investment,186-93,292,325,334,335,353,368
capital for,123,173,191,193,350,380-84
in Germany,173,198
in Japan,336
in U.S.,176,186,190,195-96,198,331,412
investment banking,333,403,404,405-6,408
invisible hand,91,205
iPods,342,348,349
Ireland,62,153,295,390
emigration from,62,211
iron,51,53,146,296,335,353
in Germany,169,171,173,183,185,194,201,254
in U.S.,168,182
iron curtain,303,304
irrigation,72,315,392
Irving,Washington,197
Islam,Muslims,6,27-28,36,50,135,187
in India,27,389,396
oil weapon of,326
Spain vs.,35,36-37
trade of,27,39,232
Turkey and,269
usury and,99
Israel,299,326
Italy,Italians,126,142,290,296,414
agriculture in,84
computers in,344-45
emigrants from,210
empire building of,229,236,273,285,420
fascism in,272-73,280
Great Depression in,277
guest workers from,299-300
immigrants to,423-24
industrialization in,146,165
population growth in,80
railroads in,183
socialists in,289
trade of,8,39,47,64
wars of,123,281,285
see also specific city states
ivory,232,309,425
Jackson,Andrew,189
Jamaica,37,130,137
James,Henry,Sr.,197
James Ⅰ,King of England,40,99
Jamestown,Va.,48
Japan,7,242-48,303,358,361,363,394,398,414
agriculture in,243,244,245,338
Asian financial crisis and,356
automobiles in,272,335,337,339-41
banks in,244-45,356
China’s relations with,245,246,247,282,381
Christian converts in,28
closing of,242
Cold War and,338
computers in,345,349,350
constitution of,244,246,337-38
democracy in,337-38,352
economic power of,334-42,356,369
emigrants from,210
empire building of,272,281-82,337,371
Four Little Tigers and,353,354
Great Depression and,276
industrialization in,165,244,335-38
jury system in,116-17
Meiji Restoration in,242-47,375
postwar,296,325,421
recession in,333,356,402,410
textile industry in,244,336
trade of,34,45,244
U.S. occupation of,337-38,339
in World War Ⅰ,267,272,336
in World War Ⅱ,281-83,285,304,337
Java,44,45,49,210
Jefferson,Thomas,175,176-77,190,216
Jervis,John,182
Jesus Christ,98
Jews,46,98,283,292,299
emigration of,211,218
German,173,280
trade of,12-13
Jobs,Steven,343
John Deere,393
Johnson,Lyndon,322,325,328
Johnson,Samuel,90-91,116
joint-stock trading companies,47,106,115,187
in Japan,335,341
Jones,“Mother,” 219
June Fourth Incident(1989),372,379
Jungle,The(Sinclair),217
Junkers,171,194,199,214
Justice Department,U.S.,319
just-in-time productive system,340
just-in-time restocking systems,357
Kagoshima,British bombing of,242
Kaiser,Henry,284
Kelley,Florence,217
Kennedy,John,324,325
Kenya,286
Kerala,392
kerosene,204,261,323
kerosene cans,262
Kerr,Clark,310,311
Keynes,John Maynard,277-78,279,291,331-32,333,421
Keynesian economics,277-78,279,288-89,301,331-32,333,422
Kidd,William,38
King,Gregory,82
King Goes,the Generals Remain,The(Plivier),269
Kipling,Rudyard,281
Knights of Labor,218-19
Korea,245,246,282
see also North Korea;South Korea Korean War,338,339,340,352-53
Krupp,201,265
Krupp,Alfred,201
labor,12,23,24,33
activism of,212-21;see also labor unions;specific unions
in Africa,234
agricultural,see agriculture,labor for cheap,334,360,370,390
division of,15,25,63-64,144,194,257
firing of,94-95
as guest workers,299-300,325
industrial,149,154,160,167,187,211,215,257
international standards for,360
Native Americans as,10,30,31,125
regularization of work habits of,104,105-6,123 scientific management of,258
shortage of,299
suppression of,116
surplus value of,16
see also indentured servants;slaves,slavery
labor unions,214-21,301-2,320-25,359-60,411-12
consumption and,225-26
craft,214,215,216,219
in Europe,212,272,295 in Japan,341
Taft-Hartley Act and,322-23
Wagner Act and,279,301,322
World Trade Organization and,370
Labour Party,British,215,289
Lal,Deepal,12
land,50,76,101,113-14,322
in China,376,377,397
De Soto on,429,431
in Germany,170,171
in India,392,393,396
in Japan,245,338
in U.S.,176,177,178,183,197,215,320
Landes,David,11
landlords,46,58,63,65,70,75-79
absentee,130,136,153
discrimination and,324
in England,41,57,71,76-79,81,110,111,153
in France,71-72,85
in Germany,170
in Japan,245
land reform,338,352
Lappé,Frances Moore,425,430-31
Las Casas,Bartolomé de,126
Last of the Mohicans,The(Cooper),124
Latin America,229,269,308,325,350,351,391,427
Alliance for Progress and,329
immigration to,210
labor unrest in,214
recession of 2008-2009 and,412-13
Law,John,112
law,legal system,12,60,95,416-17,420,430
canon,69,98
English,47,57,82,106,115,117,118,153,154,192,193,253
French,193 German,193
U.S.,192,193,216,218,225,253,319,333
League of Nations,269-70,273,282,291,296,304
lean production,340,356
Lee,Rev. Joseph,82,89
Lee Kua Yew,354
Leeward Islands,128
Lehman Brothers,402
Lenin,Ⅴ.Ⅰ.,258
Leopold Ⅱ,King of Belgium,233-36,261
Lepanto,battle of(1571),36-37
Lesser Antilles,128
letters of marque,37
leveraging,404,406
Levitt,William,301
Levittown,N.Y.,301
Lewis,John L.,302
LG Electronics,342,393
Liberal Democratic Party,Japanese(LDP),339
Liberal Party,British,215
Liberia,236
liberty,91,134-35,157,169,241,434
Library of Congress,268
License Raj,390
Liebig,Justus von,208
life expectancy,181-82,211,363,378,392,421,432
limited liability companies,192,193
Lincoln,Abraham,428
Lindbergh,Charles,308
liquidity preference,278
Lisbon,slaves in,66,124,127
literacy,46,76,214,215,392
Liverpool,slave trade in,129,130
livestock,60,63,65-66,71,73
Livingstone,David,230-33,240
Locke,John,19,90,109,110,157
London,38,48,69-70,144,145,163,173,213,292,395,402
as emporium,41,149
growth of,86,91-92,104,139-40
stock exchange in,188
sugar refining in,129
Long-Term Capital Management,401
Loomis,Mahlon,256
looms,150,336-37
Louisiana,112,133,176
Louisiana Purchase,197
Louis XIV,King of France,50,51,79,114
Lud,Ned,152
Luddites,152,153
Lula da Silva,Luis Inácio,415
Luxembourg,296
Maastricht Treaty(1992),297
MacArthur,Douglas,337-38
McCormick,Cyrus,209
McKinley,William,220
Madeira,62,126,127
Madison,James,435
Madoff,Bernard,413
Madrid,61,94,233
Magellan,Ferdinand,8,30,31
mail-order retailing,222
Malabar Coast,28,34
Malacca,29,34
malaria,230,231,316,391
Malay Archipelago,27,34,44
Malaysia,237,247,261,285,354,355
malls,306,324
malnutrition,83,392
Malthus,Thomas Robert,67-68,208-9,428
management,managers,262,263,320,321,323,336
in China,374
in Japan,340,341
scientific,258
separation of ownership from,249,252
managerial capitalism,251
Manchester,133,145,151
Manchuria,210,424
Japan in,281,371
Russia in,245-46
Manila,30,31,54
manufacturing,5,59,214,223,256,334,351,352,393
in China,352,382
English,97,106
food costs and,70,71
French,85,114-15
Great Depression and,275,276,278
Japanese,338,340
U.S.,210,323,334
Maoris,241
Mao Zedong,371-72,375,396-97,398
Marconi,Guglielmo,256
Marianas,29,235
market share,250,253
marriage,135,302
age at,59,69,139
Marshall,George C.,293
Marshall,James,189
Marshall,John,176
Marshall Plan,293-95,306,329
Marx,Karl,16-18,79,213,225,267,425
Marxism,77-78,213,214,225,290
Mary Ⅱ,Queen of England,111,117
Maryland,162,175
Massachusetts,348
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,310,313
mass production,262,284
of automobiles,257-58,298,337,340
of houses,301
labor unions and,302
Master Plan for Higher Education,310
matching funds,205
Matsushita,342
Maxim,Hiram,237
Maxwell,James Clerk,256
Maya,145
Mayawati,Kumari,388-89
Maybach,Wilhelm,257
meat,60,64
Meat Inspection Act(1906),217
meat-packing plants,217
medical experiments,Nazi,315-16
Mediterranean Sea,31,38,126,236,366
Meiji Restoration,242-47,375
Mendelssohn family,173
mercantilism,96-97,101,107,116
balance of trade theory and,96,103,104,106
Mercedes-Benz,298
Mercer,John,156
merchants,29,33,55,59,60,70,88,107,229,417
Arab,126
Chinese,9
Dutch,41,44,45,46,53,64,73,99
English,41,46,47,95,101,106,110,115,117,140,153
in English colonies,130
French,46,114
Indian,395,397
Italian,126
Japanese,244
Portuguese,8,13,127
prejudices against,31-32
privateers and pirates vs.,37,38
Spanish,13,97
trust and,117
U.S.,180
mergers,250,262,263
Mesta,36
Mexican-American War,189,197,243
Mexico,28,30,151,165,230,325,334,352,360,391,414
cactus leaves in,238
Great Depression and,276
microlending in,427
oil of,326
Mickey Mouse,358
microprocessors,261
microscopes,207,208
Microsoft,343-44,346,348,349,350
Middle Ages,11,21,56
middle class,44,70,88,171,244
U.S.,88,178-79,216,217,221,222,258,323,334,359
Middle East,21,49,238,268,269,413
irrigation in,72
oil in,262,326
Midway Island,239,245
Mikado,The(Gilbert and Sullivan),246
military-industrial complex,314-15
military research,311-14
Mill,John Stuart,112
Ming dynasty,8,9,49,115
mining,mines,28,62,76,100,101,140,154,230,335
labor for,10,30,133-34
pumping water from,145,146
Río Tinto,238-39
missionaries,230-33,240
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa(Livingstone),231
Mississippi,133,151,175,176
Mississippi Bubble,112
Mississippi Company,112
Mitsubishi,342
Mitsubishi family,335-36
Mitsui family,335-36
modernization,328-29,335,350,351
in China,371,375
in India,389-94
molasses,130,133
mole plow,153
monarchy,95,117,263,417
English,15
French,50,51,114-15,129,156
Monet,Jean,296,297
monetary theory,330,332,351
money,3,17,18,31,32,70-71,92,107-14,408,417
biblical view of,98
capital vs.,6-7
Carnegie on,204
consumer culture and,223-24
definition of,110
Dutch devotion to,43
empire building and,228-30
English views on,90,91,96,97
Great Depression and,274-75,278
paper,111,112,270
postwar prosperity and,324-25
saving of,66,274,278
in U.S.,176,189-90
usury and,98-99
see also currency
Mongols,27
monopolies,63,129,356
Dutch,44,45
English granting of,40,41,51
oil,204-5,248
Montgomery Ward,222
Moody’s,407
Moore,Gordon,343,347
Moore,Michael,410
Moore,Rev. John,81-82,89
moral hazard,416
morality,7,17,25,58,89,95,133,434
community farming and,81
usury and,98,99
Morgan,Henry,37-38
Morgan,J. P.,203,220,251
Morgan Stanley,408
Morocco,126,235
Morse,Samuel,184
mortgages,301,333,382
subprime,400,401,403-10,412,414,433,435
Motorola,348,393,395
movies,256,271,307,309,358,360
in India,395
Mozambique,35,237,286
Mozilla Firefox,346
MS-DOS,343,344
mulattoes,134,135
Mumbai(formerly Bombay),39,389,395
Mun,Thomas,96-97,102
Munif,Abdelrahman,262
music,333,346,368
Mussolini,Benito,272-73,280,281
Nader,Ralph,328,404
Naoroji,Dadabhai,386-87
Napoleon I,Emperor of France,93,153,163,168-69,188,236,241,255
Napoleonic Wars,168-69,236,241,255
NASDAQ stock market,348
National Assembly,French,156
National Cash Register,323
National Institutes of Health,U.S.,361
nationalism,168-73,268,297
in Egypt,236,268
German,168-73,185,199
in India,268,387
in Italy,272
U.S.,168,196,199
Nationalist Party,Chinese,354,371,396
National Labor Relations Act(1935),301
National Park Service,U.S.,279
National Recovery Act(NRA)(1933),253,278-79,318
Native Americans,21,61,133,134,135
as labor,10,30,31,125,127
in U.S.,177,196,239
vulnerability to disease of,29,125,234
natural liberty,91,157
Natural Resources Defense Action Fund,432
nature,328
Aristotle on,142,143
Bacon on,97,142
loss of subservience to,79
Newton on,144
Navigation Laws,English,138
Nazis,208,280-81,283-85,295,298
IBM Cards and,318
science and,312-13
NEC,349
Nehru,Jawaharlal,315,396
Nehru,Pandit,390
Netherlands,the Dutch,7-10,37-46,49,52-54,168,172,254,269,296,325
agriculture in,42,53,68,71-75,84,138-39,170
art in,44,181
banks in,42,99-100,112,173
currency of,195
devotion to home in,44
as economic model,42-46,99-101
economic plateau in,52-54
as financiers,13,42,53
Great Depression in,277
independence of,35,39,41-42,45,52,73
industrialization in,53,146
as intellectual center,46,93
in New World,9,10,39,43,44,50,63,128,129
oil industry of,262
population growth in,80,84
privateers and pirates of,37,38-39,128
science in,142,144
slavery abolished by,136
slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,128,129,131
trade of,28,31,34,35,38-39,41-44,52,53,64,74,138
wars of,44-45,52,123
wealth of,39-40,52