council of the Indies,127-28
craft unions,214,215,216,219
creative destruction,183,263,330,363,422
credit,42,98,277,394,427
in U.S.,176,190,306,307,404-5
credit cards,306
credit default swaps(CDS),403,409
Crédit Mobilier,188,193
credit rating agencies,407,408
cricket,395
Crompton,Samuel,150-51
Crosby,Alfred,11-12
Crystal Palace Exhibition,166,167
Cuba,30,126,130,135,137,369,431
immigration to,210
independence of,239
Cugnot,Nicholas Joseph,257
cultural capital,16
Cultural Revolution,Chinese,371
cultural superiority,attitudes of,262,263-64,281
culture,22,195
of capitalism,4,20-26,119-20
change and,88
English,165
of everyday life,118
globalization and,360
Curaçao,128,262,325
currency,306
Bretton Woods system and,292,325
English crisis of,107-11
exchange rates for,see exchange rates
Great Depression and,275-76,277
of West Germany,294
see also dollar,U.S.;money
Czechoslovakia,270,280,290
Czech Republic,385
Czolgosz,Leon,220
da Gama,Vasco,28
Daimler,Gottlieb,257,261
Daimler Motors,298
Dalai Lama,381
dams,315
Darby,Abraham,146
Darwin,Charles,68
death rate,decline in,211
De Beers Mining Company,237
Debs,Eugene Ⅴ.,219
debt,277,356,398,407
personal,333,366
World War Ⅰ and,267,270,276
Declaration of Independence,U.S.,157,162,434
Defense Department,U.S.,313,314,315,318,345
Defoe,Daniel,43,90,109
de la Roque,Jean,49
De Leon,Daniel,219
Dell,345,349
Dell,Michael,343
Deming,William Edwards,338
democracy,359,362-63,384,411,433-34
in Four Little Tigers,352,353
in India,366,387,389,397
in Japan,337-38,352
thin vs. living,431
Democracy in America(Tocqueville),180-81
Democratic Party,Japanese,339
Democratic Party,U.S.,196,333,369,405
Deng Xiaoping,372,374-79,383
Denmark,10,128,240
trade of,8,31
wars of,173,184,280
department stores,222,306
dependency theory,351,352,366
depression,economic,95,96,248
of 1873,194-96,202,206,252
see also Great Depression
Derby,Elias Hasket,180
deregulation,333,403
derivative securities,400,404,409
derogation,concept of,47
De Soto,Hernando,425,429,431
developing countries,368,369,370,414
see also specific countries
Diamond,Jared,11,241,412
diamonds,237,425
Dias,Bartolomeu,8,28
Dickens,Charles,369
Dickinson,Levi,179
Diderot,Denis,144
direct current,256
disease,28,65,67,211,267,361,421
in Africa,230,231
bacterial,316
Black Death,66,71,84,418
in India,391
Native Americans’vulnerability to,29,125
DNA,361-62
Doha round of trade negotiations,367-69,398
dollar,U.S.,179,195,197,270,276,292,306,307
Japan’s attachment to,339
plunge in value of,325,331
Don Quixote,36
Drake,Sir Francis,37,38
Drew,Charles,316
drugs,133,229,316,361
Dubai,392,424
Dunlop,John,238
du Pont,Eleuthère Irénée,241
du Pont,Pierre,251
DuPont Company,249,251
Durant,William,259
Dutch East India Company,44,45,52,236
Dutch East Indies,World War Ⅱ and,282,285
Dutch West India Company,44,128
DVDs,345,368
dyes,127,151,254,255
East Asian NICs(newly industrialized countries),see Four Little Tigers
Eastern Europe,7,126,184,211,303,366,390,431
agriculture in,209,270
postwar,286,287,293
serfs in,71
shock without therapy in,384-85
East Germany,294,304,354
East Indies,8,21,61
trade in,3,27,28,29,31,34,38-39,54,63,415,417
World War Ⅱ and,282,283
ecology,315
economic development,169,198,212,306,418,428
in China,366-67,373-74,379-83,389,399
consumption and,104,105
food prices as limit on,70-72
in Four Little Tigers,350,352-55
in Germany,167,170-74,185,199
in India,366-67,394,399
of Japan,335
slavery and,136
Smith on,212-95
in U.S.,174-81,189,199
economic man,332
economic reasoning,100
economics:
change and analysis in,15-18
as profession,118
economies of agglomeration,146
Edison,Thomas Alva,255-56
education,9,214,243,249,379,438
in China,379,390-91,397
engineering,185,254
in Germany,254,255
in India,379,391,392
in U.S.,300,309-11,313,322
Egypt,34,151,196,326,429
nationalism in,236,268
Egypt,ancient,124
Eisenhower,Dwight,314,414
elasticity of demand,103-4,106
electrical engineering,254-55
electrical equipment,223,254,255
electricity,4,167,199,207,227,254-57,307,335,419,421
automobiles and,393,433
dams and,315
transistor and,330
electronics,298,307,314,319
in the Four Little Tigers,354
in Japan,342,345,349
Walmart’s use of,358
elevators,257
Elizabeth Ⅰ,Queen of England,35,37,99
Ellis Island,210,211
e-mail,347,349
embargoes,282,327
empire building,228-30,233-42
Berlin Conference and,240,271
empiricism,97
Employee Free Choice Act(EFCA),411
employers,419,420
employment:
full or near-full,331
government,278,279
lifetime,341
enclosures,80-82,89
encomiendas,31
encyclopedia,144
energy,74,122,147
see also coal;fossil fuels;oil;waterpower Energy Department,U.S.,361
engineering,engineers,185,309,313,318,319,330,342,379
electrical,254-55
in India,386,391
engineering schools,185,254
engines,122
internal-combustion,257,261
steam,4,33,144-48,150,165
England,7-16,37-43,74-118,128-69,242,362,417-18
advanced vs. backward economies and,171,172
agriculture in,12,15,57,61,68,71,74-85,114-15,138-39,143,170,195,245,352,392,417
author in,20
banks in,92,111-12,113,173,188,275
canal building in,150
civil war in,15,39,40-41,51,92,117
clothiers in,95-96,103,139,152-53,379,386
copying of,21,120
currency crisis in,107-11
Dutch as model for,99-101
enclosures in,80-82,89
Enlightenment in,156-59
horses in,67,74
immigration to,299
in India,39,45,103,164,281,326,385-89,391,396
industrialization in,74,104,137-41,145-56,163-66,187-88,215,417,418
law in,47,57,82,106,115,117,118,153,154,192,193,253
mercantilism in,96-97,101,103,104,106,107,116
monopolies granted in,40,41,51
navy of,51,113,132,137
new economic discourse in,89-94,96,102
in New World,9,10,37,39,48,50,63,79,117,128-38,140
plain features of,11
Poor Laws in,82,154
population growth in,84,139,165
pottery making in,148-50
privateers and pirates of,37-39
risk management in,187
scientific revolution in,141-45
slave trade of,121,124,126,129-30
textile industry in,150-53,160,165,175,182,198,336
textiles imported by,87,103-6
trade of,28,31,34,35,38-41,45-48,50-51,64,95-96,105,112,113,123,124,138,139,164,305
as trailblazer,10-15
trust in,118
villages abandoned in,66
wars of,37,52,111,113,123-24,208,265-68,270
English East India Company,39,87,94,96-97,102-6,229,386
engravings,29
ENIAC,313
Enlightenment,144,156-62,169,241,328,434
entertainment,256,271,307,358,360,365
in India,395
entrepreneurs,115-16,134,198-208,295,335
black,216
British,192,198
French,129
German,200-202,206-8
kings and statesmen as,229,233-35
risk taking of,248
U.S.,192,199-206,216,317
environment,333
damage to,315,328,330,339,392,422,423,432
protection of,370
environmentalists,315,328
epigenetics,22
equality,134-35,169,241,434
Equal Pay Act(1963),324
espionage,industrial,164-65,228
Essar Group,393
Essay on Population(Malthus),67-68
Estates-General,156
Ethiopia,49,126,236,273
Europe,27,54,303,334,363,381,394,413
consumer culture in,223
labor activists in,213-15
population growth in,211
Europe,Western,7-17,21,287,303,304,375,378,387,418
Asia compared with,14
corporatist economy in,295,341
Great Divergence in,12-15
IWA in,213
Japan compared with,335
postwar,293-300,325,329,350,421
quantitative understanding in,12
trade dominated by,34-39
European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC),296
European Economic Community(Common Market),296-97,393
European Organization for Nuclear Research,346
European Payment Union,296,306
European Recovery Program,293
European Union,297,367-70,385,398
exchange rates,90,96,375
fixed,195,196
floating,325-26,331,375
exploitation,10,23-24,133,135,229,351
in China,397
labor,370
oil and,262
see also slaves,slavery;slave trade
exploration,8-10,13,21,30,36,54,61
by China,8,9,115
Explorer Ⅰ,309,310
Fabian Society,215
factories,420
appearance of,148-50,152-55
assembly lines in,211,257-58,261,266
environmental effects of,333
failed states,424-25
famines,5-6,23,28,56-59,67,71,431
in Asia,45,371,426,428,431
in Europe,6,51,56,57,62,66,69,83,85,153,418
present-day,58,86
Farnsworth,Philo,307
fascism,272-73,280,293
Federal Aviation Administration,308
Federal Highways Acts,301
Federalists,176
Federal Reserve,325,332
Federal Reserve Banks,190,404-5,410
Federal Steel,253
fertility rates,23,209,211,271,325,361,378,391