饭饭TXT > 海外名作 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比【完结】 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比.txt

第十三章 危机与批评论.4

作者:美-乔伊斯·阿普尔比 当前章节:14470 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 08:24

missionaries,230-33,240

see also specific sects

Chrysler,340,410-11

Chung Ju-yung,352

Churchill,Winston,47,303,304,315

Church of England,117,155

Cities of Salt(Munif),262

Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC),279

civil war,39-42,425

in England,15,39,40-41,51,92,117

Civil War,U.S.,136,151,162,178,203,232,266

cotton shortage and,235

paying for,189-90

U.S. unification and,196

Clarke,Olive Cleaveland,181

Clay,Henry,184

Clemenceau,Georges,296

clerical workers,323-24,390

Clinton,Bill,403

clothiers,95-96,103,139,152-53,379,386

clover,73,74,77

coal,24,26,53,335

in England,51,74,133-34,139,140-41,146,152

in Germany,171,183,194

in U.S.,168,182

Cobbett,William,428

cochineal,151

cocoa,133,420

coffee,10,49,133,140,276

coke,146

Colbert,Jean-Baptiste,114

Cold War,286,303-5,311,321,338,350

China and,372

Collapse(Diamond),412

collective farms,267,376,377

college education,300,309-11

Collier,Paul,424-25

coltan,238

Columbian exchange,28-29

Columbus,Christopher,8,27,28,30,62,125

command economies,267,284,290,366,384,389,431

“commercial capitalism,” 54

commercials,TV,307-8

Committee of European Economic Cooperation,293,295-96

common law,193,216,253

Common Market(European Economic Community),296-97,393

commons,the,430

Common Sense(Paine),19,157,159

communism,213,286,290,293,321

in China,282,338,354,366,371-72,396-97;see also Communist Party,Chinese

containment of,303

Vietnam War and,286

see also Soviet Union

Communist Party,Chinese,366,371,372,374,375,379-80,382-83,387-88,389,397

Compaq,345,349

competition,26,172,176,215,252,254,319,341,409,431-32,435

agriculture and,367

automobiles and,259

Cold War,311

in computer industry,345

cooperation vs.,297

Friedman on,332,333

in oil industry,248-49,261-62

shrinking of,201,250,253,272

warfare and,124,421

computers,313-14,317-20,354,362,422

anxiety about,364

Walmart’s use of,357,358

computers,personal(PCs),342-50

Conan Doyle,Sir Arthur,234-35

concentration camps,208,285,298,299

Concert of Europe,169

Congo,237,238

Congo Free State,233-35,261

Congo River,232,234

Congress,U.S.,177,184,219,239,301,313,367,422

banks and,189

bribing of,193

Cold War and,311,314

corporations and,217,263

labor issues and,301,411

League of Nations and,270,291

Marshall Plan and,293

Native Americans and,196

New Deal and,278,279

tariffs and,203

Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO),221,302

Congress of Vienna,169

Congress Party,Indian,389

Connecticut Valley,327

Conover,Lloyd,316

Conrad,Joseph,234-35

Conservative Party,British,215

Constitution,U.S.,168,174,175,176,363,435

First Amendment to,302

Fourteenth Amendment to,162,215

Sixteenth Amendment to,215

constitutions:

British,159

Indian,388,396

Japanese,244,246,337-38

consumers,consumption,33,49,246,335,394,415

agricultural,66

in China,382,397

in England,96,102-7

Great Depression and,275

importance of,221-27,420

in India,393,394-95,397

luxury,71,104

mass,258

of oil,326,327

postwar,306-7

of tobacco,48,131

Coolidge,Calvin,197

Cooper,James Fenimore,124

cooperation,295-98,304-5,362,412,414

copper,238-39

corn(maize),60,62,277,367,391

corporations,187,191-94,211,215-18,221,289,317,323

agricultural,209

Barnes on,430

family vs. impersonal,250,254

mergers of,250,262,263

military-industrial complex and,314-15

multinational,334,351,369,370,423

restructuring of,247-55

small business vs.,252

stock of,189

taxes of,300

white-collar jobs in,223

World War Ⅰ and,265

see also firms;specific corporations

corporatist economy,295,341

corruption,383,435

Cortés,Hernando,30

Costco,359

cottagers,76,80,81,139

cotton,3,150-51,178,181,190,277,336,367

in American South,132-33,161,162,175

of India,87,103-4,106,140,151,386

Japan’s export of,244

shortage of,235

cotton gin,132-33,151,168,175

cotton spindles,165

Council of the Indies,127-28

craft unions,214,215,216,219

creative destruction,183,263,330,363,422

credit,42,98,277,394,427

in U.S.,176,190,306,307,404-5

credit cards,306

credit default swaps(CDS),403,409

Crédit Mobilier,188,193

credit rating agencies,407,408

cricket,395

Crompton,Samuel,150-51

Crosby,Alfred,11-12

Crystal Palace Exhibition,166,167

Cuba,30,126,130,135,137,369,431

immigration to,210

independence of,239

Cugnot,Nicholas Joseph,257

cultural capital,16

Cultural Revolution,Chinese,371

cultural superiority,attitudes of,262,263-64,281

culture,22,195

of capitalism,4,20-26,119-20

change and,88

English,165

of everyday life,118

globalization and,360

Curaçao,128,262,325

currency,306

Bretton Woods system and,292,325

English crisis of,107-11

exchange rates for,see exchange rates

Great Depression and,275-76,277

of West Germany,294

see also dollar,U.S.;money

Czechoslovakia,270,280,290

Czech Republic,385

Czolgosz,Leon,220

da Gama,Vasco,28

Daimler,Gottlieb,257,261

Daimler Motors,298

Dalai Lama,381

dams,315

Darby,Abraham,146

Darwin,Charles,68

death rate,decline in,211

De Beers Mining Company,237

Debs,Eugene Ⅴ.,219

debt,277,356,398,407

personal,333,366

World War Ⅰ and,267,270,276

Declaration of Independence,U.S.,157,162,434

Defense Department,U.S.,313,314,315,318,345

Defoe,Daniel,43,90,109

de la Roque,Jean,49

De Leon,Daniel,219

Dell,345,349

Dell,Michael,343

Deming,William Edwards,338

democracy,359,362-63,384,411,433-34

in Four Little Tigers,352,353

in India,366,387,389,397

in Japan,337-38,352

thin vs. living,431

Democracy in America(Tocqueville),180-81

Democratic Party,Japanese,339

Democratic Party,U.S.,196,333,369,405

Deng Xiaoping,372,374-79,383

Denmark,10,128,240

trade of,8,31

wars of,173,184,280

department stores,222,306

dependency theory,351,352,366

depression,economic,95,96,248

of 1873,194-96,202,206,252

see also Great Depression

Derby,Elias Hasket,180

deregulation,333,403

derivative securities,400,404,409

derogation,concept of,47

De Soto,Hernando,425,429,431

developing countries,368,369,370,414

see also specific countries

Diamond,Jared,11,241,412

diamonds,237,425

Dias,Bartolomeu,8,28

Dickens,Charles,369

Dickinson,Levi,179

Diderot,Denis,144

direct current,256

disease,28,65,67,211,267,361,421

in Africa,230,231

bacterial,316

Black Death,66,71,84,418

in India,391

Native Americans’vulnerability to,29,125

DNA,361-62

Doha round of trade negotiations,367-69,398

dollar,U.S.,179,195,197,270,276,292,306,307

Japan’s attachment to,339

plunge in value of,325,331

Don Quixote,36

Drake,Sir Francis,37,38

Drew,Charles,316

drugs,133,229,316,361

Dubai,392,424

Dunlop,John,238

du Pont,Eleuthère Irénée,241

du Pont,Pierre,251

DuPont Company,249,251

Durant,William,259

Dutch East India Company,44,45,52,236

Dutch East Indies,World War Ⅱ and,282,285

Dutch West India Company,44,128

DVDs,345,368

dyes,127,151,254,255

East Asian NICs(newly industrialized countries),see Four Little Tigers

Eastern Europe,7,126,184,211,303,366,390,431

agriculture in,209,270

postwar,286,287,293

serfs in,71

shock without therapy in,384-85

East Germany,294,304,354

East Indies,8,21,61

trade in,3,27,28,29,31,34,38-39,54,63,415,417

World War Ⅱ and,282,283

ecology,315

economic development,169,198,212,306,418,428

in China,366-67,373-74,379-83,389,399

consumption and,104,105

food prices as limit on,70-72

in Four Little Tigers,350,352-55

in Germany,167,170-74,185,199

in India,366-67,394,399

of Japan,335

slavery and,136

Smith on,212-95

in U.S.,174-81,189,199

economic man,332

economic reasoning,100

economics:

change and analysis in,15-18

as profession,118

economies of agglomeration,146

Edison,Thomas Alva,255-56

education,9,214,243,249,379,438

in China,379,390-91,397

engineering,185,254

in Germany,254,255

in India,379,391,392

in U.S.,300,309-11,313,322

Egypt,34,151,196,326,429

nationalism in,236,268

Egypt,ancient,124

Eisenhower,Dwight,314,414

elasticity of demand,103-4,106

electrical engineering,254-55

electrical equipment,223,254,255

electricity,4,167,199,207,227,254-57,307,335,419,421

automobiles and,393,433

dams and,315

transistor and,330

electronics,298,307,314,319

in the Four Little Tigers,354

in Japan,342,345,349

Walmart’s use of,358

elevators,257

Elizabeth Ⅰ,Queen of England,35,37,99

Ellis Island,210,211

e-mail,347,349

embargoes,282,327

empire building,228-30,233-42

Berlin Conference and,240,271

empiricism,97

Employee Free Choice Act(EFCA),411

employers,419,420

employment:

full or near-full,331

government,278,279

lifetime,341

enclosures,80-82,89

encomiendas,31

encyclopedia,144

energy,74,122,147

see also coal;fossil fuels;oil;waterpower Energy Department,U.S.,361

engineering,engineers,185,309,313,318,319,330,342,379

electrical,254-55

in India,386,391

engineering schools,185,254

engines,122

internal-combustion,257,261

steam,4,33,144-48,150,165

England,7-16,37-43,74-118,128-69,242,362,417-18

advanced vs. backward economies and,171,172

agriculture in,12,15,57,61,68,71,74-85,114-15,138-39,143,170,195,245,352,392,417

author in,20

banks in,92,111-12,113,173,188,275

canal building in,150

civil war in,15,39,40-41,51,92,117

clothiers in,95-96,103,139,152-53,379,386

copying of,21,120

currency crisis in,107-11

Dutch as model for,99-101

enclosures in,80-82,89

Enlightenment in,156-59

horses in,67,74

immigration to,299

in India,39,45,103,164,281,326,385-89,391,396

industrialization in,74,104,137-41,145-56,163-66,187-88,215,417,418

law in,47,57,82,106,115,117,118,153,154,192,193,253

mercantilism in,96-97,101,103,104,106,107,116

monopolies granted in,40,41,51

navy of,51,113,132,137

new economic discourse in,89-94,96,102

in New World,9,10,37,39,48,50,63,79,117,128-38,140

plain features of,11

Poor Laws in,82,154

population growth in,84,139,165

pottery making in,148-50

privateers and pirates of,37-39

risk management in,187

scientific revolution in,141-45

slave trade of,121,124,126,129-30

textile industry in,150-53,160,165,175,182,198,336

textiles imported by,87,103-6

trade of,28,31,34,35,38-41,45-48,50-51,64,95-96,105,112,113,123,124,138,139,164,305

as trailblazer,10-15

trust in,118

villages abandoned in,66

wars of,37,52,111,113,123-24,208,265-68,270

English East India Company,39,87,94,96-97,102-6,229,386

engravings,29

ENIAC,313

Enlightenment,144,156-62,169,241,328,434

entertainment,256,271,307,358,360,365

in India,395

entrepreneurs,115-16,134,198-208,295,335

black,216

British,192,198

French,129

German,200-202,206-8

kings and statesmen as,229,233-35

risk taking of,248

U.S.,192,199-206,216,317

environment,333

damage to,315,328,330,339,392,422,423,432

protection of,370

environmentalists,315,328

epigenetics,22

equality,134-35,169,241,434

Equal Pay Act(1963),324

espionage,industrial,164-65,228

Essar Group,393

Essay on Population(Malthus),67-68

Estates-General,156

Ethiopia,49,126,236,273

Europe,27,54,303,334,363,381,394,413

consumer culture in,223

labor activists in,213-15

population growth in,211

Europe,Western,7-17,21,287,303,304,375,378,387,418

Asia compared with,14

corporatist economy in,295,341

Great Divergence in,12-15

IWA in,213

Japan compared with,335

postwar,293-300,325,329,350,421

quantitative understanding in,12

trade dominated by,34-39

European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC),296

European Economic Community(Common Market),296-97,393

European Organization for Nuclear Research,346

European Payment Union,296,306

European Recovery Program,293

European Union,297,367-70,385,398

exchange rates,90,96,375

fixed,195,196

floating,325-26,331,375

exploitation,10,23-24,133,135,229,351

in China,397

labor,370

oil and,262

see also slaves,slavery;slave trade

exploration,8-10,13,21,30,36,54,61

by China,8,9,115

Explorer Ⅰ,309,310

Fabian Society,215

factories,420

appearance of,148-50,152-55

assembly lines in,211,257-58,261,266

environmental effects of,333

failed states,424-25

famines,5-6,23,28,56-59,67,71,431

in Asia,45,371,426,428,431

in Europe,6,51,56,57,62,66,69,83,85,153,418

present-day,58,86

Farnsworth,Philo,307

fascism,272-73,280,293

Federal Aviation Administration,308

Federal Highways Acts,301

Federalists,176

Federal Reserve,325,332

Federal Reserve Banks,190,404-5,410

Federal Steel,253

fertility rates,23,209,211,271,325,361,378,391

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