饭饭TXT > 海外名作 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比【完结】 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比.txt

第十三章 危机与批评论.7

作者:美-乔伊斯·阿普尔比 当前章节:14480 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 08:24

World War Ⅱ and,280,285

worldwide dominance and influence of,240,242,245,268

Netscape,346

networks,computer,345-46

New Basis of Civilization(Patten),226

Newcomen,Thomas,122,141,145-46

New Deal,136,278-79,290,321-22

New Jersey,250,252,327

New Netherlands,128

newspapers,174,177,280

Newton,Isaac,90,97,101,109,122,142-45,157,158

New World,9-10,27-31,54,121-33,417

discovery of,12,54

Dutch in,9,10,39,43,44,50,63,128,129

European wars and,123,124

foods of,27,28-29,54,60-64

immigration to,62

plantations of,10,31,48,50,63,64,420

New York,N.Y.,38,162,188,189,194,263,292,390,402

immigration to,210,211

railroads in,202

World Trade Towers in,364

New York(state),130,310

New York Central Railroad,186,201

New York Herald,232

New York Stock Exchange,271

New York Times,206,322

New Zealand,353

immigration to,209,210,299

Niagara Falls,256

Nicaragua,202,325

Nile River,232,315

Nissan,272,337,339-40,393,410

nitrates,238

nitrogen,for soil,73,74

Nixon,Richard,325,327,372

Nobel family,261-62

Nokia,395

North,American,160-61,174-75,196,323

North Africa,27,29,285

guest workers from,299-300

North America,7,21,29,31,54,125,420

immigration to,86,209,210,424

population growth in,79

rights in,117

North Korea,338,352

North Sea,43,52,100

Norway,211,280

Noyce,Robert,343

nuclear power,432-33

Obama,Barack,410,433

Oberth,Hermann,311,312

O’Connor,Sandra Day,323-24

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,U.S.,401

Ohio,178,204,248,401,409

oil,24,26,238,261-62,273,326-28,425

of China,381

crisis of 1973 and,326-28

Japan’s need for,282

price of,325,326,327,331,340,422,432

shortages of,368

sugar compared with,121

in U.S.,168,201,204-5,211,217-18,248-51,326

Oil Trust,248

Olds,Ransom,257,261

Oldsmobile,257,259

Olympics,365,383-84

opium trade,229

optics,255

optimism,273,401

organizational charts,249,319

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,296

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC),326-27,422

Orinoco tobacco,48

Ormuz,30,34

Other America,The(Harrington),328

Otto,Nikolaus,298

Ottoman Empire,34-37,39,49-50,172,236

World War Ⅰ and,265-69

outsourcing,95,140,334,390

Owen Falls,315

Pacific Ocean,239,242-43,366-67

World War Ⅰ and,271-72

World War Ⅱ and,282-85,316

Page,Larry,347

Paine,Thomas,19,145,157,159-60,188,229

paintings,11,44,50,181

Pakistan,285,389,392,395

Panama,Isthmus of,37

Pan American,308

panics,see depressions,economic;Great Depression

Paperclip program,313

Paris,139’ 173,188,268,293

Parliament,Belgian,233

Parliament,English,92,101,110,111,112,117,118,137,154,187,192

industrialization and,153

Naoroji in,386-87

see also House of Commons,English;House of Lords,English

Parliament,Indian,389

Parliament,Japanese,338,339

partnerships,187,191,193,215,402

Patel,Raj,425,430,431

patent licenses,341-42

Patent Office,U.S.,179

patents,61

in England,40,47,50,51,147,165

in U.S.,179,256,257,312,348

Patten,Simon Nelson,226

Patterson,John Henry,323

Pearl Harbor,Japan’s attack on,282,313

peasants,84,86,122,209,212,238

Chinese,62,371,375-76,377

French,51-52,84,85,129,156,170

penicillin,316

Pennsylvania,159,162,182,204,428

Pennsylvania,University of,313

Pennsylvania Railroad,203,249

pensions,321,382

People’s Liberation Army,371

peripherals,343,349,354

Perry,Matthew,243

Peru,28,30,34,208,230,429

Pfizer Company,316

pharmaceuticals,pharmaceutical companies,295,298,313,314,316,361,362,369

pharmacists,324

Philadelphia,Pa.,188

philanthropy,203,205,311

Philip Ⅱ,King of Spain,35

Philippines,27,30,31,37,62,245,381,391,424

Spanish-American War and,239,247

in World War Ⅱ,282,285

Phoenicians,38,238

phonographs,256,271

physics,142-45,314,419

physiocracy,114-15

Piech,Ferdinand,299

Pinckney,Eliza Lucas,151

pirates,29,37-39,128

Pizarro,Francisco,30

Planning Commission,Indian,390

plantations,10,48,50,136,420

sugar,10,31,63,64,122-23,127,129,130,230

plastics,309

Platt Brothers,336

Plivier,Theodor,269

plug-in compatibles,345

Pocahontas,48

Point Four program,293,329

Poland,62,84,172,290,384,385

emigrants from,210,211

Nazi invasion of,280

policy makers,277

politics,4,7,12,59,123

civil war and,see civil war

election campaigns and,408,409

in England,15,39,40-41,55,109,156

in France,52

in Japan,244,337-39

in Spain,35,36

TV and,308

after World War Ⅰ,272-73,280

Polo,Marco,28

Pomeranz,Kenneth,14

Ponce de León,Juan,31

Ponzi,Charles,413

Ponzi schemes,413

Pope,Alexander,122

population growth,139,165,197,315,418

agriculture and,5-6,65-70,72,79,84,255

Malthus on,67-68,208-9,255,428

of slaves,135

see also specific countries

Porsche,Ferdinand,298,299

Porsche,Ferry,299

Porsche 356,299

Portsmouth,51

Portugal,50,54,97,124-27,146,165,168,229,237,240,242,420

aristocracy of,13,29-30,47

in Brazil,30,31,49,127,135

colonial wars of,286

Dutch competition with,44-45

evangelical spirit of,28

explorations of,8,9,13,30,36,100

in food exchange,61-62

guest workers from,299-300

military superiority of,34

postwar,295

refugees from,46

slave customs of,135

slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,124,126,127,129,135

Spain united with,31,35

Spanish rivalry with,30-31

trade of,27-31,34-36,38,39,40,44,47,52,138

World War Ⅱ and,285

railroads(continued)

in U.S.,177,182,183,185,186,188,193,196,198,199,201-4,222,321

Raleigh,Sir Walter,39

rates,100,114,194,418

rational economic actor,75

rats,61,66

RCA(Radio Corporation of America),307,319,341-42

Reagan,Ronald,332,403

reaper,209,238

recession,248,331,332,333,358,377,380,421

in 1970s,402-3

of 2008-2009,400-417

Red Army,Chinese,381

Red Army,Soviet,304

Red Cross,316

Red Guards,371,379

Red Sea,30,38,49,236

refrigeration,197

refugees,postwar,292

Rehnquist,William,324

Reliance Industries,395

religious tolerance,45,46,143,418

Renaissance,11,159

Renault,Louis,298

rent,51,70,71,430

in England,76,77-78,90

rentiers,53

reparations,269,270

reproduction,67,68,378

Republican Party,U.S.,196,333,405,411

Reuther,Walter,321

Rhine Valley,235

Rhode Island,130

Rhodes,Cecil,237

Ricardo,David,112

rice,10,62,132,175,391,392-93,431

Rickover,Hyman,327

Río Tinto,238-39

risk taking,248,405-9

River Rouge plant,258,259

robber barons,217

Roberts,Richard,156

Rockefeller,John D.,201-5,217,248,261,262

Rockefeller Foundation,205,391-92

rockets,311-12

Roger and Me(movie),410

Rolfe,John,48

Roman Empire,28,36,59,124

agriculture in,70,76

Romania,270,290,423

Roosevelt,Franklin Delano,253,278-79,280,290,291,410

Roosevelt,Theodore,217-18,246

Rostow,W. W.,328-29

Rothschild family,173,261,262

Royal African Company,129

Royal Air Force,British,280,281

Royal Navy,British,113

Royal Shell Company,262

Royal Society,British,143

rubber,234,237-38,261,282

Ruhr Valley,169,173,253

rum,130,133

Russia,363,366,369,424

Russia,imperial,146,149,165,168,172,180

emigrants from,210,211,424

Japan’s relations with,245-47

oil in,261

railroads in,183,245

serfs in,84

wars of,123,265-68

Russian Revolution(1905),247

Russian Revolution(1917),267

Saarinen,Eero,308

Sacco,Nicola,220

Samoa,235

samurai,243,244,245

San Diego State University,19

Santo Domingo,29,37,63,128

Sanyo,342

São Paulo,G20 meeting in(2008),414

São Tomé,62-63,126,127

Sarnoff,David,342

Satsuma,242

Savery,Thomas,141,145

savings,66,188,274,275,278,303,353,403

in China,380,382,394,401

savings and loan institutions(S&Ls),333,401,404

Saxony,170

Scandinavia,195,325

scarcity,56,74,90,103,226,361,418

in traditional society,5-6,57,58,71

see also famines

Schechter brothers,278

Schott,Otto,208

Schumacher,E.F.,327

Schuman,Robert,296,297

Schumpeter,Joseph,183,263,311,422,435-36

science,scientists,21,122,207,208,241-42,255,379,418

genenomics and,362

German,contribution to U. S. technology of,311-17

higher education and,309-11

King Leopold and,233,234

paperclip,313

revolution in,141-45

World War Ⅱ and,284-85,312

see also biology;chemistry;physics scientific management,258

Scotland,Scots,52,64,91,158,203

search engines,347,383

Sears,Roebuck,222

Second World,350

Securities and Exchange Commission,403,406,413

segregation,137,216,219,299-300,321,324,388

self-determination,268,286

self-interest,5,16,22,77,94,102,327

in England,106,115

Friedman on,332,333

Great Depression and,277

self-made man,202-4

Sellers,Colonel Beriah(char.),190

semiconductors,343,349,350,354

Sen,Amartya,425,428-30

serfs,60,71,170,171

servants,59,103,116,211,320

indentured,50,128,131

Seventh Fleet,U.S.,353

Seville,37,125,127-28

sewing machine,211

sexual behavior,regulation of,263

sexual freedom,260,361

Shakespeare,William,20,46,107

Shanghai,377

sheep,shepherds,36,81,152

Sherman Antitrust Act(1890),218,263,319

Shinto,243

shipbuilding,42-43,140,180,284

ships,8,34,35,38

Dutch,42-43,52,73,100

slave,129

steamships,147,172,209,211,243

U.S.,180,284

Shockley,William,343,348

Shockley Semiconductor,348

Sichuan Province,383

Sicily,59-60,126,129

Siemens,184,201,375

Siemens,Ernst Werner von,184,201,202,206-7

Sierra Leone,132

Silent Spring(Carson),328

silicon chips,343

Silicon Valley,330,334,348,412

silk,3,30,35,38,244,417

Silliman,Benjamin,204

silver,34,35,45,48,71,131,189,190,230,415

China’s use of,54

of England,102-3

English currency crisis and,107-11

price of,195

of Spain,27,28,30,35,38,42,44,46,100

value of,107-10

Sinclair,Upton,217

Singapore,164,282,285,334-35,350,352-55,375,389

Singh,Manmohan,389-90,393,394

Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895),245

skyscrapers,257,421

slaves,slavery,10,50,63,121-37,236

abolition of,37,124,130,135,136-37,162,175,236,427-28

in England’s continental colonies,130-33

in historical perspective,10. 60. 124

slaves,slavery(continued)

industrialization and,160-61

rationalizations for,133-37

revolts of,129,130,137

in U.S.,136,160,168,175-76

in World War Ⅱ,312

slave trade,43,121-22,169,175-76,231-32,233,420

Portuguese in,8,10,30,66,121,124,126,127,129,135

profits from,130

size of,124,210

Slim Hélu,Carlos,427

Sloan,Alfred P.,Jr.,250,251,259,317,321

Small Is Beautiful(Schumacher),327

Smith,Adam,15-20,23,91,106,118,138,144,154,157-58,174,435

on economic development,212,295

on invisible hand,91,205

Smith,Roger,410

smuggling,128

social capabilities,428-29

social classes,16-17,88

in Germany,171,186,193-94,198,199,213-14

see also aristocracy;middle class;upper class;working class

Social Democrats,German,213,214

social force of labor,320-25,359

socialism,214,288-89,303,321

Socialist Party,Japanese,339

Social Security Administration,316,411

Soddy,Frederick,407

software,343,344

Somalia,425

Sony,330,342

Soto,Hernando de,61

South,American,175,196,323,388

segregation in,137

slavery in,131-33,136,162,168

textile industry and,160-61

South Africa,164,195,231,236-37

Gandhi in,396 South America,7,21,29,37,54,125,420

immigration to,86,209,424

South Asian Free Trade Alliance,399

South Carolina,131,132,151

South Korea,334-35,350,352-56,375,389,393,423

Soviet Union,267,283-87,303

atomic bomb of,304,313

buffer zone of,290

Cold War and,303-5,311,321,358

collapse of,363,375,384

command economy of,267,290,384,431

postwar,287,290,291,293,294

space program in,309

in World War Ⅱ,280,281,283-86,312

soybeans,351,367

space program,309-13

Spain,35-42,49,50,54,97,168,229,240,368,420,424,433

agriculture in,36,61,84,85

aristocracy of,13,30,35-36,46,47,97

in Asia,239,242,245

Belgium’s independence from,42,53

debt of,42,100

economic stagnation in,35-36

emigrants from,210

explorations of,8,13,30,36

famine threat and,59-60

Fascism in,293

fear of heresy in,35

in food exchange,61-62

Great Depression and,276

guest workers from,299-300

imports of,72

industrialization in,35-36,165

islands sold by,235

labor used by,30,31

Netherland’s independence from,35,39,41-42,45,52,73

in New World,9,10,27,28,30,31,37,39,100,121,125-29,135

population growth in,80

Portugal united with,31,35

Portuguese rivalry with,30-31

postwar,293,295

Río Tinto mines in,238-39

slave customs of,135

slavery abolished by,136

slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,126,130

trade of,30,31,35-39,44,47

wars of,35,36-37,123,128,153

Spanish-American War,239,247

Spanish Main,37,128

specialization,25,175,179,194

agricultural,209

functional,252

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