Spencer,Herbert,68
spice trade,8,27,28,34-35,38,63,415,417
Dutch in,44,45
spinning jenny,150,152-53
spinning mule,150-51
Sputnik,309,310,311
Squibb,316
Sri Lanka,285,395
Staffordshire,148-50,152
Stages of Economic Growth,The(Rostow),329
stagflation,330,331-32,422
Stalin,Joseph,290,371
Standard &;Poor’s,407
standard of living,3,14,23,182,209,431
British,163,170
in Japan,243-44
U.S.,223
Standard Oil,201,204-5,217-18,248-49,251,262
dissolution of,263
Stanley,Henry Morton,232-34,240
State Department,U.S.,312,327,372
States-General,Dutch,44
statistics gathering,187,318
Statute of Monopolies(1624),47
steam power,4,33,123,144-48,150,152,165,167,335,418-19
switch to electricity from,256
textile making and,150-51
steamships,147,172,209,211,243
steel,254,282,296,298,334,354
in China,334,371
in Germany,167,206,253,254
in Japan,335,339
in U.S.,167,201,203,211,250,253,321,359
Stephenson,George,147
Stinnes,270
stock,191-93,248,250,324
price of,271,274
stock exchanges,112,188-89,348,413
crash of,274,275,401
Strength through Joy automobile,298
strikes,212,214,215,218,220,221,225,321,341
submarines,283,327
subsidies,362,367-70
Suez Canal,236,281,326
sugar,3,10,62-64,113,121-30,132,133,136,137,138,140,351,367,420
in Brazil,31,63,121,127,130
in Caribbean,63,64,121,125,127,130,161,230
in food preservation,60,63,130
price of,64
sulfanilamides(sulfas),316
Sullivan,Arthur,246
Sumatra,262
Sumitomo family,335-36
Summers,Lawrence,399
sunflowers,60-61
Sun Yat-sen,247
Supreme Court,U.S.,218,253,256,263,341,401,409
labor issues and,302
National Recovery Act and,278-79
surplus value of labor,16
survival of the fittest,68
Sweden,10,211,234,277
indicative path and,289-90
trade of,8,31,140
Swift,Gustavus Franklin,197
Switzerland,165,299-300,309
syndicalists,212,214
Taft-Hartley Act(1947),322-23
Tahiti,235,245
Taiwan,246,334-35,350,352-55,389,393,423
tanks,284,285,372
Tarbell,Ida,205,216-17
Target,359
tariffs,123,209,228,270,295,367,368,370
English,111,116
German,171,254
U.S.,203,254,276
Tata Motors,393
taxes,70,129,133,192,352,381
in England,40,41,90,111,113,115
in France,51,85,112-15
income,263,300,322
in Japan,244,245
in Netherlands,112
in Spain,35,36
U.S.,174,176,190,263,279,300,325
Taylor,Frederick Winslow,258
Taylorism,258
tea,3,133,140,420
team system,Japanese,338
technology,12,54-55,122,193,243,297-98,307-17,329,330,362,434
Chinese,8,9,379
in Germany and U.S.,182-85,311-17
intellectual impact of,155-56
in Japan,336,337
social impact of,307-9
World War Ⅱ and,284-85,308,313,314
see also innovation;specific kinds of technology
Telefunken,342
telegraphy,183-85,195,227,247-48,256
telephones,185,255,256
cellular,348,395,427
television,307-8,345,360,365,408
color,341-42 Telnet,345-46
tenants,57,58-59,63,65,66,75-78
discrimination and,324
in England,71,76-78,81,82,110
in France,72
terrorism,6,364
Tervuren Museum,235
Tesla,Nikola,256
tetracycline,316
Texas Instruments,354
textiles,textile industry,122,235,335,336
England’s importing of,87,103-6
industrialization of,150-53,165,175,182,198
in Japan,244,336
in United States,160-61
Thatcher,Margaret,332,403
Third World,325,329,350-51,367,423
Thirty Years’War,65,84,267
threshing machines,153
Thyssen,August,201,206
Thyssen &;Company,206,270
Tibet,381
Time,344
Times(London),233
tires,260-61
tobacco,3,10,37,49,113,132,138,140,175,420
firms and,250,251
price of,48,131
in Virginia,48,50,131
Tocqueville,Alexis de,180-81
Tokugawa regime,242
tolls,French,51
Toshiba,342,349
Township and Village Enterprise,376
Toynbee,Arnold,11
Toyoda,Kiichiro,337
Toyoda,Sakichi,336-37
Toyoda Automatic Loom Works,336-37
Toyota(car),337,410
Toyota Motor Company,337,339-41,393
trade,3,8,9,12-13,27-55,68,72,319,351
barriers to,368
changes in center of,366
downturn in,95-96,111,123,325
European domination of,34-39
free,see free trade
Great Depression and,274,276
institutions for,305-7
limits of,31-34
society and,46-49
Soviet withdrawal from,267
unintended and unexpected consequences of,49-55
see also specific countries,ethnic groups,and products
trade associations,248
traditional society,26,87-88,119,329,361,431
description of agricultural practices in,60
scarcity in,5-6,57,58
transformer,256
transistors(transfer resistors),330,342,347,348,420
transportation,355
regulation of,333
see also automobiles;railroads;ships
Treasury,U.S.,325,378,382,410
treaties,38,189,196,268,297,370
lend-lease,305
World War Ⅰ and,269,280
Treaty of Rome(1957),296
Tripoli,38
trolley cars,222
Truman,Harry,293,303,321
Truman Doctrine,303
trust,117,118
trusts,205,248,250,263
Tsiolkovsky,Konstantin,311,312
Tunisia,28,210,235
Tupi,127
Turgot,baron de,115
Turkey,38,151,269,374
guest workers from,299-300,325
Truman Doctrine and,303
see also Ottoman Empire
Twain,Mark,190,234-35
underdeveloped countries,173,325,350-51
unemployment,301,325,326,328,331
Friedman on,332
in Great Depression,273,275,278,279,283
unemployment benefits,277,301
unintended consequences,law of,158,405
United Auto Workers(UAW),321,411
United Kingdom,see England;Great Britain
United Nations,293,304-5,338,430,431
United States,174-83,192-206,209-27,234,248-63,281-87,290-354,356-64,375,377-82,387,390-95,398,399
African Americans in,see African Americans
agriculture in,164,177-78,196,209,215,238,258,291,367
army of,239,281,300,301,313,321
atomic bomb and,285,304
automobiles in,222,250,257-61,337,340,341,359,410-11,414
banks in,176,189-90,194,251-52,275,276,390,401-6,408,409,413,414
China compared with,377,378,382
Civil War in,see Civil War,U.S.
Cold War and,286,303-5,311,321,338,372
computers in,313-14,317-20,342-50
consumers in,221-27,258,306-7,366,394,401
corporations in,192-93,211,215-18,223,248-54,257-59,262,263,323,402
debt of,174,178,366
education in,300,309-11,313,322
elections in,193,196,214
empire building of,239,240,245
exploitation by,351
foreign investment in,195-96,412
Four Little Tigers and,353,354
Germany compared with,167-68,172,181,198,213,255,276
Great Depression in,275-79,290-91
immigration to,174,210-12,215,217,218,221,282,299,302,320,323,325
industrialization in,164,165,190,199,212,215,255-59,276,282,288,418
informative path in,290-91
Japan compared with,335,336,339,340-41,356
Japan’s relations with,243,245,337-38
labor struggle in,214-21,225,320-25,359-60,411-12
leviathans of industry in,200-206
in Mexican-American War,189,197,243
middle class in,88,178-79,216,217,221,222,258,323
missionaries from,234
national character of,168
natural resources of,168,182,189,197,202,204-5
navy of,282,313
New Deal in,136,278-79,290,321-22
open door policy of,247
as paradigmatic capitalist country,197
population growth in,197,210-11,378
postwar economy of,300-303
United States(continued)
private initiative in,174-82
recession of 2008-2009 in,400-415
Russia compared with,385
single mothers in,361
slavery in,136,160,168,175-76
social impact of technology in,307-9
in Spanish-American War,239,247
technology in,182-85
textile industry in,160-61
trade gap of,349
trade of,242-43,319
transportation in,172,174,176,177,179,181,182,183,185,186,196,198,199,201,202,222,250,257-61
Vietnam War and,286,311,322,325,328
Walmart in,357-60,411
waning hegemony of,367
westward movement in,177-78,196,211,239
world leadership of,293,434-35
World Trade Organization and,367-70
World War Ⅰ and,266-69,271
World War Ⅱ and,279,281-85,290,304,305,337
United States Agency for International Development,391-92
United States-Japan Mutual Security Treaty,340
Unsafe at Any Speed(Nader),328
upper class,70,116,195,221
English,92-93,116,117-18,154 German,198
see also aristocracy
urban growth,68,72,197,210
Great Depression and,273
in London,86,91-92,104,139-40
Uruguay,214
U.S. Steel,201,203
usury,98-101
Uttar Pradesh,388-89
Uzbekistan,392
vacuum,143,144
vacuum tube,330
Vaishyas,397
value,100,107-10
Vanderbilt,Cornelius,201,202,204,205,206,248
Vanderbilt family,250
Vanzetti,Bartolomeo,220
VCRs,345
Veblen,Thorstein,188
Venezuela,oil of,326
Vengeance Weapon No.2(V-2),312
Venice,Venetians,8,32,34,39,126
Venter,Craig,362
venture capitalists,venture capital,228-30,240,348,412,413,432
Versailles Peace Treaty,269,280,296
veterans,U.S.:
of War of 1812,177
of World War Ⅱ,300-303
Victoria,Queen of England,166,386
Vienna,49,194
Vietnam,354,360
Vietnam War,286,311,322,325,328
Village Phone Project,427
Virginia:
slaves in,131-32,175
tobacco in,48,50,131
Virginia Company,48,50
Vishnu,286
Volkswagen(VW;Beetle),298,299
Voltaire,144,188
wages,16,46,58,66,70,72,83,86,90,289
in China,374,377
English,122,139,140,154,165,215
increase in,97,105,106,139,140,223,225,302,322
iron law of,225
living,428
low,195,209,211,411
minimum,334
U.S.,165,182,195,203,211,215,225,258,275,302,322,323-24,334,358,359
Walmart and,358,359
Wagner Labor Act(1937),279,301,322
Wallace,Henry,391
Wallerstein,Immanuel,351
Wall Street,334,348,406,409
Wall Street(movie),422
Walmart,357-60,411
Walt Disney Company,358,359
Walton,Sam,357-59
war,23,37,362
see also specific countries and wars
War Department,U.S.,312,314
War of 1812,177
War of the Spanish Succession,126
Washington,George,177
water,72,74,392
Waterloo,169
waterpower,26,152,177,256,335
Watson,Thomas,Jr.,319
Watson,Thomas,Sr.,317,318,319,321,357
Watt,James,122,141,146-47,148,155
wealth,23-24,33,46,88,128,197-98,216,303,363,381,407,417,420-21,425,427
of Carnegie,203
in China,72,382
common vs. private,430
distribution of,35,214,291,352
Dutch,39-40,52
in England,89,91,102,118,156
of Gates,344,427
German,171
mercantilist view of,96,97,103,104
of nations,96,103,106
of Rockefeller,261
as safety net,6
from slave labor,175
socializing of,213
from sugar,130
of U.S.,276,291
World War Ⅰ and,265
Wealth of Nations,The(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)(Smith),15-20,91,118,138,154,157-58,435
Weber,Max,17-18,164,199
Wedgwood,Josiah,148-50,152,321
Weimar Republic,269
welfare,welfare state,213-14,278,297
Wen Jiabao,381
West,369,414,418
awakening conscience of,240-42
exporting of culture of,360
rise of,11-14,68
West Germany,294,296,354
guest workers in,299-300
West Indies,195,417
imports of,130
slaves in,136
sugar in,63,130,137
trade in,3,29,39,63
Westinghouse,342
Westinghouse,George,256
Westphalia,171,209-10
wheat,57,62,64,277,367,391
in India,391-92
Wheatstone,Charles,184
Whig Party,U.S.,185
Whirlpool,393
Whitney,Eli,132-33,151,175,179
Wickham,Henry Alexander,261
Wilhelm Ⅰ,Kaiser of Germany,213
Wilhelm Ⅱ,Kaiser of Germany,269
William Ⅲ,King of England,111,117
William Ⅲ,King of the Netherlands,262
Wilson,Charlie,414
Wilson,Woodrow,268,269
Windows,350
Windward Islands,128
Wolfe,Tom,334
women,23,135,209,219,269
air travel and,308
in Asian countries,338,355,396,397,426
birth control for,360-61,428-29
as consumers,223
credit and,307
education of,310
emigration of,210,211
employment of,215,223,300,307,320,323-24,333
Muslim,6,426
World War Ⅰ and,266,271
wool,woolen industry,35,36,64,95,106,139
industrialization in,152-53
price of,81
work day,length of,213,214,215,225
workers’compensation laws,225
work ethic,416
Working Assets Long Distance,429-30
working class,209,212,320,323,352,419
consumption and,225-27
English,105,139,140
in India,390
Works Progress Administration,278
World Bank,94,292,325,329,383,384,424,425,429,430
World Economic Conference,277
World Trade(IBM branch),319
World Trade Organization(WTO),292,367-70,398,430
World War Ⅰ,208,265-74,292,296,336,421
casualties in,266,271,281,285
global reactions to,268-73
labor groups and,221
lingering grievances from,280-83
oil in,326
submarines in,283
World War Ⅱ,279-86,288,289,290,304,313,337,367,421
casualties in,267,285,286
German scientists and,312,315-16
labor unions in,302
lend-lease treaties and,305
medicine in,315-16
production achievements in,283-85
relief and recovery after,289-96
submarines in,283
technology in,284-85,308,313,314
World Wide Web,346-47,349
Wozniac,Steven,343
Wright,Orville,259,308
Wright,Wilbur,259,308
xenophobia,242,245,300
Yahoo,347,383
Yemen,49,133,361
yeomen(freeholders),57,71,76,82