[171] Ibid., page 61.
[172] Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.
[173] Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna, Op. cit., page 164.
[174] Ibid., pages 166—167.
[175] Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.
[176] Anthony Giddens, Introduction to: Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London and New York: Routledge, 1942 (reprint 1986), page vii.
[177] Ibid., page viii.
[178] Donald G. Macrae, Weber, London: The Woburn Press, 1974, pages 30—32. See Hartmut Lehmann and Guenther Roth, Weber's Protestant Ethic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, especially pages 73ff and 195ff.
[179] Ibid., page 58.
[180] J. E. T. Eldridge (editor), Max Weber: The Interpretation of Social Reality, London:Michael Joseph, 1970, page 9.
[181] Giddens, Op. cit., page ix.
[182] Ibid., page 35.
[183] Ibid., page xi.
[184] Ibid.
[185] Eldridge, Op. cit., pages 168—169.
[186] Giddens, Op. cit., page xii. Eldridge, Op. cit., page 166.
[187] Ibid., pages xii—xiii.
[188] Ibid., page xvii.
[189] Lehmann and Roth, Op. cit., pages 327ff. See Giddens, Op. cit., page xviii.
[190] Eldridge, Op. cit., page 281.
[191] Hawkins, Op. cit., page 307. Ernest Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History, London: Collins Harvill, 1988进一步深化了韦伯的分析，他认为标准的内化让新教社会变得更加可信，从而有助于经济活动（page 106）。“对《圣经》教条的强调有利于高水准的文化”，他说，这意味着高等文化最终会成为主流文化。而这会促进平等主义以及现代的无个性社会。这种社会既充满创新性，同时也包含了标准化措施和规范，进一步促进具有现代性的社会秩序的产生（page 107）。
[192] Redmond O'Hanlon, Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin, Edinburgh: Salamander Press,1984, page 17.
[193] D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, Joseph Conrad: Beyond Culture and Background, London:Macmillan, 1990, pages 15ff.
[194] O'Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 126—127. See Kingsley Widner, ‘Joseph Conrad,’ Dictionary of Literary Biography, Detroit: Bruccoli Clark, 1988, Volume 34, pages 43—82.
[195] O'Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 17ff.
[196] Ibid., pages 20—21.
[197] Widner, Op. cit., pages 43—82.
[198] Ibid.
[199] Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1902;Penguin, 1995.
[200] Goonetilleke, Op. cit., pages 88—91.
[201] Conrad, Op. cit., page 20.
[202] Ibid., page 112.
[203] Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 168; see R. W. Stalman, The Art of Joseph Conrad: A Critical Symposium, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1960.
[204] O'Hanlon, Op. cit., page 26.
[205] Richard Curie, Joseph Conrad: A Study, London: Kegan Paul, French, Triibner, 1914.
[206] Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 85.
[207] Ibid., page 63.
[208] Gary Adelman, Heart of Darkness: Search for the Unconscious, New York: Twayne,1987, page 59.
[209] Kurt Wilhelm, Richard Strauss: An Intimate Portrait, London: Thames & Hudson,1989, pages 99—100. 关于这一反应与其他反应，see Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 142—149。
[210] See Malcolm Bradbury and James Mcfarlane (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., pages 97—101.
[211] George R. Marek, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., pages 15 and 27.
[212] Ibid., page 150.
[213] Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss, London: J. M. Dent, 1976, page 144.
[214] Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 100.
[215] Ibid.
[216] Ibid., page 102.
[217] Ibid., page 103.
[218] Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 120; Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Op. cit.,page 152.
[219] Wilhelm, Op. cit., pages 120—121.
[220] Kennedy, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., page 161.
[221] Marek, Op. cit., page 183.
[222] Ibid., page 185.
[223] Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 45. See Bryan Gilliam (editor), Richard Strauss and His World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, pages 311ff., ‘Strauss and the Viennese Critics.’
[224] Marek, Op. cit., page 182.
[225] Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 149.
[226] Marek, Op. cit., page 186.
[226-0] 施特劳斯并不是20 世纪的作曲家中唯一一位从先锋派的前沿急流勇退的。斯特拉文斯基、欣德米特和肖斯塔科维奇后来都曾拒绝他们早期职业生涯中的某些形式上的创新，但施特劳斯是第一人。Kennedy (1976),Op. cit., page 150.19
[227] Kennedy (1976), Op.cit., page 150.
[228] Marek, Op. cit., page 316.
[229] Hans H. Stuckenschmidt, Schoenberg: His Life, World and Work, London: John Calder,1977, page 42.
[230] Harold C. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, London: Davis-Poynter, 1970,page 516.
[231] Ibid., page 517.
[232] Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 275.
[233] Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.
[234] Everdell, Op. cit., page 266.
[235] Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 88.
[236] Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520; see Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 141; and Schorske, Op.cit., page 351.
[237] Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.
[238] Ibid., page 518.
[239] Everdell, Op. cit., page 269; see Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., pages 88 and 123—124.
[240] Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 94; see Schonberg, Op. cit., page 400.
[241] Everdell, Op. cit., page 277.
[242] Ibid., page 279.
[243] Paul Griffiths, A Concise History of Modern Music, London: Thames & Hudson, 1978,revised 1994, page 26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 278.
[244] Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle, Op. cit., page 349.
[245] Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.
[246] Everdell, Op. cit., pages 277—278.
[247] Ibid., page 279.
[248] Ibid., pages 280—281.
[249] Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.
[250] Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520.
[251] Schorske, Op. cit., page 354.
[252] Griffiths, Op. cit., page 34.
[253] Joan Allen Smith, Schoenberg and his Circle, New York: Macmillan, 1986, page 68.
[254] Schonberg, Op. cit., page 521.
[255] Griffiths, Op. cit., page 43. Everdell, Op. cit., page 282.
[256] Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein's Vienna, Op. cit., page 107.
[257] Schorske, Op. cit., page 360.
[258] See for example: James R. Mellow, Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company,London: Phaidon, 1974, pages 8ff.
[259] John Russell, The World of Matisse, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1989, page 74.
[260] Jack Flam, Matisse on Art (revised edition), Berkeley: University of California Press,1995, page 35.
[261] Pierre Cabanne, Pablo Picasso: His Life and Times, New York: William Morrow, 1977,page 110.
[262] André Malraux, Picasso's Mask, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976, pages 10—11.
[263] Lael Westenbaker, The World of Picasso, 1881—1973, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1980,pages 125ff.
[264] Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 24.
[265] Dora Vallier, ‘Braque, la peinture et nous,’ Paris: Cahiers d'Art, No. 1, 1954, pages 13—14.
[266] Ibid., page 14.
[267] Hughes, Op. cit., pages 27 and 29.
[268] Arianna Stassinopoulos, Picasso: Creator and Destroyer, London: Weidenfeld &Nicolson, 1988, pages 96—97.
[269] ‘Testimony Against Gertrude Stein,’ Transition, February 1935, No. 23, pages 13—14.
[270] Everdell, Op. cit., page 311.
[271] Ibid., page 314.
[272] Ibid., page 313.
[273] Peg Weiss, Kandinsky in Munich, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979, pages 58—59.
[274] Ibid., pages 5—6.
[275] K. Lindsay and P. Vergo (editors), W. Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art (two vols),New York: G. K. Hall, 1982; reprinted in one volume, 1994, pages 371—372.
[276] Weiss, Op. cit., pages 28, 34 and 40.
[277] Lindsay and Vergo (editors), Op. cit., page 364, quoted in Everdell, Op. cit., page 307.
[278] Quoted in Hughes, Op. cit., page 301.
[279] Weiss, Op. cit., page 91.
[280] Algot Ruhe and Nancy Margaret Paul, Henri Bergson: An Account of His Life and Philosophy, London: Macmillan, 1914, page 2.
[281] Jacques Chevallier, Henri Bergson, London: Ridier, 1928, pages 39—41.
[282] Leszek Kolakowski, Bergson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, page 73.
[283] Chevallier, Op. cit., page 60.
[284] Philippe Soulez (completed by Frederic Worms), Bergson: Biographie, Paris: Flammarion,1997, pages 93—94.
[285] New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume II, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 324.
[286] Jacques Chevallier, Bergson, Paris: Plon, 1926.
[287] Soulez, Op. cit., pages 132—133.
[288] Kolakowski, Op. cit., pages 88—91.
[289] Soulez, Op. cit., pages 133—134.
[290] Ibid., pages 142—143.
[291] Ibid.
[292] Ibid., pages 251ff.
[293] New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 1048.
[294] Ibid., volume IX, pages 991—995.
[295] J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, London: Macmillan, 1890; revised 1900.
[296] René Bazin, Pius X, London: Sands & Co., 1928, pages 11ff.
[297] The Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, London: Caxton, 1911, page 415.
[298] Ibid., page 416. 关于对《牧尔主羊》的其他反应的描述，see A. N. Wilson, God's Funeral, London: John Murray, 1999, pages 349ff。
[299] Quoted in John King Fairbank, China: A New History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994, page 52.
[300] Fairbank, Op. cit., page 53.
[301] Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, The Cambridge History of China, Volume II, Late Ch'ing, 1800—1911, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, pages 361—362;Fairbank, Op. cit., page 218.
[302] Fairbank, Op. cit., page 224.
[303] O. Edmund Clubb, Twentieth-Century China, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1964, pages 25ff.
[304] Fairbank, Op. cit., page 232.
[305] Ibid., page 240.
[306] Ibid., page 243.
[307] Jerome B. Grieder, Intellectuals and the State in Modern China, New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1981, pages 35ff; Fairbank, Op. cit., page 243.
[308] Edward Bradby (editor), The University Outside Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pages 285ff.
[309] Ibid., passim.
[310] Professor Robert Johnston, personal communication.
[311] Bradby, Op. cit., pages 39ff. See Samuel Eliot Morison (editor), The Development of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1930, pages 11 and 158.
[312] Morison, Op. cit., page XC, and Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, English,German, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930, pages 85ff.
[313] Bradby, Op. cit., page 52. Flexner, Op. cit., page 67. 值得注意的是德国科学的领导力量集中在大学之中，而英国则集中在诸如英国皇家学会之类的私立研究院中，这也制约了英国大学的发展。
[314] Flexner, Op. cit., page 124. Bradby, Op. cit., page 57.
[315] Ibid., page 151. See E. R. Holme, The American University, Sydney: Angus & Robertson,1920, pages 143ff. Bradby, Op. cit., pages 59—60.
[316] Ray Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, London: Routledge, 1995, page 21.
[317] William James, Pragmatism, New York: Longman Green, 1907; reprinted New York:Dover, 1995, pages 4 and 5.
[318] William James, Varieties of Religious Experience, London: Longman Green, 1902.
[319] James, Pragmatism, Op. cit., page 20.
[320] Ibid., pages 33ff.
[321] Arthur Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936.
[322] Ellen Key, The Century of the Child, New York: Putnam, 1909.
[323] Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, Op. cit., page 362.
[324] John Dewey, The School and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900; and John Dewey, with E. Dewey, The School of Tomorrow, London: Dent, 1915.
[325] Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 366.
[326] Ibid., page 386.
[327] Morison, Op. cit., pages 534—535.
[328] Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Managemen, New York: Harper &Bros, 1913.
[329] Ibid., pages 60—61.
[330] Morison, Op. cit., pages 539—540.
[331] Hofstadter, Op. cit., Part IV, pages 233ff.
[332] Ibid., page 266.
[333] Ibid., page 267.
[334] Ada Louise Huxtable, The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style, New York: Pantheon, 1984.
[335] John Gloag, The Architectural Interpretation of History, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1975, page 1.
[336] Paul Goldberger, The Skyscraper, New York: Knopf，第9页讨论了熨斗大厦的重要性，第38页刊载了斯泰肯的摄影作品。
[337] See Ibid.，page 38，刊载了一张著名的熨斗大厦贺卡，名为“熨斗大厦的倒灌风”，上面画着一位女子，她的裙子被风吹起。
[338] Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 17ff.
[339] John Burchard and Albert Bush-Brown, The Architecture of America, London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 145.
[340] Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 22—23.
[341] Ibid., page 18. See Hugh Morrison, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture,Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1971 (reprint of 1935 edition).
[341-0] 升降式电梯在其中也发挥了作用。1889 年，电梯首次获得商业运营，奥蒂斯兄弟公司将一台由电动马达通过“涡轮减速”原理驱动滚筒而实现升降的电梯安装在纽约的德马雷斯特大楼里。最早的升降式电梯仅限于最高约十层楼的建筑，因为电梯滚筒无法承载更多的绳索。
[342] Wesley Towner, The Elegant Auctioneers, New York: Hill & Wang, 1970, page 176.
[343] Patrick Nuttgens, The Story of Architecture, Oxford: Phaidon, 1983.
[344] William J. Curtis, Modern Architecture since 1900, Oxford: Phaidon, 1982, page 39.
[345] Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 18—19. See Louis H. Sullivan, The Autobiography of an Idea,New York: Dover, 1956 (revised version of 1924 edition).
[346] Goldberger, Op. cit., page 34.
[347] 关于沙利文在欧洲的影响力，see Leonard K. Eaton, American Architecture Comes of Age: European Reaction to H. H. Richardson and Louis Sullivan, Cambridge,Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1972。
[348] Goldberger, Op. cit., page 83.
[349] Frank Lloyd Wright, An Autobiography, London: Quartet, 1977 (new edition) pages 50—52.
[350] 关于该设计的图片，see Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 87 and 89。
[351] Henry Combs with Martin Caidin, Kill Devil Hill, London: Seeker & Warburg, 1980, page 212.
[352] Ibid., page 213.
[353] Ibid., page 214.
[354] Ibid.
[355] Ibid., page 216.
[356] C. H. Gibbs-Smith, A History of Flying, London: Batsford, 1953, pages 42ff.
[357] Alphonse Berget, The Conquest of the Air, London: Heinemann, 1909, pages 82ff.
[358] Combs and Caidin, Op. cit., pages 50—51.
[359] Ibid., pages 36—38.
[360] Ibid., pages 137—138.
[361] Ibid., page 204.
[362] Ibid., pages 216—217.
[363] Gibbs-Smith, Op. cit., pages 242—245.
[364] H. H. Arnason, A History of Modern Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 1977, page 410.
[365] Robert Hughes, American Visions, London: The Harvill Press, 1997, page 323.
[366] Arnason, Op. cit., page 410.
[367] Martin Green, New York 1913, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988, page 137.
[368] Quoted in Hughes (1997), Op. cit., page 325.
[369] Ibid., page 327.
[370] Green, Op. cit., page 140.
[371] Hughes (1997), Op. cit., page 334.
[372] Ibid., page 331.
[373] Arnason, Op. cit., page 507.
[374] Arthur Knight, The Liveliest Art, New York: Macmillan, 1957, pages 16—17.
[375] Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 203.
[376] Ibid., page 204.
[377] Richard Schickel, D. W. Griffit, London: Michael Joseph, 1984, pages 20—23.
[378] Ibid., pages 129ff.
