World War Ⅱ and,280,285
worldwide dominance and influence of,240,242,245,268
Netscape,346
networks,computer,345-46
New Basis of Civilization(Patten),226
Newcomen,Thomas,122,141,145-46
New Deal,136,278-79,290,321-22
New Jersey,250,252,327
New Netherlands,128
newspapers,174,177,280
Newton,Isaac,90,97,101,109,122,142-45,157,158
New World,9-10,27-31,54,121-33,417
discovery of,12,54
Dutch in,9,10,39,43,44,50,63,128,129
European wars and,123,124
foods of,27,28-29,54,60-64
immigration to,62
plantations of,10,31,48,50,63,64,420
New York,N.Y.,38,162,188,189,194,263,292,390,402
immigration to,210,211
railroads in,202
World Trade Towers in,364
New York(state),130,310
New York Central Railroad,186,201
New York Herald,232
New York Stock Exchange,271
New York Times,206,322
New Zealand,353
immigration to,209,210,299
Niagara Falls,256
Nicaragua,202,325
Nile River,232,315
Nissan,272,337,339-40,393,410
nitrates,238
nitrogen,for soil,73,74
Nixon,Richard,325,327,372
Nobel family,261-62
Nokia,395
North,American,160-61,174-75,196,323
North Africa,27,29,285
guest workers from,299-300
North America,7,21,29,31,54,125,420
immigration to,86,209,210,424
population growth in,79
rights in,117
North Korea,338,352
North Sea,43,52,100
Norway,211,280
Noyce,Robert,343
nuclear power,432-33
Obama,Barack,410,433
Oberth,Hermann,311,312
O’Connor,Sandra Day,323-24
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,U.S.,401
Ohio,178,204,248,401,409
oil,24,26,238,261-62,273,326-28,425
of China,381
crisis of 1973 and,326-28
Japan’s need for,282
price of,325,326,327,331,340,422,432
shortages of,368
sugar compared with,121
in U.S.,168,201,204-5,211,217-18,248-51,326
Oil Trust,248
Olds,Ransom,257,261
Oldsmobile,257,259
Olympics,365,383-84
opium trade,229
optics,255
optimism,273,401
organizational charts,249,319
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,296
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC),326-27,422
Orinoco tobacco,48
Ormuz,30,34
Other America,The(Harrington),328
Otto,Nikolaus,298
Ottoman Empire,34-37,39,49-50,172,236
World War Ⅰ and,265-69
outsourcing,95,140,334,390
Owen Falls,315
Pacific Ocean,239,242-43,366-67
World War Ⅰ and,271-72
World War Ⅱ and,282-85,316
Page,Larry,347
Paine,Thomas,19,145,157,159-60,188,229
paintings,11,44,50,181
Pakistan,285,389,392,395
Panama,Isthmus of,37
Pan American,308
panics,see depressions,economic;Great Depression
Paperclip program,313
Paris,139’ 173,188,268,293
Parliament,Belgian,233
Parliament,English,92,101,110,111,112,117,118,137,154,187,192
industrialization and,153
Naoroji in,386-87
see also House of Commons,English;House of Lords,English
Parliament,Indian,389
Parliament,Japanese,338,339
partnerships,187,191,193,215,402
Patel,Raj,425,430,431
patent licenses,341-42
Patent Office,U.S.,179
patents,61
in England,40,47,50,51,147,165
in U.S.,179,256,257,312,348
Patten,Simon Nelson,226
Patterson,John Henry,323
Pearl Harbor,Japan’s attack on,282,313
peasants,84,86,122,209,212,238
Chinese,62,371,375-76,377
French,51-52,84,85,129,156,170
penicillin,316
Pennsylvania,159,162,182,204,428
Pennsylvania,University of,313
Pennsylvania Railroad,203,249
pensions,321,382
People’s Liberation Army,371
peripherals,343,349,354
Perry,Matthew,243
Peru,28,30,34,208,230,429
Pfizer Company,316
pharmaceuticals,pharmaceutical companies,295,298,313,314,316,361,362,369
pharmacists,324
Philadelphia,Pa.,188
philanthropy,203,205,311
Philip Ⅱ,King of Spain,35
Philippines,27,30,31,37,62,245,381,391,424
Spanish-American War and,239,247
in World War Ⅱ,282,285
Phoenicians,38,238
phonographs,256,271
physics,142-45,314,419
physiocracy,114-15
Piech,Ferdinand,299
Pinckney,Eliza Lucas,151
pirates,29,37-39,128
Pizarro,Francisco,30
Planning Commission,Indian,390
plantations,10,48,50,136,420
sugar,10,31,63,64,122-23,127,129,130,230
plastics,309
Platt Brothers,336
Plivier,Theodor,269
plug-in compatibles,345
Pocahontas,48
Point Four program,293,329
Poland,62,84,172,290,384,385
emigrants from,210,211
Nazi invasion of,280
policy makers,277
politics,4,7,12,59,123
civil war and,see civil war
election campaigns and,408,409
in England,15,39,40-41,55,109,156
in France,52
in Japan,244,337-39
in Spain,35,36
TV and,308
after World War Ⅰ,272-73,280
Polo,Marco,28
Pomeranz,Kenneth,14
Ponce de León,Juan,31
Ponzi,Charles,413
Ponzi schemes,413
Pope,Alexander,122
population growth,139,165,197,315,418
agriculture and,5-6,65-70,72,79,84,255
Malthus on,67-68,208-9,255,428
of slaves,135
see also specific countries
Porsche,Ferdinand,298,299
Porsche,Ferry,299
Porsche 356,299
Portsmouth,51
Portugal,50,54,97,124-27,146,165,168,229,237,240,242,420
aristocracy of,13,29-30,47
in Brazil,30,31,49,127,135
colonial wars of,286
Dutch competition with,44-45
evangelical spirit of,28
explorations of,8,9,13,30,36,100
in food exchange,61-62
guest workers from,299-300
military superiority of,34
postwar,295
refugees from,46
slave customs of,135
slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,124,126,127,129,135
Spain united with,31,35
Spanish rivalry with,30-31
trade of,27-31,34-36,38,39,40,44,47,52,138
World War Ⅱ and,285
railroads(continued)
in U.S.,177,182,183,185,186,188,193,196,198,199,201-4,222,321
Raleigh,Sir Walter,39
rates,100,114,194,418
rational economic actor,75
rats,61,66
RCA(Radio Corporation of America),307,319,341-42
Reagan,Ronald,332,403
reaper,209,238
recession,248,331,332,333,358,377,380,421
in 1970s,402-3
of 2008-2009,400-417
Red Army,Chinese,381
Red Army,Soviet,304
Red Cross,316
Red Guards,371,379
Red Sea,30,38,49,236
refrigeration,197
refugees,postwar,292
Rehnquist,William,324
Reliance Industries,395
religious tolerance,45,46,143,418
Renaissance,11,159
Renault,Louis,298
rent,51,70,71,430
in England,76,77-78,90
rentiers,53
reparations,269,270
reproduction,67,68,378
Republican Party,U.S.,196,333,405,411
Reuther,Walter,321
Rhine Valley,235
Rhode Island,130
Rhodes,Cecil,237
Ricardo,David,112
rice,10,62,132,175,391,392-93,431
Rickover,Hyman,327
Río Tinto,238-39
risk taking,248,405-9
River Rouge plant,258,259
robber barons,217
Roberts,Richard,156
Rockefeller,John D.,201-5,217,248,261,262
Rockefeller Foundation,205,391-92
rockets,311-12
Roger and Me(movie),410
Rolfe,John,48
Roman Empire,28,36,59,124
agriculture in,70,76
Romania,270,290,423
Roosevelt,Franklin Delano,253,278-79,280,290,291,410
Roosevelt,Theodore,217-18,246
Rostow,W. W.,328-29
Rothschild family,173,261,262
Royal African Company,129
Royal Air Force,British,280,281
Royal Navy,British,113
Royal Shell Company,262
Royal Society,British,143
rubber,234,237-38,261,282
Ruhr Valley,169,173,253
rum,130,133
Russia,363,366,369,424
Russia,imperial,146,149,165,168,172,180
emigrants from,210,211,424
Japan’s relations with,245-47
oil in,261
railroads in,183,245
serfs in,84
wars of,123,265-68
Russian Revolution(1905),247
Russian Revolution(1917),267
Saarinen,Eero,308
Sacco,Nicola,220
Samoa,235
samurai,243,244,245
San Diego State University,19
Santo Domingo,29,37,63,128
Sanyo,342
São Paulo,G20 meeting in(2008),414
São Tomé,62-63,126,127
Sarnoff,David,342
Satsuma,242
Savery,Thomas,141,145
savings,66,188,274,275,278,303,353,403
in China,380,382,394,401
savings and loan institutions(S&;Ls),333,401,404
Saxony,170
Scandinavia,195,325
scarcity,56,74,90,103,226,361,418
in traditional society,5-6,57,58,71
see also famines
Schechter brothers,278
Schott,Otto,208
Schumacher,E.F.,327
Schuman,Robert,296,297
Schumpeter,Joseph,183,263,311,422,435-36
science,scientists,21,122,207,208,241-42,255,379,418
genenomics and,362
German,contribution to U. S. technology of,311-17
higher education and,309-11
King Leopold and,233,234
paperclip,313
revolution in,141-45
World War Ⅱ and,284-85,312
see also biology;chemistry;physics scientific management,258
Scotland,Scots,52,64,91,158,203
search engines,347,383
Sears,Roebuck,222
Second World,350
Securities and Exchange Commission,403,406,413
segregation,137,216,219,299-300,321,324,388
self-determination,268,286
self-interest,5,16,22,77,94,102,327
in England,106,115
Friedman on,332,333
Great Depression and,277
self-made man,202-4
Sellers,Colonel Beriah(char.),190
semiconductors,343,349,350,354
Sen,Amartya,425,428-30
serfs,60,71,170,171
servants,59,103,116,211,320
indentured,50,128,131
Seventh Fleet,U.S.,353
Seville,37,125,127-28
sewing machine,211
sexual behavior,regulation of,263
sexual freedom,260,361
Shakespeare,William,20,46,107
Shanghai,377
sheep,shepherds,36,81,152
Sherman Antitrust Act(1890),218,263,319
Shinto,243
shipbuilding,42-43,140,180,284
ships,8,34,35,38
Dutch,42-43,52,73,100
slave,129
steamships,147,172,209,211,243
U.S.,180,284
Shockley,William,343,348
Shockley Semiconductor,348
Sichuan Province,383
Sicily,59-60,126,129
Siemens,184,201,375
Siemens,Ernst Werner von,184,201,202,206-7
Sierra Leone,132
Silent Spring(Carson),328
silicon chips,343
Silicon Valley,330,334,348,412
silk,3,30,35,38,244,417
Silliman,Benjamin,204
silver,34,35,45,48,71,131,189,190,230,415
China’s use of,54
of England,102-3
English currency crisis and,107-11
price of,195
of Spain,27,28,30,35,38,42,44,46,100
value of,107-10
Sinclair,Upton,217
Singapore,164,282,285,334-35,350,352-55,375,389
Singh,Manmohan,389-90,393,394
Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895),245
skyscrapers,257,421
slaves,slavery,10,50,63,121-37,236
abolition of,37,124,130,135,136-37,162,175,236,427-28
in England’s continental colonies,130-33
in historical perspective,10. 60. 124
slaves,slavery(continued)
industrialization and,160-61
rationalizations for,133-37
revolts of,129,130,137
in U.S.,136,160,168,175-76
in World War Ⅱ,312
slave trade,43,121-22,169,175-76,231-32,233,420
Portuguese in,8,10,30,66,121,124,126,127,129,135
profits from,130
size of,124,210
Slim Hélu,Carlos,427
Sloan,Alfred P.,Jr.,250,251,259,317,321
Small Is Beautiful(Schumacher),327
Smith,Adam,15-20,23,91,106,118,138,144,154,157-58,174,435
on economic development,212,295
on invisible hand,91,205
Smith,Roger,410
smuggling,128
social capabilities,428-29
social classes,16-17,88
in Germany,171,186,193-94,198,199,213-14
see also aristocracy;middle class;upper class;working class
Social Democrats,German,213,214
social force of labor,320-25,359
socialism,214,288-89,303,321
Socialist Party,Japanese,339
Social Security Administration,316,411
Soddy,Frederick,407
software,343,344
Somalia,425
Sony,330,342
Soto,Hernando de,61
South,American,175,196,323,388
segregation in,137
slavery in,131-33,136,162,168
textile industry and,160-61
South Africa,164,195,231,236-37
Gandhi in,396 South America,7,21,29,37,54,125,420
immigration to,86,209,424
South Asian Free Trade Alliance,399
South Carolina,131,132,151
South Korea,334-35,350,352-56,375,389,393,423
Soviet Union,267,283-87,303
atomic bomb of,304,313
buffer zone of,290
Cold War and,303-5,311,321,358
collapse of,363,375,384
command economy of,267,290,384,431
postwar,287,290,291,293,294
space program in,309
in World War Ⅱ,280,281,283-86,312
soybeans,351,367
space program,309-13
Spain,35-42,49,50,54,97,168,229,240,368,420,424,433
agriculture in,36,61,84,85
aristocracy of,13,30,35-36,46,47,97
in Asia,239,242,245
Belgium’s independence from,42,53
debt of,42,100
economic stagnation in,35-36
emigrants from,210
explorations of,8,13,30,36
famine threat and,59-60
Fascism in,293
fear of heresy in,35
in food exchange,61-62
Great Depression and,276
guest workers from,299-300
imports of,72
industrialization in,35-36,165
islands sold by,235
labor used by,30,31
Netherland’s independence from,35,39,41-42,45,52,73
in New World,9,10,27,28,30,31,37,39,100,121,125-29,135
population growth in,80
Portugal united with,31,35
Portuguese rivalry with,30-31
postwar,293,295
Río Tinto mines in,238-39
slave customs of,135
slavery abolished by,136
slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,126,130
trade of,30,31,35-39,44,47
wars of,35,36-37,123,128,153
Spanish-American War,239,247
Spanish Main,37,128
specialization,25,175,179,194
agricultural,209
functional,252