[604] Ibid., page 11.
[605] Ibid., page 13.
[606] Ibid.
[607] Ibid., page 14.
[608] Ibid., page 41.
[608-0] 战争也催化了人类对飞行的理解，以及坦克的诞生。前者的原理已然为人所知，而后者虽然也无可否认地重要，但其对军事领域以外的影响并不大。
[609] Ibid., page 18.
[610] Maxwell Maltz, The Evolution of Plastic Surgery, New York: Froben Press, 1946, page 268.
[611] Kenneth Walker, The Story of Blood, London: Herbert Jenkins, 1958, page 144.
[612] Walker, Op. cit., pages 152—153.
[613] Harley Williams, Your Heart, London: Cassell, 1970, pages 74ff.
[614] Walker, Op. cit., page 144.
[615] Encyclopaedia Britannica, London: William Bennett, 1963, volume 3, page 808.
[616] Walker, Op. cit., pages 148—149.
[617] Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, New York: W. W. Norton, 1981. Revised and expanded, Penguin, 1997, page 179.
[618] Raymond E. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy, New York:W.W. Norton, 1985, page 60.
[619] Gould, Op. cit., page 179.
[620] Ibid., page 386.
[621] Ibid., page 188.
[622] Fancher, Op. cit., page 107.
[623] Gould, Op. cit., page 190.
[624] H. J. Eysenck and Leon Kamin, Intelligence: The Battle for the Mind, London:Macmillan, 1981, page 93.
[625] Gould, Op. cit., pages 286ff.
[626] Fancher, Op. cit., pages 136—137.
[627] Ibid., pages 144—145.
[628] Gould, Op. cit., page 222.
[629] Ibid., page 223.
[630] Ibid., page 224.
[631] Fancher, Op. cit., pages 124ff.
[632] Gould, Op. cit., page 227.
[633] Ibid., pages 254ff.
[634] Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 366—367.
[635] Ibid., page 375.
[636] John Rawlings Rees, The Shaping of Psychiatry by War, New York: W. W. Norton, 1945,page 113.
[637] Rees, Op. cit., page 28.
[638] Emanuel Miller (editor), The Neuroses in War, London: Macmillan, 1945, page 8.
[639] Peter Gay, Op. cit., page 376.
[640] Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 386—387.
[641] Ibid., pages 404—405.
[642] Fussell, Op. cit., page 355.
[643] Bernard Bergonzi, Heroes' Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War, London:Macmillan, 1978, page 32.
[644] Ibid., pages 42 and 44.
[645] Ibid., page 36.
[646] John Silkin, Out of Battle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972, page 65.
[647] Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 41.
[648] Ibid.
[649] Martin Seymour-Smith, Robert Graves: His Life and Work, London: Bloomsbury, 1995,pages 49—50.
[650] Bergonzi, Op. cit., pages 65—66; Desmond Graham, ‘Poetry of the First World War,’ in Dodsworth (editor), Op. cit., page 124.
[651] Martin Seymour-Smith, ‘Graves,’ in Ian Hamilton (editor), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth Century Poetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, page 194.
[652] Silkin, Op. cit., page 249.
[653] Ibid., page 250.
[654] Ibid., page 276.
[655] Kenneth Simcox, Wilfred Owen: Anthem for a Doomed Youth, London: The Woburn Press, 1987, pages 50ff.
[656] Simcox, Op. cit., page 129.
[657] Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 127 and Silkin, Op. cit., page 207.
[658] Silkin, Op. cit., page 232.
[659] Fussell, Op. cit., pages 7—18 and 79 (for the ‘versus habit’).
[660] Winter, Op. cit., pages 78ff.
[661] Ibid., page 132.
[662] Ibid., page 57.
[663] Ibid., pages 133ff.
[664] Ray Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, London: Jonathan Cape, 1990,page 112.
[665] Ibid., page 112.
[666] Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 167ff.
[667] Monk, Op. cit., page 12.
[668] Ibid., page 15.
[669] Ibid., pages 30—33.
[670] Brian McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life, Volume One, Young Ludwig, 1889—1921,London: Duckworth, 1988, page 84.
[671] Janik- and Toulmin, Wittgenstein's Vienna, Op. cit., page 176.
[672] Monk, Op. cit., page 48.
[673] McGuinness, Op. cit., pages 179—180.
[674] Monk, Op. cit., page 138.
[675] Ibid., page 145.
[676] McGuinness, Op. cit., page 263.
[677] Monk, Op. cit., pages 149—150.
[678] McGuinness, Op. cit., page 264.
[679] Georg Henrik von Wright, Wittgenstein, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982, page 77.
[680] Monk, Op. cit., pages 157 and 180ff.
[681] Magee, Op. cit., page 82; Monk, Op. cit., page 215.
[682] Ibid., page 222.
[683] See Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., 关于对维也纳社会和维特根斯坦的评价（pages 214—215）以及其他对《逻辑哲学论》的回应（pages 180—201）。
[684] Monk, Op. cit., page 155. 关于细节，see McGuinness, Op. cit., chapter 9, pages 296—316。P. M. S. Hacker, Wittgenstein, London: Phoenix, 1997, passim.
[685] McGuinness, Op. cit., page 300. Magee, Op. cit., pages 80 and 85.
[686] Van Wright, Op. cit., page 145.
[687] Based on Robert Short, ‘Dada and Surrealism,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., page 293.
[688] William S. Rubin, Dada and Surrealist Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 1969, page 63.
[689] Short, Op. cit., page 295.
[690] Rubin, Op. cit., page 36.
[691] Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 61.
[692] Short, Op. cit., page 295.
[693] Hughes, Op. cit., page 61.
[694] Rubin, Op. cit., pages 40—41.
[695] Hughes, Op. cit., page 61.
[696] Rubin, Op. cit., pages 52—56.
[697] Hughes, Op. cit., pages 64—66.
[698] Ibid., pages 67—68.
[699] Short, Op. cit., page 296.
[700] Ibid.
[701] Rubin, Op. cit., pages 42—46.
[702] Ibid.
[703] Hughes, Op. cit., pages 75—78.
[704] Short, Op. cit., page 299.
[705] Ibid., page 300.
[706] Ibid.
[707] Anna Balakian, André Breton: Magus of Surrealism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971, pages 61 and 86—101.
[708] Short, Op. cit., page 300.
[709] Beverly Whitney Kean, French Painters, Russian Collectors, London: Barrie & Jenkins,1985, page 144.
[710] Hughes, Op. cit., page 81.
[711] L. A. Magnus and K. Walter, Introduction to Three Plays of A. V. Lunacharski, London:George Routledge & Co., 1923, page v.
[712] 关于这方面的讨论，see Timothy Edward O'Connor, The Politics of Soviet Culture:Anatoli Lunacharskii, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1983, pages 68—69。
[713] Magnus and Walter, Op. cit., page vii.
[714] Hughes, Op. cit., page 87.
[715] Ibid.
[716] Ibid..
[717] Galina Demosfenova, Malevich: Artist and Theoretician, Paris: Flammarion, 1990, page 10.
[718] Ibid., page 14.
[719] Hughes, Op. cit., page 89.
[720] Demosfenova, Op. cit., page 14.
[721] Hughes, Op. cit., page 89.
[722] Demosfenova, Op. cit., pages 197—198.
[723] Hughes, Op. cit., page 92.
[724] Magdalena Dabrowski, Leah Dickerman and Peter Galassi, Aleksandr Rodchenko, New York: Harry. N. Abrams, 1998, pages 44—45.
[725] Hughes, Op. cit., page 93.
[726] Ibid., page 95.
[727] Dabrowksi et al, Op. cit., pages 63ff.
[728] Ibid., page 124.
[729] ‘The Future is our only Goal,’ in Peter Noever (editor), Aleksandr Rodchenko and Varvora F. Stepanova, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1991, page 158.
[730] ‘The Discipline of Construction, leader Rodchenko,’ in Noever, Op. cit., page 237.
[731] Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, translated by Charles Francis Atkinson,published in two volumes: volume one: Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Gestalt und Wirklichkeit, Munich: C. H. Beck'sche Verlags Buchhandlung, 1918; and volume two:Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Welt Historische Perspektiven, same publisher, 1922.
[732] See Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, Op. cit., page 228.
[733] Ibid., pages 231—232.
[734] Arthur Helps (editor and translator), Spengler Letters, London: George Allen & Unwin,1966, page 17. Herman, Op. cit., pages 233—234.
[735] Herman, Op. cit., page 234.
[736] Ibid., page 235.
[737] Spengler, Op. cit., volume one, page 21.
[738] Spengler, Op. cit., volume two, page 90. See Herman, Op. cit., page 240.
[739] Helps, Op. cit., page 31, letter to Hans Klores, 25 October 1914.
[740] Thomas Mann, Diaries, 1918—1939, entry for 2 July 1919, Frankfurt, 1979—1982, Peter de Mendelssohn (editor), pages 61—64.
[741] Herman, Op. cit., pages 244—245.
[742] Helps, Op. cit., page 133, letter to Elisabeth Forster-Nietzsche, 18 September, 1923.
[743] Herman, Op. cit., pages 246—247.
[744] Bruce Arnold, Orpen: Mirror to an Age, London: Jonathan Cape, 1981, page 365. ‘The Signing of the Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919,’ oil on canvas,60×50 inches, is in the Imperial War Museum, London.
[745] D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography, London and New York:Routledge, 1992, page 6. 女性直到1947年才开始获准从剑桥大学毕业。
[746] Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, volume one: Hopes Betrayed, London:Macmillan, 1983, page 131.
[747] Ibid., page 176.
[748] Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 282—283.
[749] Skidelsky, Op. cit., page 382.
[750] John Howard Morrow, The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909—1921,Washington D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993, page 354.
[751] Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914—1918,Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986, pages 839—841.
[752] Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 341ff.; Skidelsky, Op. cit., pages 397ff.; Etienne Mantoux,The Carthaginian Peace; or, The Economic Consequences of Mr Keynes, London: Oxford University Press, 1946.
[753] The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) is now available as volume II (1971) of The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (30 vols. 1971—1989), Managing Editors Sir Austin Robinson and Donald Moggridge, London: Macmillan, 1971—1989.
[754] John Fairbanks, China, Op. cit., pages 267—268. Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, revised edition, 1983, 该书第501页认为学生数量有五千人。
[755] Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 268; Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569—570.
[756] Chow Tse-tung, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China,Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960, pages 84ff. and Part Two,pages 269ff.
[757] Hsü, Op. cit., pages 422—423.
[758] Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 258.
[759] Ibid., pages 261—264.
[760] Ibid., page 265.
[761] Ibid.
[762] Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 171ff.
[763] Fairbank, Op. cit., page 266.
[764] Ibid.
[765] Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569—570.
[766] See Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 178—179 for a list.
[767] Fairbank, Op. cit., page 268.
[768] Ibid., pages 269ff.
[769] Paul Johnson, The Modern World, Op. cit., page 197. Fairbanks, Op. cit., pages 275—276.
[770] William Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 73.
[771] Ibid.
[772] Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein's Vienna, Op. cit., pages 239—240.
[773] M. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., page 128.
[774] Arpad Kadarkay, Georg Lukacs: Life, Thought and Politics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1991, page 177. Mary Gluck, Georg Lukacs and His Generation, Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985, page 14.
[775] Ibid., 关于齐美尔和高更的讨论，see pages 22 and 131，关于马奈的评论，see page 147。
[776] Ibid., page 154.
[777] Ibid., pages 154—155.
[778] Ibid., pages 156ff.
[779] Kadarkay, Op. cit., page 195.
[780] Gluck, Op. cit., page 204.
[781] Ibid., page 205.
[782] Kadarkay, Op. cit., pages 248—249.
[783] Gluck, Op. cit., page 211.
[784] A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington, London: Thomas Nelson &Sons, 1956, page 38.
[785] L. P. Jacks, Sir Arthur Eddington: Man of Science and Mystic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949. See pages 2 and 17.
[786] John Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996, Phoenix paperback, 1997, pages 92 and 571. See Douglas, Op. cit., pages 54ff.
[787] Douglas, Op. cit., page 39.
[788] Ibid.
[789] Ibid., page 40.
[790] Ibid.
[791] Ibid..
[792] Ibid., page 41; see Albrecht Folsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, New York: Viking,1997, page 440.
[793] Douglas, Op. cit., page 42.
[794] Ibid., page 43. See Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, Op. cit., pages 224—225; and Victor Lowe, Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and His Work, volume II, 1910—1947, edited by J. B. Schneewind, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990, 关于爱丁顿对怀特海和相对论的评论，see page 127。
[795] Ross Terrill, R. H. Tawney and His Times: Socialism as Fellowship, London: André Deutsch, 1974, page 53.
[796] Ibid., pages 53—56.
[797] Anthony Wright, R. H. Tawney, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987, pages 48—49.
[798] Ibid., pages 35ff.
[799] R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, London: John Murray, 1926;published in Pelican Books 1938 and as a Penguin 20th Century Classic, 1990. See in particular chaper 3, section iii, and chapter 4, section iii.
[800] Tawney, Op. cit., chapter 3, section iii, chapter 4, section iii.
[801] Wright, Op. cit., page 148.
[802] Peter Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984; Penguin edition, 1993, pages 61—64 and 113—114.
[803] Stephen Coote, T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land, London: Penguin, 1985, page 10.
[804] Ibid., pages 12 and 94.
[805] Ibid., page 14. See Robert Sencourt, T. S. Eliot: A Memoir, London: Garnstone Press,1971, page 85.
[806] Boris Ford (editor), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature: Volume 9: American Literature, Penguin 1967, revised 1995, page 327.
[807] Letter from Pound to Eliot, 24 December 1921, Paris. In Valerie Eliot (editor), The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Volume I, 1889—1921, London: Faber & Faber, 1988, page 497.
[808] See Coote, Op. cit., page 30 and in particular chapter 5，论及《荒原》初稿的编辑修改，pages 89ff。And Ackroyd, Op. cit., pages 113—126.
[809] Sencourt, Op. cit., page 89. Coote, Op. cit., page 9.
[810] Coote, Op. cit., page 26.
[811] Ibid., pages 125—126 and 132—135.
[812] Valerie Eliot, Op. cit., pages 551—552. See Coote, Op. cit., 关于“个性的逃避”的引用，see page 17。
[813] Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author, translated by Frederick May,London: Heinemann, 1954, reprinted 1975, page x.
[814] May, Op. cit., page viii. Mark Musa, Introduction to the Penguin edition of Six Characters in Search of an Author and Other Plays, London: Penguin, 1995, pages xi and xiv;see Benito Ortolani (editor and translator), Pirandello's Love Letters to Marta Abba,Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
[815] Gaspare Giudice, Pirandello, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 119.
[816] Frank Field, The Last Days of Mankind: Karl Kraus and His Vienna, London: Macmillan,1967, page 14.
[817] Field, Op. cit., page 18.
[818] Ibid., page 102.
[819] Ibid., page 103.
[820] W. Kraft, Karl Kraus, Beiträdge zum Verständnis seines Werkes, Salzburg, 1956, page 13;quoted in Field, Op. cit., pages 242 and 269.
[821] Coote, Op. cit., page 28.
