[1493] Stanislaus Von Moos, Le Corbusier: Elements of a Synthesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts,MIT Press, 1979, pages 210—213.
[1494] Ibid., page 191.
[1495] Ibid., pages 17, 49—50.
[1496] Robert Furneaux Jordan, Le Corbusier, London: J. M. Dent, 1972, page 36 and plate 5;see Von Moos, Op. cit., page 75.
[1497] Jordan, Op. cit., page 33.
[1498] Ibid., page 36 and plate 5.
[1499] Von Moos, Op. cit., page 154; see Jordan, Op. cit., pages 56—57.
[1500] Von Moos, Op. cit., pages 302—303.
[1501] 关于勒·柯布西耶对色彩的思考以及随时间变化而发生的转变，see Von Moos,Ibid., pages 296—297。勒·柯布西耶在下列作品中将此过程做了这样的描述：“人们必须尽可能利用现代科学”：Jordan, Op. cit., page 45。
[1502] Humphrey Carpenter, W. H. Auden: A Biography, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981,pages 12—13. 关于伯纳德·伯尔贡齐对“奥登式”的讨论，see Reading the Thirties,London: Macmillan, 1978, pages 40—41。
[1503] Grevel Lindop, ‘Poetry in the 1930s and 1940s,’ in Martin Dodsworth (editor), The Twentieth Century, volume 7 of The Penguin History of Literature, London, 1994, page 268.
[1504] Ian Hamilton (editor), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Op. cit., page 21.
[1505] ‘VII,’ July 1932, from ‘Poems 1931—1936,’ in Edward Mendelsohn (editor), Op. cit.,page 120.
[1506] ‘VII,’ August 1932, Ibid., page 120.
[1507] G. Rostrevor Hamilton, The Tell-Tale Article, quoted in Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 43.
[1508] Ibid., page 52.
[1509] Poem XXIX, in Mendelsohn (editor), Op. cit.
[1510] Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 51. 关于《西班牙》的撰写过程以及奥登对作品版税的使用，see Carpenter, Op. cit. Lindop, Op. cit., page 273。
[1511] Quoted in Frederick R. Benson, Writers in Arms: The Literary Impact of the Spanish Civil War, London: University of London Press; New York: New York University Press, 1968,page 33.
[1512] Carpenter, Op. cit., page 219. See Bernard Crick, George Orwell: A Life, London: Seeker& Warburg, 1980, chapter 10, ‘Spain and “necessary murder”,’ pages 207ff.
[1513] Benson, Op. cit., pages xxii and 88ff.
[1514] Ibid., pages xxii and 27.
[1515] André Malraux, L'Espoir, Paris: Gallimard, 1937.
[1516] Curtis Cate, André Malraux: A Biography, London: Hutchinson, 1995, pages 259ff.
[1517] Benson, Op. cit., pages 240 and 295. 有时海明威的作品在西班牙地下出售，see Jose Luis Castillo-Duche, Hemingway in Spain, London: New England Library, 1975, page 96。
[1518] John Berger, The Success and Failure of Picasso, Op. cit., page 164.
[1519] Arianna Stassinopoulos, Op. cit., page 231.
[1520] Berger, Op. cit., page 102.
[1521] Stassinopoulos, Op. cit., page 232.
[1522] Herbert Read, ‘Picasso's Guernica,’ London Bulletin, No. 6, October 1938, page 6.
[1523] Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 110.
[1524] Ibid., pages 110—111.
[1525] Stassinopoulos, Op. cit., page 256.
[1526] Herbert Rutledge Southworth, Guernica! Guernica!, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, pages 277—279表明西班牙人花了很长时间才宽恕毕加索。关于奥威尔对西班牙内战的反应，see Benson, Op. cit., page 64。
[1527] George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, London: Martin Seeker & Warburg, 1938.
[1528] J. E. Morpurgo, Allen Lane: King Penguin, London: Hutchinson, 1979, page 80.
[1529] Ibid., pages 81—84.
[1530] Ibid., pages 92—93.
[1531] W. A. Williams, Allen Lane, A Personal Portrait, London: The Bodley Head, 1973, page 45.
[1532] J. B. Priestley, English Journey, London: Heinemann, 1934; Penguin, 1977.
[1533] F. R. Leavis, Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture, London: Minority Press, 1930.(Actually issued by Gordon Fraser.)
[1534] Ian MacKillop, F. R. Leavis: A Life in Criticism, London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press,1995, pages 74—75. I. A.理查兹于1929年出版的《实用批评》一书中表达了这种观点，并造成了巨大影响。理查兹后来转到哈佛任教，在哈佛这种方法被称为“新批评主义”。
[1535] Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public, London: Chatto & Windus, 1932; Reissued:Bellew, 1990.
[1536] Ibid., pages 199—200.
[1537] Williams, Op. cit., 52ff将它们与BBC的第三套节目进行了对比。他说这是BBC历史上至关重要的事件，并且将它与英国艺术协会的前身，即音乐和艺术鼓励委员会联系在了一起。
[1538] Morpurgo, Op. cit., pages 114—116.
[1539] Ibid., page 116.
[1540] Williams, Op. cit., page 54.
[1541] Morpurgo, Op. cit., page 131.
[1542] Ibid., page 135.
[1543] J. K. Galbraith, The Age of Uncertainty, London: BBC/André Deutsch, 1977, page 203.
[1544] Ibid., page 204.
[1545] Ibid., page 211.
[1546] Robert Lekachman, The Age of Keynes, London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1967,Pelican Books, 1969, page 72.
[1547] Ibid., pages 80—84.
[1548] 这是罗伯特·斯基德尔斯基在他所写的凯恩斯传记中的措辞：Skidelsky, Op. cit.,volume 2, chapter 13, page 431。
[1549] Galbraith, Op. cit., page 214.
[1550] 根据斯基德尔斯基所说，《就业、利息和货币通论》的出版在经济学家之间引发了“一场观点之战”。Skidelsky, Op. cit., page 572.
[1551] Galbraith, Op. cit., page 218.
[1552] Lekachman, Op. cit., page 120.
[1553] Galbraith, Op. cit., page 221.
[1554] Bergonzi, Op. cit., pages 112—114, and 126—127.
[1555] Bergonzi, Op. cit., pages 61 and 112.
[1556] Cole Porter, ‘You're the Tops,’ 1934. Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 127认为这对波特来说是“准马克思主义”。
[1557] 关于这方面的基本介绍，以及关于聚乙烯的介绍，see John Gloag, Plastic and Industrial Design, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1945, page 86。
[1558] Stephen Fenichell, Plastic, Op. cit., page 106.
[1559] Burr W. Leyson, Plastics in the World of Tomorrow, London: Elek, 1946, page 17强调了人们对玻璃纸的快速接受程度。
[1560] 法尔本还在1934年生产过一种人造祖母绿，see David Fishlock, The New Materials,London: John Murray, 1967, page 49。
[1561] Fenichell, Op. cit., pages 152—153.
[1562] Ibid., page 161.
[1563] Ibid., pages 150—151.
[1564] Paul Johnson, A History of the Modern World, Op. cit., page 247.
[1565] Michael Mannheim (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O'Neill, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998, page 1.
[1566] Louis Shaeffer, O'Neill: Son and Playwright, London: J. M. Dent, 1969, pages 69—70.
[1567] Stephen Black, ‘Cell of Loss,’ in Mannheim (editor), Op. cit., pages 4—12. Shaeffer,Op. cit., page 174.
[1568] Normand Berlin, ‘The Late Plays,’ in Mannheim (editor), Op. cit., pages 82ff.
[1569] 奥尼尔说，霍普的旅馆是基于三个“我曾生活过的”地方构建出来的。See Arthur and Barbara Gelb, O'Neill, London: Jonathan Cape, 1962, page 296.
[1570] 这是后达尔文主义的观点，但奥尼尔也承认自己受到了荣格的影响。See Egil Tornqvist, ‘O'Neill's philosophical and literary paragons,’ in Mannheim (editor), Op.cit., page 22.
[1571] 关于“等待希基”的说法，see Shaeffer, Op. cit., page 514. See Mannheim, Op. cit.,page 85。
[1572] David Morse, ‘American Theatre: The Age of O'Neill,’ in Marcus Cunliffe (editor),American Literature since 1900, London: Sphere, 1975; Penguin edition 1993, page 77.
[1573] Berlin, Op. cit., page 90.
[1574] Shaeffer, Op. cit., page 510ff认为这是整部剧作自传色彩最少的部分。奥尼尔将蒂龙一家设定为比他自己一家患有严重得多的幽闭恐惧症，至少奥尼尔一家人还会一同出去就餐。
[1575] See Arthur and Barbara Gelb, O'Neill, Op. cit., page 93. Berlin, Op. cit., page 91.
[1576] Berlin, Op. cit., page 89.
[1577] Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds, Op. cit., page 485.
[1578] Ibid.，关于提到范·威克·布鲁克斯、多斯·帕索斯和“悲喜交加的高潮”，seepages 295, 352 and 442。
[1579] Ibid., page 404.
[1580] Ibid., page 488.
[1581] Simon Callow, Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu, London: Jonathan Cape, 1995, page xi.
[1582] Ibid., page 521.
[1583] Frank Brady, Citizen Welles, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990, pages 309—310.
[1584] Callow, Op. cit., page 570.
[1585] Stephanie Barron, Exiles and Emigres, Op. cit., pages 136—137.
[1586] Ibid., pages 16—18.
[1587] Ibid., page 14.
[1588] Laura Fermi, Ilustrious Immigrants, Op. cit., pages 66—68.
[1589] Jarrel C. Jackman and Carla M. Borden, The Muses Flee Hitler, Op. cit., page 218.
[1590] Ibid., page 219.
[1591] Ibid., pages 206—207.
[1592] Ibid., pages 208—226.
[1593] Barron, Exiles and Emigres, Op. cit., page 19. See Lewis A. Coser, Refugee Scholars in America: Their Impact and Their Experiences, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984, 该书有一整章关于以下学者的内容：库尔特·勒温、埃里克·埃里克森、威廉·赖希、布鲁诺·贝特尔海姆、埃里希·弗洛姆、卡伦·霍妮、保罗·拉扎斯费尔德、路德维希·冯·米泽斯、卡尔·波拉尼、汉娜·阿伦特、托马斯·曼、弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫、罗曼·雅各布森、埃尔温·帕诺夫斯基、哈乔·霍尔本、鲁道夫·卡尔纳普和保罗·蒂利希。
[1594] Elisabeth Kessin Berman, ‘Moral Triage or Cultural Salvage? The Agendas of Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee,’ in Barron, Exiles and Emigres, Op. cit., pages 99—112.
[1595] Varian Fry, Surrender on Demand, New York: Random House, 1945, page 157. Jackman and Borden, Op. cit., page 89.
[1596] Fry, Op. cit., pages 189—191.
[1597] Martica Swain, Surrealism in Exile and the Beginnings of the New York School,Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1995, pages 124—126.
[1598] Jackman and Borden, Op. cit., page 90.
[1599] Coser, Op. cit., ‘The New School for Social Research: A Collective Portrait,’ pages 102—109.
[1600] Ian Hamilton (editor), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Op. cit.,pages 51—52.
[1601] Barron, Exiles and Emigres, Op. cit., page 187.
[1602] Ibid., pages 190ff.
[1603] Jackman and Borden, Op. cit., pages 140—141.
[1604] Ibid., pages 142—143.
[1605] Ehrhard Bahr, Literary Weimar in Exile: German Literature in Los Angeles, 1940—1958,in Ehrhard Bahr and Carolyn See, Literary Exiles and Refugees in Los Angeles, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California at Los Angeles, 1988. 巴尔认为流亡洛杉矶的德国作家从未被完全同化，他们一直心系德国。
[1606] Barron, Exiles and Emigres, Op. cit., pages 358—359.
[1607] Ibid., page 341.
[1608] Bernard Taper, Balanchine, New York: Times Books, 1984, pages 147ff.
[1609] Ibid., page 148.
[1610] Richard Buckle, George Balanchine: Ballet Master: A Biography, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1988, pages 61ff.
[1611] Taper, Op. cit., page 149.
[1612] Lincoln Kirstein, Mosaic: Memoirs, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994, page 23.
[1613] Taper, Op. cit., page 151.
[1614] Buckle, Op. cit., page 66说他俩的第一次会面是在萨沃伊酒店，第二次是在柯克·艾斯丘位于切尔西的家中。
[1615] Kirstein, Op. cit., pages 247—249.
[1616] Taper, Op. cit., page 151.
[1617] Ibid., page 153.
[1618] Ibid., page 154.
[1619] Buckle, Op. cit., page 88.
[1620] Taper, Op. cit., page 156.
[1621] Ibid., page 157.
[1622] Ibid.
[1623] Buckle, Op. cit., page 88.
[1624] Taper, Op. cit., page 160.
[1625] Various authors, The Cultural Migration: The European Scholar in America, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953. 关于蒂利希，see page 155。
[1626] Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma, London: Burnett Books, in association with Hutchinson, 1983, Vintage paperback, 1992, pages 160ff.
[1627] 关于其他几乎同时到达布莱切利的人，see I. J. Good, ‘Pioneering work on computers at Bletchley,’ in N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and Gian-carlo Rota (editors), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York and London: Academic Press, 1980, page 33。
[1628] Hodges, Op. cit., page 160.
[1629] Paul Strathern, Turing and the Computer, London: Arrow, 1997, page 59.
[1630] 关于恩格尼玛密码机的精彩图片，see Good, Op. cit., pages 35 and 36。基于最新解密的文件，关于恩格尼玛密码破解方式的最新说法，以及哈里·辛斯利做出的卓越贡献，see Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, Enigmas The Battle for the Code, London: Weidenfeld &Nicolson, 2000。
[1631] Hodges, Op. cit., page 86.
[1632] Strathern, Op. cit., pages 46—47.
[1633] 关于有理数和可计算数之间的联系，see Hodges, Op. cit., pages 96—101。See Strathern, Op. cit., page 48.
[1634] Strathern, Op. cit., pages 49—50.
[1635] S. M. Ulam, ‘Von Neumann: The Interreaction of Mathematics and Computers,’ in Metropolis et al. (editors), Op. cit., pages 95ff.
[1636] Strathern, Op. cit., pages 51—52.
[1637] Ibid., pages 55—56.
[1638] Ibid., pages 57—59.
[1639] 图灵也知道该征求谁的意见。关于波兰人，see Wladyslaw Kozoczuh, Enigma,London: Arms & Armour Press, 1984, page 96。
[1640] 有时这些信息并非以纯正德语发送。这是早期解决的一个问题。See R. V. Jones,Most Secret War, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978, page 63.
[1641] Good, Op. cit., pages 40—41.
[1642] Hodges, Op. cit., page 277.
[1643] 关于巨人机项目的其他共同参与者，see B. Randall, ‘The Colossus,’ in Metropolis et al. (editors), Op. cit., pages 47ff。关于他们的照片，see Hodges, Op. cit., between pages 268 and 269。
[1644] Strathern, Op. cit., pages 63—64.
[1645] 关于图灵的评价，以及仍然笼罩着他与冯·诺伊曼举行的战时会议的“迷雾”，see Randall, Op. cit., pages 77—80。
[1646] Hodges, Op. cit., page 247.
[1647] Strathern, Op. cit., page 66.
[1648] 关于计算机发展的确切年表，see John Haugeland, Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985, pages 261—263。
[1649] Hodges, Op. cit., pages 311—312.
[1650] Guy Hartcup, The Challenge of War: Scientific and Engineering Contributions to World War Two, Exeter: David & Charles, 1970, pages 17ff.
[1651] Ibid., page 94.
[1652] Ibid., pages 96—97.
[1653] Ibid., page 91. 关于德军方面取得的进步，以及雷达的一些缺点，see Alfred Price,Instruments of Darkness, London: William Kimber, 1967, circa pages 40—45; and David Pritchard, The Radar War, London: Patrick Stephens, 1989, especially pages 80ff。
[1654] Hartcup, Op. cit., page 91, 关于详细的年表，see Jack Gough, Watching the Skies: A History of Ground Radar for the Air Defence of the United Kingdom by the RAF from 1946 to 1975, London: HMSO, 1993, pages 8—12。
[1655] Hartcup, Op. cit., pages 90 and 107.
[1656] Ronald W. Clark, The Life of Ernst Chain: Penicillin and Beyond, New York: St Martin's Press, 1985, pages 47ff. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., pages 174—175.
[1657] Gwyn Macfarlane, Alexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth, London: Chatto &Windus/The Hogarth Press, 1984, pages 119ff.
[1658] Weatherall, Op. cit., page 168.
[1659] Ibid., pages 165—166.
[1660] Gwyn Macfarlane, Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, page 331.
[1661] Weatherall, Op. cit., pages 175—176.
[1662] John E. Pfeiffer, The Creative Explosion: An Inquiry into the Origins of Art and Religion,New York: Harper & Row, 1982, pages 26ff认为他们当时并没有带着狗。Annette Laming, Lascaux, London: Penguin, 1959, pages 54ff.
[1663] Mario Ruspoli, The Cave of Lascaux: The Final Photographic Record, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1987, page 188. See note 37.
[1664] Ibid.
[1665] Pfeiffer, Op. cit., page 30.
[1666] Ruspoli, Op. cit., page 188.
[1667] Pfeiffer, Op. cit., page 31.
[1668] 关于更为详细的描述，see Ruspoli, Op. cit., and Fernand Windels, Montignac-surVezere, Centre d'Etudes et de documentations prehistoriques, Dordogne, 1948。
[1669] Paul G. Bahn and Jean Vertut, Images of the Ice Age, London: Windward, 1988, pages 20—23.
[1670] Evan Hadingham, Secrets of the Ice Age: The World of the Cave Artists, London:Heinemann, 1979, page 187.
[1671] 相关讨论，see Ruspoli, Op. cit., pages 87—88，不过拉科斯洞穴没有关于女性的绘画。纽约大学教授兰德尔·怀特认为维纳斯雕像的一些特征（辫子和动物耳朵）表明，这些作品可以追溯到早期人类尚未将性交与生育联系起来的时代。其中的动物特征表明，当时的人类认为动物的灵魂也和生育有关。（以上说法源自作者与怀特教授的个人通信。）
[1672] Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Appearance of Man, London: Collins, 1965, page 51.
[1673] Ian Tattersall, The Fossil Trail, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995,paperback 1996, pages 62 and 67.
