[1674] Chardin, Op cit., pages 91 and 145. Tattersall, Op. cit., page 62.
[1675] Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Op. cit., pages 566—569还提到了这组人中的伯恩哈德·伦施和G.莱迪亚德·斯特宾斯，虽然他们分别直到1947年和1950年才发表各自的著作，当时普林斯顿会议（见下文）已经召开。迈尔说（page 70）不存在库恩式的“范式转换”（见本书第27章），而存在能够存活成分的“交换”。朱利安·赫胥黎的书由伦敦的乔治·艾伦与昂温出版社出版，其他人的作品都由纽约的哥伦比亚大学出版社出版。See Ernst Mayr and William B. Provine(editors), The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biolog, Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980, 1988, 该书探讨了英美以外地区（包括法国、德国和苏俄）进化论思想的发展，还对该领域内的早期人物，包括T. H.摩根、R. A.费希尔、G. G.辛普森、J. B. S.霍尔丹和威廉·贝特森等，进行了现代评估。
[1676] 关于“突变”观点的流行，see David Kahn (editor), The Darwinian Heritage, Princeton:Princeton University Press in association with Nova Pacifica, 1985, pages 762—763。
[1677] Tattersall, Op. cit., pages 89—94.
[1678] Ibid., page 95.
[1679] Walter Moore, Schrodinger: Life and Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1989, page 395.
[1680] Erwin Schrodinger, What is Life?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1944, page 77.
[1681] Moore, Op. cit., page 396.
[1682] Schrodinger, Op. cit., page 61.
[1683] Ibid., page 79.
[1684] Ibid., page 30.
[1685] Moore, Op. cit., page 397.
[1686] Karl Mannheim, Diagnosis of Our Time: Wartime Essays of a Sociologist, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1943.
[1687] Ibid., page 38.
[1688] Ibid., page 32.
[1689] Ibid., pages 6ff.
[1690] Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, London: George Allen &Unwin, 1943.
[1691] Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 83.
[1692] Robert Heilbronner, The Worldly Philosophers, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953,Penguin Books, 1986, pages 292—293.
[1693] Schumpeter, Op. cit., pages 111ff.
[1694] Ibid., page 81.
[1695] Ibid., pages 143ff; Heilbronner, Op. cit., pages 6 and 301—302.
[1696] Heilbronner, Op. cit., pages 300—303.
[1697] Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, London: George Routledge, 1944, page 52.
[1698] Ibid., page 61.
[1699] C. H. Waddington, The Scientific Attitud, London (another Penguin Special), 1941.
[1700] Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume I: The Spell of Plato, Volume II:The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx and the Aftermath, London: George Routledge &Sons, 1945.
[1701] 波普尔在出版《开放社会及其敌人》时遇到了麻烦，因为一些出版商认为该书对亚里士多德有诸多不敬；《心灵》杂志曾经拒绝发表《历史主义的贫困》。见曼海姆的自传，Unended Quest: An Intellectual Biography, London: Routledge, 1992, page 119。
[1702] Roberta Corvi, An Introduction to the Thought of Karl Popper, London and New York:Routledge, 1997, page 52.
[1703] Ibid., page 55.
[1704] Ibid., page 59.
[1705] Popper, Op. cit., volume I, page 143. Corvi, Op. cit., page 65.
[1706] Ibid., volume II, page 218.
[1707] Corvi, Op. cit., page 69.
[1708] 关于社会学的自主性，see Popper, Op. cit., volume II, chapter 14；关于知识社会学，see chapter 23。
[1709] Corvi, Op. cit., page 73.
[1710] William Temple, Christianity and the Social Order, London: Penguin Special, 1942.
[1711] 关于教会的干涉，Ibid., chapter 2。
[1712] Ibid., page 75.
[1713] Ibid., pages 76ff.
[1714] Ibid., page 79.
[1715] Ibid., page 87.
[1716] Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State, London:HarperCollins, 1995, Fontana Paperback, 1996, page 23. See also Derek Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State, London: Macmillan, 1973, page 199称该报告卖出了635 000册。
[1717] John Kenneth Galbraith, A History of Economics, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1987,Penguin edition, 1991, pages 213—215.
[1718] 关于战争对各方态度的影响，see Fraser, Op. cit., pages 194—195。
[1719] Timmins, Op. cit., page 11. 当然，贝弗里奇的回忆录中并未提及这一点：Lord Beveridge, Power and Influenc, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1953。
[1720] Beveridge, Op. cit., page 9；quoted in Timmins, Op. cit., page 12. See also Jose Harris,William Beveridge: A Biography, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977, page 44.
[1721] Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900—1955, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992,page 51; quoted in Timmins, Op. cit., page 13.
[1722] Harris, Op. cit., pages 54 and 379. Timmins, Op. cit., page 14.
[1723] Timmins, Op. cit., page 15.
[1724] Ibid., page 20.
[1725] Ibid. See also Harris, Op. cit., page 385.
[1726] Timmins，Op. cit., page 21. 不过根据Harris, Op. cit., page 390，贝弗里奇直到1941年底才开始思考保险。
[1727] Fritz Grunder, ‘Beveridge meets Bismark,’ York papers, volume 1, page 69, quoted in Timmins, Op. cit., page 25.
[1728] Ibid., pages 23—24.
[1729] Cmnd. 6404, Social Insurance and Allied Services: Report by Sir William Beveridge,London: HMSO, 1942, pages 6—7, quoted in Timmins, Op. cit., pages 23—24.
[1730] 实际上，许多政府官员都相当谨慎。Harris, Op. cit., page 422.
[1731] Timmins, Op. cit., page 29.
[1732] Derek Fraser, Op. cit., page 180, quoted in Timmins, Op. cit., page 33.
[1733] Ibid., page 37.
[1734] 贝弗里奇在其回忆录中提到了一位美国时事评论员，后者称：“在今日之英国，威廉爵士可能是仅次于丘吉尔的最受欢迎的人物。”Beveridge, Op. cit., page 319.
[1735] Allan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, Op. cit., page 858.
[1736] Crick, George Orwell, Op. cit., page 316.
[1737] Malcolm Bradbury, Introduction to George Orwell, Animal Farm, Penguin Books, 1989,page vi.
[1738] Crick, Op. cit., pages 316—318补充道，纸张短缺可能不是此书推迟出版的唯一原因。
[1739] Galbraith, A History of Economics, Op. cit., page 248.
[1740] Lekachman, Op. cit., page 128.
[1741] Moggridge, Op. cit., page 629.
[1742] Lekachman, Op. cit., page 124.
[1743] Moggridge, Op. cit., page 631.
[1744] Lekachman, Op. cit., page 127.
[1745] Ibid., page 131.
[1746] The New Republic, ‘Charter for America,’ 19 April 1943, quoted in Lekachman, Op. cit.,pages 133—135. See also Galbraith, Op. cit., page 249.
[1747] Lekachman, Op. cit., page 150.
[1748] Ibid., page 152.
[1749] Moggridge, Op. cit., page 724. Lekachman, Op. cit., page 158.
[1750] Lekachman, Op. cit., page 152.
[1751] 怀特已经准备了有关世界银行的提案。Moggridge, Op. cit., page 724.
[1752] Ibid., pages 802—803.
[1753] 凯恩斯本人更担忧英国的海外开销，认为这不符合英国的精简方针。Ibid., page 825.
[1754] Lekachman, Op. cit., page 138.
[1755] Ibid., page 161.
[1756] Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy(two vols), New York: Harper & Row, 1944.
[1757] Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 378.
[1758] E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Family in the United States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.
[1759] Myrdal, Op. cit., page xlvii.
[1760] Hannaford, Op. cit., page 379.
[1761] See Myrdal, Op. cit., chapter 34, on leaders.
[1762] Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997,page 794. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 395.
[1763] Ralph Ellison, Shadow and Act, New York: Random House, 1964, page 316.
[1764] Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 319.
[1765] Ibid., page 321.
[1766] 有关弗里施的住处被炸弹袭击并起火的错误说法，see R. W. Clark, The Birth of the Bomb, London: Phoenix House, 1961, page 116。
[1767] 有关派尔斯算法的详细情况，see Clark, The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit., page 118；see also Rhodes, Op. cit., page 323。
[1768] 蒂泽德的委员会是战争时英国能够评估科学发现的军事用途的唯一的特别组织。Clark, Op. cit., page 55.
[1769] Robert Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, London: Victor Gollancz in association with Rupert Hart-Davis, 1958, page 67.
[1770] Rhodes, Op. cit., page 212.
[1771] 费米被其他物理学家称为“教宗”。Jungk, Op. cit., page 57.
[1772] Laura Fermi, Atoms in the Family, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954, page 123.Quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 249.
[1773] C. P. Snow, The Physicists, Op. cit., pages 90—91.
[1774] Otto Hahn, New Atoms, New York and Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1950, pages 53ff.
[1775] Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 254—256.
[1776] Jungk, Op. cit., pages 67—77.
[1777] Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations, Op. cit., page 260.
[1778] Ronald Clark, The Greatest Power on Earth: The Story of Nuclear Fission, London:Sidgwick & Jackson, 1980, page 45. See also Jungk, Op. cit., page 77. Rhodes, Op. cit.,page 258.
[1779] Rhodes, Op. cit., page 261.
[1780] 西拉德揭示了这一秘密，但支持者甚少。Kragh, Op. cit., page 263.
[1781] Clark, The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit., page 80.
[1782] 关于西拉德的其他主张，see Jungk, Op. cit., pages 82ff。
[1783] Ibid., page 91还称，爱因斯坦并未想到链式反应的可能性。
[1784] Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 291—292 and 296.
[1785] See Clark, The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit., page 183，其中提及曾经考虑过用加拿大全面代替英国。See also Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 329—330.
[1786] Kragh, Op. cit., page 265; and Rhodes, Op. cit., page 379.
[1787] Rhodes, Op. cit., page 385.
[1788] Mark Walker, German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1989, pages 222ff称双方都夸大了这次会面的意义。这次会面后来成了迈克·弗雷恩创作的《哥本哈根》剧本的主题，该剧于1998年在伦敦国家剧院首次演出，十分成功。
[1789] Kragh, Op. cit., page 266; Rhodes, Op. cit., page 389.
[1790] Leslie Groves, ‘The atomic general answers his critics,’ Saturday Evening Post, 19 May,1948, page 15；See also Jungk, Op. cit., page 122.
[1791] Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 450—451.
[1792] Clark, The Greatest Power on Earth, Op. cit., page 161.
[1793] Rhodes, Op. cit., page 437.
[1794] Jane Wilson (editor), ‘All in Our Time,’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1975, quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 440.
[1795] 关于其内部组织，see Kragh, Op. cit., page 267。
[1796] Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 492 and 496—500.
[1797] Kragh, Op. cit., page 270.
[1798] Stefan Rozental (editor), Niels Bohr, Op. cit., page 192.
[1799] Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy: 1939—1945, London: Macmillan, 1964,pages 354—356. See also Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 482 and 529.
[1800] 关于英国人如何监视德国人的内容，see Clark, The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit., page 141。
[1801] 有关德国人对重水的偏爱，see Mark Walker, Op. cit., page 27。
[1802] David Irving, The Virus House, London: William Kimber, 1967, page 191. 第二次世界大战后，德国物理学家参与原子弹的研制成为一桩著名的诉讼案件，后来，其中一些人声称他们在道德层面上控制了原子弹研究的进展。后来一些公开资料上出现了若干种相互矛盾的说法，其中最著名的是《希特勒的核俱乐部：农场馆的秘密记录》（edited by Jeremy Bernstein，New York: American Institute of Physics Press，1996）。这些秘密记录是在一所称为农场馆的英式庄园里留下的已经解密的记录材料，这所庄园里当时住着很多在第二次世界大战爆发时即被抓来的德国科学家，他们的谈话被人秘密录音。记录显示，到战争结束时，德国人动用了数百名科学家从事核研究，这些科学家被分成九个研究小组，由海森堡全面负责。这个项目于1943年启动，旨在研制正常运转的核反应堆，但是部分由于重水供应被切断以及同盟国的轰炸，这些计划被迫中断，研究所也因此南迁，搬出了柏林。
[1803] Herbert York, The Advisers, London: W. H. Freeman, 1976, page 30. Rhodes, Op. cit.,page 458.
[1804] Kragh, Op. cit., page 271. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 501—502.
[1805] See Rhodes, Op. cit., page 618，但是按照容克的说法，杜鲁门直到4月25日才得知此事。Jungk, Op. cit., page 178.
[1806] Jungk, Op. cit., page 195.
[1807] 另参见埃米里奥·西格雷的说法，reported in Kragh, Op. cit., page 269。
[1808] Jungk, Op. cit., chapters 11, 12 and 14.
[1809] 这架飞机的名字源于该机驾驶员保罗·蒂贝茨的母亲，see Jungk, Op. cit., page 219。
[1810] Paul Tibbets, ‘How to Drop an Atomic Bomb,’ Saturday Evening Post, 8 June 1946, page 136.
[1811] Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, Op. cit., page 321.
[1812] Modell, Ruth Benedict, Op. cit., page 285.
[1813] Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946,paperback edition: Houghton Mifflin, 1989.
[1814] Ibid., pages x—xi.
[1815] Ibid., page 104.
[1816] Ibid.,“忠”、“孝”和“情义”的比较图表，see page 116。
[1817] Ibid., pages 253ff.
[1818] Ibid., page 192.
[1819] Caffrey, Op. cit., page 325.
[1820] Modell, Op. cit., page 284.
[1821] Benedict, Op. cit., page 305.
[1822] Annie Cohen-Solal, Sartre: A Life, London: Heinemann, 1987, page 250. Herman, Op.cit., page 343.
[1823] Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, Op. cit., page 343.
[1824] J.-P. Sartre, Self Portrait at 70, in Life Situations, Essays Written and Spoken, translated by P. Auster and L. Davis, New York: Pantheon 1977, pages 47—48; quoted in Herman,Op. cit., page 342.
[1825] Ibid., page 334.
[1826] Ronald Hayman, Writing Against: A Biography of Sartre, London: Weidenfeld &Nicolson, 1986, page 64. Herman, Op. cit., page 334; Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., page 57.
[1827] Herman, Op. cit., page 335.
[1828] Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., page 95.
[1829] Herman, Op. cit., page 333.
[1830] Ibid., page 338.
[1831] 海德格尔关于世界本身是“失调的仪表”与萨特本人的“反抗者”思想有相通之处。Hayman, Op. cit., pages 132—133.
[1832] Herman, Op. cit., page 339.
[1833] Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris After the Liberation: 1944—1949, London:Hamish Hamilton, 1994, page 199.
[1834] Ibid., pages 81 and 200.
[1835] Ibid., pages 156 and 164.
[1836] Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., page 248. Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., pages 159—161.
[1837] Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 155.
[1838] Herman, Op. cit., page 343; Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., page 258.
[1839] Herman, Op. cit., page 344.
[1840] Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., pages 444ff.
[1841] Herman, Op. cit., page 346.
[1842] Maurice Merlau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror, Boston: Beacon Press, 1969, pages xvi—xvii.
[1843] Herman, Op. cit., page 346.
[1844] Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon, London: Jonathan Cape, 1940, translator Daphne Harley; 关于与萨特的争论，see David Cesarani, Arthur Koestler: The Homeless Mind,London: Heinemann, 1998, pages 288—290。
[1845] Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., pages 347—348.
[1846] Ibid., page 348.
[1847] Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 158.
[1848] Stanley Karnow, Paris in the Fifties, New York: Random House/Times Books, 1997,page 240.
[1849] Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., page 265.
[1850] Karnow, Op. cit., page 240. Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 202.
[1851] Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., page 266. Karnov, Op. cit., page 242.
[1852] Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 382.
[1853] Karnow, Op. cit., page 251. Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 207.
[1854] 关于与美国之间的分歧的讨论，see Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., page 30。
[1855] Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 405.
[1856] Ibid., page 408.
[1857] 有关这一事件牵涉的情感，有一点需要指出，在安妮·科恩——索拉尔于1987年撰写的长达590页的萨特传记中，她对这件事情、对克拉夫琴科及对参与此事的其他人，都只字未提。
[1858] Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 409.
[1859] Ibid., pages 411—412.
[1860] Ibid. Cohen-Solal, Op. cit., pages 332—333提到了他们的这次争吵。
[1861] Beevor and Cooper, Op. cit., page 416.
[1862] “尼古拉·布尔巴基”是一个以法国数学家为主的群体的笔名（包括让·迪科尼、亨利·卡尔东等人），其目的是要整合各种数学理论。《数学基础》第一卷于1939年问世，其后陆续出了二十多卷。关于奥利弗·梅西安的情况，see Arnold Whittall,Music Since the First World War, London: J. M. Dent, 1977; Oxford University Press paperback, 1995, pages 216—219 and 226—231；see also sleeve notes，pages 3—4, by Fabian Watkinson to: ‘Messaien, Turangalila-Symphonie,’ Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Decca, 1992。
[1863] 关于《西绪福斯的神话》的创作及加缪有关荒诞的哲学思想，see Olivier Todd,Albert Camus: Une Vie, Paris: Gallimard, 1996, pages 296ff。关于第二次世界大战后巴黎的艺术市场，see Raymonde Moulin, The French Art Market: A Sociological View,New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987，and an abridged translation by Arthur Goldhammer of Le Marché de la peinture en France, Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1967。
[1864] See Albert Camus, Carnets 1942—1951, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1966, page 53，记录了他对塔罗牌及此次瘟疫的重大影响等话题的随想。
