饭饭TXT > 海外名作 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比【完结】 > 《无情的革命:资本主义的历史》作者:[美]乔伊斯·阿普尔比.txt

第十三章 危机与批评论.8

作者:美-乔伊斯·阿普尔比 当前章节:14502 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 08:24

Spencer,Herbert,68

spice trade,8,27,28,34-35,38,63,415,417

Dutch in,44,45

spinning jenny,150,152-53

spinning mule,150-51

Sputnik,309,310,311

Squibb,316

Sri Lanka,285,395

Staffordshire,148-50,152

Stages of Economic Growth,The(Rostow),329

stagflation,330,331-32,422

Stalin,Joseph,290,371

Standard &Poor’s,407

standard of living,3,14,23,182,209,431

British,163,170

in Japan,243-44

U.S.,223

Standard Oil,201,204-5,217-18,248-49,251,262

dissolution of,263

Stanley,Henry Morton,232-34,240

State Department,U.S.,312,327,372

States-General,Dutch,44

statistics gathering,187,318

Statute of Monopolies(1624),47

steam power,4,33,123,144-48,150,152,165,167,335,418-19

switch to electricity from,256

textile making and,150-51

steamships,147,172,209,211,243

steel,254,282,296,298,334,354

in China,334,371

in Germany,167,206,253,254

in Japan,335,339

in U.S.,167,201,203,211,250,253,321,359

Stephenson,George,147

Stinnes,270

stock,191-93,248,250,324

price of,271,274

stock exchanges,112,188-89,348,413

crash of,274,275,401

Strength through Joy automobile,298

strikes,212,214,215,218,220,221,225,321,341

submarines,283,327

subsidies,362,367-70

Suez Canal,236,281,326

sugar,3,10,62-64,113,121-30,132,133,136,137,138,140,351,367,420

in Brazil,31,63,121,127,130

in Caribbean,63,64,121,125,127,130,161,230

in food preservation,60,63,130

price of,64

sulfanilamides(sulfas),316

Sullivan,Arthur,246

Sumatra,262

Sumitomo family,335-36

Summers,Lawrence,399

sunflowers,60-61

Sun Yat-sen,247

Supreme Court,U.S.,218,253,256,263,341,401,409

labor issues and,302

National Recovery Act and,278-79

surplus value of labor,16

survival of the fittest,68

Sweden,10,211,234,277

indicative path and,289-90

trade of,8,31,140

Swift,Gustavus Franklin,197

Switzerland,165,299-300,309

syndicalists,212,214

Taft-Hartley Act(1947),322-23

Tahiti,235,245

Taiwan,246,334-35,350,352-55,389,393,423

tanks,284,285,372

Tarbell,Ida,205,216-17

Target,359

tariffs,123,209,228,270,295,367,368,370

English,111,116

German,171,254

U.S.,203,254,276

Tata Motors,393

taxes,70,129,133,192,352,381

in England,40,41,90,111,113,115

in France,51,85,112-15

income,263,300,322

in Japan,244,245

in Netherlands,112

in Spain,35,36

U.S.,174,176,190,263,279,300,325

Taylor,Frederick Winslow,258

Taylorism,258

tea,3,133,140,420

team system,Japanese,338

technology,12,54-55,122,193,243,297-98,307-17,329,330,362,434

Chinese,8,9,379

in Germany and U.S.,182-85,311-17

intellectual impact of,155-56

in Japan,336,337

social impact of,307-9

World War Ⅱ and,284-85,308,313,314

see also innovation;specific kinds of technology

Telefunken,342

telegraphy,183-85,195,227,247-48,256

telephones,185,255,256

cellular,348,395,427

television,307-8,345,360,365,408

color,341-42 Telnet,345-46

tenants,57,58-59,63,65,66,75-78

discrimination and,324

in England,71,76-78,81,82,110

in France,72

terrorism,6,364

Tervuren Museum,235

Tesla,Nikola,256

tetracycline,316

Texas Instruments,354

textiles,textile industry,122,235,335,336

England’s importing of,87,103-6

industrialization of,150-53,165,175,182,198

in Japan,244,336

in United States,160-61

Thatcher,Margaret,332,403

Third World,325,329,350-51,367,423

Thirty Years’War,65,84,267

threshing machines,153

Thyssen,August,201,206

Thyssen &Company,206,270

Tibet,381

Time,344

Times(London),233

tires,260-61

tobacco,3,10,37,49,113,132,138,140,175,420

firms and,250,251

price of,48,131

in Virginia,48,50,131

Tocqueville,Alexis de,180-81

Tokugawa regime,242

tolls,French,51

Toshiba,342,349

Township and Village Enterprise,376

Toynbee,Arnold,11

Toyoda,Kiichiro,337

Toyoda,Sakichi,336-37

Toyoda Automatic Loom Works,336-37

Toyota(car),337,410

Toyota Motor Company,337,339-41,393

trade,3,8,9,12-13,27-55,68,72,319,351

barriers to,368

changes in center of,366

downturn in,95-96,111,123,325

European domination of,34-39

free,see free trade

Great Depression and,274,276

institutions for,305-7

limits of,31-34

society and,46-49

Soviet withdrawal from,267

unintended and unexpected consequences of,49-55

see also specific countries,ethnic groups,and products

trade associations,248

traditional society,26,87-88,119,329,361,431

description of agricultural practices in,60

scarcity in,5-6,57,58

transformer,256

transistors(transfer resistors),330,342,347,348,420

transportation,355

regulation of,333

see also automobiles;railroads;ships

Treasury,U.S.,325,378,382,410

treaties,38,189,196,268,297,370

lend-lease,305

World War Ⅰ and,269,280

Treaty of Rome(1957),296

Tripoli,38

trolley cars,222

Truman,Harry,293,303,321

Truman Doctrine,303

trust,117,118

trusts,205,248,250,263

Tsiolkovsky,Konstantin,311,312

Tunisia,28,210,235

Tupi,127

Turgot,baron de,115

Turkey,38,151,269,374

guest workers from,299-300,325

Truman Doctrine and,303

see also Ottoman Empire

Twain,Mark,190,234-35

underdeveloped countries,173,325,350-51

unemployment,301,325,326,328,331

Friedman on,332

in Great Depression,273,275,278,279,283

unemployment benefits,277,301

unintended consequences,law of,158,405

United Auto Workers(UAW),321,411

United Kingdom,see England;Great Britain

United Nations,293,304-5,338,430,431

United States,174-83,192-206,209-27,234,248-63,281-87,290-354,356-64,375,377-82,387,390-95,398,399

African Americans in,see African Americans

agriculture in,164,177-78,196,209,215,238,258,291,367

army of,239,281,300,301,313,321

atomic bomb and,285,304

automobiles in,222,250,257-61,337,340,341,359,410-11,414

banks in,176,189-90,194,251-52,275,276,390,401-6,408,409,413,414

China compared with,377,378,382

Civil War in,see Civil War,U.S.

Cold War and,286,303-5,311,321,338,372

computers in,313-14,317-20,342-50

consumers in,221-27,258,306-7,366,394,401

corporations in,192-93,211,215-18,223,248-54,257-59,262,263,323,402

debt of,174,178,366

education in,300,309-11,313,322

elections in,193,196,214

empire building of,239,240,245

exploitation by,351

foreign investment in,195-96,412

Four Little Tigers and,353,354

Germany compared with,167-68,172,181,198,213,255,276

Great Depression in,275-79,290-91

immigration to,174,210-12,215,217,218,221,282,299,302,320,323,325

industrialization in,164,165,190,199,212,215,255-59,276,282,288,418

informative path in,290-91

Japan compared with,335,336,339,340-41,356

Japan’s relations with,243,245,337-38

labor struggle in,214-21,225,320-25,359-60,411-12

leviathans of industry in,200-206

in Mexican-American War,189,197,243

middle class in,88,178-79,216,217,221,222,258,323

missionaries from,234

national character of,168

natural resources of,168,182,189,197,202,204-5

navy of,282,313

New Deal in,136,278-79,290,321-22

open door policy of,247

as paradigmatic capitalist country,197

population growth in,197,210-11,378

postwar economy of,300-303

United States(continued)

private initiative in,174-82

recession of 2008-2009 in,400-415

Russia compared with,385

single mothers in,361

slavery in,136,160,168,175-76

social impact of technology in,307-9

in Spanish-American War,239,247

technology in,182-85

textile industry in,160-61

trade gap of,349

trade of,242-43,319

transportation in,172,174,176,177,179,181,182,183,185,186,196,198,199,201,202,222,250,257-61

Vietnam War and,286,311,322,325,328

Walmart in,357-60,411

waning hegemony of,367

westward movement in,177-78,196,211,239

world leadership of,293,434-35

World Trade Organization and,367-70

World War Ⅰ and,266-69,271

World War Ⅱ and,279,281-85,290,304,305,337

United States Agency for International Development,391-92

United States-Japan Mutual Security Treaty,340

Unsafe at Any Speed(Nader),328

upper class,70,116,195,221

English,92-93,116,117-18,154 German,198

see also aristocracy

urban growth,68,72,197,210

Great Depression and,273

in London,86,91-92,104,139-40

Uruguay,214

U.S. Steel,201,203

usury,98-101

Uttar Pradesh,388-89

Uzbekistan,392

vacuum,143,144

vacuum tube,330

Vaishyas,397

value,100,107-10

Vanderbilt,Cornelius,201,202,204,205,206,248

Vanderbilt family,250

Vanzetti,Bartolomeo,220

VCRs,345

Veblen,Thorstein,188

Venezuela,oil of,326

Vengeance Weapon No.2(V-2),312

Venice,Venetians,8,32,34,39,126

Venter,Craig,362

venture capitalists,venture capital,228-30,240,348,412,413,432

Versailles Peace Treaty,269,280,296

veterans,U.S.:

of War of 1812,177

of World War Ⅱ,300-303

Victoria,Queen of England,166,386

Vienna,49,194

Vietnam,354,360

Vietnam War,286,311,322,325,328

Village Phone Project,427

Virginia:

slaves in,131-32,175

tobacco in,48,50,131

Virginia Company,48,50

Vishnu,286

Volkswagen(VW;Beetle),298,299

Voltaire,144,188

wages,16,46,58,66,70,72,83,86,90,289

in China,374,377

English,122,139,140,154,165,215

increase in,97,105,106,139,140,223,225,302,322

iron law of,225

living,428

low,195,209,211,411

minimum,334

U.S.,165,182,195,203,211,215,225,258,275,302,322,323-24,334,358,359

Walmart and,358,359

Wagner Labor Act(1937),279,301,322

Wallace,Henry,391

Wallerstein,Immanuel,351

Wall Street,334,348,406,409

Wall Street(movie),422

Walmart,357-60,411

Walt Disney Company,358,359

Walton,Sam,357-59

war,23,37,362

see also specific countries and wars

War Department,U.S.,312,314

War of 1812,177

War of the Spanish Succession,126

Washington,George,177

water,72,74,392

Waterloo,169

waterpower,26,152,177,256,335

Watson,Thomas,Jr.,319

Watson,Thomas,Sr.,317,318,319,321,357

Watt,James,122,141,146-47,148,155

wealth,23-24,33,46,88,128,197-98,216,303,363,381,407,417,420-21,425,427

of Carnegie,203

in China,72,382

common vs. private,430

distribution of,35,214,291,352

Dutch,39-40,52

in England,89,91,102,118,156

of Gates,344,427

German,171

mercantilist view of,96,97,103,104

of nations,96,103,106

of Rockefeller,261

as safety net,6

from slave labor,175

socializing of,213

from sugar,130

of U.S.,276,291

World War Ⅰ and,265

Wealth of Nations,The(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)(Smith),15-20,91,118,138,154,157-58,435

Weber,Max,17-18,164,199

Wedgwood,Josiah,148-50,152,321

Weimar Republic,269

welfare,welfare state,213-14,278,297

Wen Jiabao,381

West,369,414,418

awakening conscience of,240-42

exporting of culture of,360

rise of,11-14,68

West Germany,294,296,354

guest workers in,299-300

West Indies,195,417

imports of,130

slaves in,136

sugar in,63,130,137

trade in,3,29,39,63

Westinghouse,342

Westinghouse,George,256

Westphalia,171,209-10

wheat,57,62,64,277,367,391

in India,391-92

Wheatstone,Charles,184

Whig Party,U.S.,185

Whirlpool,393

Whitney,Eli,132-33,151,175,179

Wickham,Henry Alexander,261

Wilhelm Ⅰ,Kaiser of Germany,213

Wilhelm Ⅱ,Kaiser of Germany,269

William Ⅲ,King of England,111,117

William Ⅲ,King of the Netherlands,262

Wilson,Charlie,414

Wilson,Woodrow,268,269

Windows,350

Windward Islands,128

Wolfe,Tom,334

women,23,135,209,219,269

air travel and,308

in Asian countries,338,355,396,397,426

birth control for,360-61,428-29

as consumers,223

credit and,307

education of,310

emigration of,210,211

employment of,215,223,300,307,320,323-24,333

Muslim,6,426

World War Ⅰ and,266,271

wool,woolen industry,35,36,64,95,106,139

industrialization in,152-53

price of,81

work day,length of,213,214,215,225

workers’compensation laws,225

work ethic,416

Working Assets Long Distance,429-30

working class,209,212,320,323,352,419

consumption and,225-27

English,105,139,140

in India,390

Works Progress Administration,278

World Bank,94,292,325,329,383,384,424,425,429,430

World Economic Conference,277

World Trade(IBM branch),319

World Trade Organization(WTO),292,367-70,398,430

World War Ⅰ,208,265-74,292,296,336,421

casualties in,266,271,281,285

global reactions to,268-73

labor groups and,221

lingering grievances from,280-83

oil in,326

submarines in,283

World War Ⅱ,279-86,288,289,290,304,313,337,367,421

casualties in,267,285,286

German scientists and,312,315-16

labor unions in,302

lend-lease treaties and,305

medicine in,315-16

production achievements in,283-85

relief and recovery after,289-96

submarines in,283

technology in,284-85,308,313,314

World Wide Web,346-47,349

Wozniac,Steven,343

Wright,Orville,259,308

Wright,Wilbur,259,308

xenophobia,242,245,300

Yahoo,347,383

Yemen,49,133,361

yeomen(freeholders),57,71,76,82

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