[1290] Ibid., page 333.
[1291] Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities, London: Martin Seeker & Warburg, 1938.
[1292] Ibid., pages 100ff.
[1293] Ibid., chapter IV, pages 223ff.
[1294] Ernest William Barnes, Scientific Theory and Religio, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933.
[1295] Ibid., lectures XIII (pages 434ff), XIV (pages 459ff) and XV (pages 504ff).
[1296] Ibid., lecture XX (pages 636ff).
[1297] William Ralph Inge, God and the Astronomers, London and New York: Longmans Green, 1933.
[1298] Ibid., pages 19ff.
[1299] Ibid., page 107.
[1300] Ibid., pages 140ff.
[1301] Ibid., pages 254—256.
[1302] Bertrand Russell, Religion and Science, London: Thornton Butterworth, 1935.
[1303] Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell, Op. cit., page 244.
[1304] Ibid., page 245.
[1305] Russell, Op. cit., chapters IV and VII.
[1306] Ibid., pages 236ff.
[1307] Ibid., page 237.
[1308] Ibid., page 243.
[1309] José Ortega y Gasset, ‘The Barbarism of “Specialisation” ,’ from The Revolt of the Masses, New York and London: W.W. Norton and George Allen & Unwin, 1932, quoted in John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses, London and Boston: Faber & Faber,1992, pages 17—18.
[1310] 关于他们之间的联系和早年的情况，see Royden J. Harrison, The Life and Times of Sidney and Beatrice Webb, 1858—1905: The Formative Years, London: Macmillan, 2000。
[1311] Lisanne Radice, Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists, London: Macmillan, 1984, page 56.
[1312] Ibid., page 264.
[1313] Ibid., page 292.
[1314] Ibid., pages 292 and 295.
[1315] Ibid., page 297.
[1316] Ibid., pages 297 and 298.
[1317] Ibid., page 303.
[1318] Ibid., pages 305 and 323.
[1319] Stephanie Barron (editor), Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany, Los Angeles: County Museum of Art, and New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991,pages 12—13.
[1320] Ibid., page 12.
[1321] Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology,London: Batsford, 1972.
[1322] Ibid., page 12.
[1323] Ibid., page 83.
[1324] Ibid., pages 86—93.
[1325] Ibid., pages 95—103.
[1326] Ibid., page 120.
[1327] Ronald Clark, The Huxleys, London: Heinemann, 1968, page 130.
[1328] Aldous Huxley: 1894—1963: A Memorial Volume, London: Chatto & Windus, 1965,page 30.
[1329] 关于他自己对该书的感受，see Sybille Bedford, Aldous Huxley: A Biography, Volume One: 1894—1939, London: Chatto & Windus/Collins, 1973, pages 245—247。
[1330] Keith May, Aldous Huxley, London: Paul Elek, 1972, page 100.
[1331] Ibid.
[1332] Aldous Huxley, Brave New World, London: Chatto & Windus, 1934; New York: Harper,1934. May, Op. cit., page 103.
[1333] Clark, The Huxleys, Op. cit., page 236.
[1334] 我很大程度上依赖于这本精彩的小书：Henry Grosshans, Hitler and the Artists, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1983, page 72。
[1335] Hildegard Brenner, ‘Art in the Political Power Struggle of 1933 and 1934,’ in Hajo Holborn (editor), Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution, New York:Pantheon, 1972, page 424. quoted in Grosshans, Op. cit., page 72.
[1336] Grosshans, Op. cit., page 72.
[1337] Barron, Degenerate Art, Op. cit., page 396.
[1338] Carl Carls, Ernst Barlach, New York: Praeger, 1969, page 172, quoted in Grosshans, Op.cit., page 72.
[1339] Ibid., page 73.
[1340] Ibid., page 72.
[1341] Ibid., page 73.
[1342] Ibid., page 74.
[1343] Ibid., page 75.
[1344] Ibid., page 77.
[1345] Victor H. Miesel (editor), Voices of German Expressionism, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970, pages 209ff.
[1346] Barron, Op. cit., page 319.
[1347] Grosshans, Op. cit., page 79.
[1348] Ibid., pages 79—80.
[1349] Ibid., page 81.
[1350] Berthold Hinz, Art in the Third Reich, New York: Pantheon, 1979, pages 43ff.
[1351] White and Gribbin, Einstein, Op. cit., pages 163—164.
[1352] Albrecht Folsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, New York: Viking, 1997, pages 659ff.
[1353] White and Gribbin, Einstein, Op. cit., page 206.
[1354] Folsing, Op. cit., pages 648ff.
[1355] White and Gribbin, Op. cit., page 200.
[1356] Folsing, Op. cit., page 649.
[1357] Headline quote: Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, March 1933, quoted in White and Gribbin, Op.cit., page 204; 美国阻止爱因斯坦的企图：Folsing, Op. cit., page 661。
[1358] Jarrell Jackman and Carlo M. Borden, The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930—1945, Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1963, page 170.
[1359] Ute Deichmann, Biologists under Hitler, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996, pages 40—47.
[1360] Ibid., pages 294ff.
[1361] Stephanie Barron (editor), Exiles and Emigres: The Flight of European Artists from Europe, Los Angeles: County Museum of Art, and Harry N. Abrams, 1997, page 212.
[1362] Peter Hahn, ‘Bauhaus and Exile: Bauhaus Architects and Designers between the Old World and the New,’ in Barron, Exiles and Emigres, Op. cit., page 212.
[1363] Ibid., page 213.
[1364] Ibid., page 216.
[1365] Ibid., page 218.
[1366] Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, Op. cit., page 29.
[1367] Ibid., page 30.
[1368] Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe: 1930—1941,Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971, pages 364—368.
[1369] Ibid., chapter VI, pages 139ff.
[1370] Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 502—504.
[1371] Ibid., page 507.
[1372] Ibid.
[1373] Ibid., pages 511 and 513—516.
[1374] See Paul Ferris, Dr Freud, London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1997, page 380 for a summary.
[1375] Clark, Op. cit., page 524.
[1376] Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982, pages 44ff.
[1377] Ibid., pages 49ff.
[1378] Elzbieta Ettinger, Hannah Arendt/Martin Heidegger, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995, pages 24—25.
[1379] Riidiger Safranski, Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil, Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press, 1998, page 255.
[1380] Ibid., pages 238ff.
[1381] Young-Bruehl, Op. cit., pages 102—106.
[1382] Ibid., pages 138—144.
[1383] 关于海德格尔在纳粹德国论大学的演讲，see Victor Farias, Heidegger and Nazism,Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989, pages 140ff。
[1384] Safranski, Op. cit., page 258, 此处称海德格尔对胡塞尔的一处致谢依然因“藏在脚注中”而得以保留。
[1385] Deichmann, Op. cit., page 187.
[1386] Ibid., page 184.
[1387] Ibid., pages 188—189.
[1388] Ibid., page 229.
[1389] Ibid. See Michael H. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1989, 关于犹太医生遭到清洗后对医生收入产生的影响，see page 31，关于年轻医生的暴行（他们也不是种族主义暴徒），see page 133; and Robert Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis, Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press, 1988。
[1390] Deichmann, Op. cit., pages 231ff.
[1391] Ibid., pages 251ff.
[1392] Ibid., page 257.
[1393] Ibid., page 258.
[1394] Grosshans, Op. cit., page 111.
[1395] Ibid., page 101.
[1396] Richard Grunberger, A Social History of the Third Reich, London: Weidenfeld &Nicolson, 1971, page 427, quoted in Grosshans, Op. cit., pages 99—100.
[1397] 关于希特勒的演讲以及他在展览上的照片，see Barron, Degenerate Art, Op. cit., pages 17ff；希特勒关于艺术应当“基于人民”的观点，see Grosshans, Op. cit., page 103。
[1398] Grosshans, Op. cit., page 103.
[1399] Ibid., page 105.
[1400] Barron, Degenerate Art, Op. cit., pages 20 and 25ff.
[1401] Grosshans, Op. cit., page 105.
[1402] Barron, Degenerate Art, pages 36—38; Grosshans, Op. cit., page 107.
[1403] Miesel, Op. cit., page 209, quoted in Grosshans, Op. cit., page 109.
[1404] Barron, Degenerate Art, Op. cit., page 19.
[1405] Grosshans, Op. cit., page 116.
[1406] Erik Levi, Music in the Third Reich, London: Macmillan, 1994, especially chapters 4 and 7. See Boris Schwarz, ‘The Music World in Migration,’ in Jackman and Borden (editors),Op. cit., pages 135—150.
[1407] Mary Bosanquet, The Life and Death of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, London: Hodder &Stoughton, 1968, pages 82ff.
[1408] Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Theologian, Christian, Contemporary, London:Collins, 1970, pages 379ff.
[1409] Bosanquet, Op. cit., page 82.
[1410] Ibid., pages 121—124; see Bethge, Op. cit., page 193.
[1411] Bosanquet, Op. cit., pages 187ff.
[1412] See his diary entry for 9 July 1939, quoted in Bosanquet, Op. cit., page 218; see Bethge,Op. cit., pages 557ff.
[1413] Bosanquet, Op. cit., page 235.
[1414] Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Letters and Papers from Prison (edited by Eberhard Bethge),London: SCM Press, 1967.
[1415] Bosanquet, Op. cit., pages 277—278; see Bethge, Op. cit., pages 827ff.
[1416] Vitaly Shentalinsky, The KGB's Literary Archive, London: The Harvill Press, 1995,paperback 1997. Originally published in French as La parole ressuscitée dans les archives littéraires du KGB, Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1993.
[1417] Ibid., pages 136—137.
[1418] Ibid., pages 287—289.
[1419] 关于革命对科学家产生的全面影响，see Loren R. Graham, Science in the Soviet Union,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pages 79ff。
[1420] Nikolai Krementsov, Stalinist Science, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997, pages 20—25. 此书是本节的主要资料来源。
[1421] Paul R. Josephson, Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991, pages 104ff.
[1422] Krementsov, Op. cit., pages 24—25.
[1423] Ibid., pages 29—30.
[1424] Josephson, Op. cit., pages 152ff.
[1425] Krementsov, Op. cit., page 35. 关于巴甫洛夫对心理学所持的怀疑态度，以及他对马克思主义的抵触，see Loren R. Graham, Science, Philosophy and Human Behaviour in the Soviet Union, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, page 161。该书是以下作品的升级版：Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1973。
[1426] Josephson, Op. cit., page 204.
[1427] Krementsov, Op. cit., page 40.
[1428] Ibid., page 43.
[1429] Ibid., page 47. 关于社会达尔文主义工程学及其与马克思主义的融合，see Graham,Op. cit., page 117。
[1430] 关于马克思主义哲学与理论物理学之间的“冲突”，see Josephson, Op. cit., pages 225ff。
[1431] Krementsov, Op. cit., page 56; Graham, Op. cit., page 241.
[1432] See Krementsov, Op. cit., page 57. 关于列宁主义对量子力学和相对论物理学产生的影响的讨论，see Graham, Op. cit., chapters 4, 6 and 10, 11。
[1433] Krementsov, Op. cit., page 59.
[1434] Graham, Op. cit., page 108.
[1435] Krementsov, Op. cit., page 60.
[1436] 关于苏俄物理学家发起的反对唯物主义者的论战，see Josephson, Op. cit., page 269,称他们在和证据玩“捉迷藏”。See Graham, Op. cit., page 121.
[1437] Krementsov, Op. cit., page 60.
[1438] Josephson, Op. cit., page 308.
[1439] Graham, Op. cit., page 315.
[1440] Krementsov, Op. cit., pages 66—67.
[1441] Ibid., page 73.
[1442] Ibid., page 82.
[1443] 关于瓦维洛夫命运的详细情况，see Graham, Science in the Soviet Union, Op. cit.,pages 129—130。
[1444] Gleb Struve, Russian Literature under Lenin and Stalin, 1917—1953, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971, pages 59ff.
[1445] A. Kemp-Welch, Stalin and the Literary Intelligentsia, 1928—1939, London: Macmillan,1991, page 233.
[1446] 关于高尔基在生前最后的日子里与斯大林之间关系的细节，see Dan Levy, Stormy Petrel: The Life and Work of Maxim Gorky, London: Frederick Muller, 1967, pages 313—318。
[1447] 尽管RAPP本身也非常不团结。See Struve, Op. cit., page 232; Kemp-Welch, Op. cit.,page 77.
[1448] Kemp-Welch, Op. cit., page 77.
[1449] Ibid., pages 169—170.
[1450] See Struve, Op. cit., chapter 20, pages 256ff.
[1451] Edward J. Brown, The Proletarian Episode in Russian Literature 1928—1932, New York: Columbia University Press, 1953, pages 69—70, 96, 120 and 132.
[1452] Struve, Op. cit., page 261; Kemp-Welch, Op. cit., page 175.
[1453] 关于苏共政治局对肖斯塔科维奇的评价，see Brown, Op. cit., page 182; KempWelch, Op. cit., page 178。
[1454] 曼德尔施塔姆与阿赫玛托娃之间的关系，see Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, London: Collins and Harvill Press, 1971, pages 217—221。
[1455] John and Carol Garrard, Inside the Soviet Writers' Union, London: I. B. Tauris, 1990,pages 58—59.
[1456] Shentalinsky, Op. cit., page 191.
[1457] Ibid., page 193.
[1458] Garrard and Garrard, Op. cit., page 38; 关于爱伦堡尝试为巴别尔所作的辩护，see Shentalinsky, Op. cit., pages 70—71。
[1459] Kemp-Welch, Op. cit., page 223.
[1460] Ibid., page 224.
[1461] I. Ehrenburg, Men, Years-Life, London, 1963, volume 4, The Eve of War, page 96,quoted in Kemp-Welch, Op. cit., page 198.
[1462] Lewis Jacobs, The Rise of the American Film, A Critical History, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1939, page 419.
[1463] Alfred Knight, The Liveliest Art, Op. cit., page 156.
[1464] Ibid., pages 164—165.
[1465] 关于这些影片的剧照，see Jacobs, Op. cit., pages 428 and 429。
[1466] Knight, Op. cit., page 257.
[1467] Ibid., pages 261—262. 关于这一时期部分著名导演的名单，see Jacobs, Op. cit。
[1468] Knight, Op. cit., page 222.
[1469] Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell, Film History, New York: McGraw Hill, 1994,page 353.
[1470] Knight, Op. cit., page 225.
[1471] Ibid., pages 226—227.
[1472] Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., page 354.
[1473] W. H. Auden, ‘Night Mail,’ July, 1935. See Edward Mendelsohn (editor), The English Auden, London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1977.
[1474] Knight, Op. cit., page 211.
[1475] Thomson and Bordwell, Op. cit., page 309.
[1476] Ibid., page 310.
[1477] Knight, Op. cit., page 212. 里芬斯塔尔后来称她只是曾经钟情于艺术，对纳粹的迫害一无所知。此说法遭到了电影历史学家的质疑。See Thompson and Bordwell, Op.cit., page 320.
[1478] John Lucas, The Modern Olympic Games, Cranbury, New Jersey: A. S. Barnes, 1980.
[1479] Allen Guttman, The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games, Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 1992, pages 67ff.
[1480] 里芬斯塔尔获准选用其他摄影师拍摄的画面，see Audrey Salkeld, A Portrait of Leni Riefenstahl, London: Jonathan Cape, 1996, page 173。
[1481] 里芬斯塔尔在回忆录中写道，希特勒并不是如广泛报道的那样，出于种族歧视原因而拒绝与欧文斯握手，而是因为“这是违反奥林匹克章程的”。See Leni Riefenstahl,The Sieve of Time: The Memoirs of Leni Riefenstahl, London: Quartet, 1992, page 193.
[1481-0] 在柏林奥运会之前，所有的赛事报道都只关注运动员的个人实力。然而报道这次盛会的记者发明了一套积分系统，从而可以比较不同国家之间的表现。这是前无古人的创举，从此成了奥运会所采用的积分系统的基础。根据这一系统，德国在1936 年奥运会上斩获了最多的分数，排名次席的是美国，意大利排名第三，日本的排名在英国之前。
[1482] Salkeld, Op. cit., page 186.
[1483] Knight, Op. cit., page 213.
[1484] Ibid., page 216.
[1485] Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., page 294.
[1486] Knight, Op. cit., page 217.
[1487] Ibid., page 218.
[1488] Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., page 298. Knight, Op. cit., page 218.
[1489] Knight, Op. cit., page 218.
[1490] 关于他与布莱希特和克劳斯之间的友谊，以及对柏林生活的描写：Momme Broderson, Walter Benjamin: A Biography, London: Verso, 1996, pages 184ff。
[1491] Bernd Witte, Walter Benjamin: An Intellectual Biography, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991, pages 159—160.
[1492] Ibid., page 161. 格尔肖姆·肖勒姆在谈到他和本雅明的友谊时，描述了他对这篇文章的反应，声称本雅明是“被迫”使用了“光晕”的概念。Gershom Scholem,Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship, London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1982,page 207.
