[2080] Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 160.
[2081] James Campbell, Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin, London: Faber & Faber,1991, page 117.
[2082] Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 163.
[2083] Campbell, Op. cit., page 228.
[2084] Ibid., page 125, quoted in Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 166.
[2085] Colin Maclnness, Absolute Beginners, London: Allison & Busby, 1959; Mr Love and Justice, London: Allison & Busby, 1960.
[2086] See Michael Dash, ‘Marvellous Realism: The Way out of Negritude,’ in Bill Ashcroft,Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin (editors) The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, page 199.
[2087] Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Chinua Achebe: A Biography, Oxford: James Currey and Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1997, page 60. See also Gilbert Phelps,‘Two Nigerian Writers: Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka,’ in Boris Ford (editor), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, volume 8: From Orwell to Naipaul, London:Penguin, 1983, pages 319—331.
[2088] Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, New York: Doubleday, 1959, Anchor paperback,1994. Phelps, Op. cit., page 320.
[2089] Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Op. cit., page 66. Phelps, Op. cit., page 321.
[2090] Ibid., pages 66ff谈到了该书的不同手稿及阿契贝出版此书的初步尝试。Phelps, Op.cit., page 323.
[2091] 关于列维——斯特劳斯对20世纪人类学发展的看法，see Claude Lévi-Strauss and Didier Eribon, Conversations with Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit., page 145。See also Leach, Op.cit., page 9.
[2092] Edmund Leach, Lévi-Strauss, London: Fontana, 1974, page 13.
[2093] Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, Paris: Plon, 1955; Mythologiques I: Le cru et le cuit, Paris: Plon, 1964, translated as The Raw and the Cooked, London: Jonathan Cape,1970, volume I of The Science of Mythology; volume II, From Honey to Ashes, London:Jonathan Cape, 1973. 列维——斯特劳斯告诉埃里邦，他认为，心理分析学（至少是《图腾与禁忌》）是“失败”的。See Eribon and Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit., page 106.
[2094] Leach, Op. cit., page 60.
[2095] Ibid., page 63.
[2096] Ibid., pages 82ff.
[2097] 玛格丽特·米德访问巴黎时，克劳德·列维——斯特劳斯把她介绍给西蒙娜·德·波伏娃。“她们彼此并未交谈。”Eribon and Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit., page 12.
[2098] Basil Davidson, Old Africa Rediscovered, London: Gollancz, 1959.
[2099] Oliver Neville, ‘The English Stage Company and the Drama Critics,’ in Ford (editor),Op. cit., page 251.
[2100] Ibid., page 252. 关于奥斯本对该广告的记述，see John Osborne, A Better Class of Person: Autobiography 1929—1956, London: Faber & Faber, 1981, page 275。
[2101] Neville, Op. cit., pages 252—253.
[2102] Peter Mudford, ‘Drama since 1950,’ in Dodsworth (editor), The Penguin History of Literature, Op. cit., page 396.
[2103] 关于剧本的自传性质，see Osborne, Op. cit., pages 239ff。
[2104] Mudford, Op. cit., page 395.
[2105] Ibid.
[2106] Michael Hulse, ‘The Movement,’ in Ian Hamilton (editor), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Op. cit., page 368.
[2107] Mudford, Op. cit., page 346.
[2108] 关于拉金的图书馆生涯及其反应，以及他的怯懦感，see Andrew Motion, Philip Larkin: A Writer's Life, London: Faber & Faber, 1993, page 109ff。关于本部分谈到的有关拉金的其他情况，see Alastair Fowler, ‘Poetry since 1950,’ in Dodsworth (editor),Op. cit., page 346；Motion, Op. cit., pages 242—243 and 269，其中提到了《时代》杂志的宣传报道；A Tribute to Philip Larkin, George Hartley (editor), London: The Marvell Press, 1988, page 39，上面发表了谢默斯·希尼的诗，最末一句是，“一个曾经见识过诗歌的朝九晚五的人”。
[2109] 关于“无助的看客”，see Michael Kirkham, ‘Philip Larkin and Charles Tomlinson:Realism and Art,’ in Boris Ford (ed.), From Orwell to Naipaul, vol. 8, New Pelican Guide to English Literature, London: Penguin, revised edn 1995, pages 286—289。Blake Morrison, ‘Larkin,’ in Hamilton (editor), Op. cit., page 288.
[2110] Richard Hoggart, A Sort of Clowning: Life and Times, volume II, 1940—1959, London:Chatto & Windus, 1990, page 175.
[2111] 利维斯称这本书“有些价值”，不过霍加特“应该把它写成一部小说”。See Hoggart,Op. cit., page 206.
[2112] Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy, London: Chatto & Windus, 1957.
[2113] Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, London: Chatto & Windus, 1958.
[2114] 关于这方面较好的讨论，see Fred Inglis, Cultural Studies, Oxford: Blackwell, 1993,pages 52—56; and Fred Inglis, Raymond Williams, London and New York: Routledge,1995, pages 162ff。
[2115] Stefan Collini, ‘Introduction’ to: C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959, paperback 1969 and 1993, page vii.
[2116] Ibid.
[2117] Ibid., page viii. 斯诺的讲座收费9基尼（相当于9. 45英镑），这是1525年讲学制创建以来一直沿用的费用。See Philip Snow, Stranger and Brother: A Portrait of C. P.Snow, London: Macmillan, 1982, page 117.
[2118] Ibid., page 35. See also Collini, Op. cit., page xx.
[2119] C. P. Snow, Op. cit., page 14.
[2119-0] 1811 至1816 年间以捣毁机器等手段反抗资本家压迫的英国人。
[2120] Ibid., page 18.
[2121] Ibid., pages 29ff.
[2122] Ibid., page 34.
[2123] Ibid., pages 41ff.
[2124] MacKillop, Op. cit., page 320.
[2125] 他也病了。See Philip Snow, Op. cit., page 130.
[2126] Collini, Op. cit., pages xxxiiiff这篇64页的论文值得推荐。别的不说，它把斯诺的讲座与20世纪下半叶不断变化的学科图景联系到了一起。
[2127] Lionel Trilling, ‘A comment on the Leavis-Snow Controversy,’ Universities Quarterly,volume 17, 1962, pages 9—32. Collini, Op. cit., pages xxxviiiff.
[2128] 1968年，这一主题首次在电视上辩论。See Philip Snow, Op. cit., page 147.
[2129] Michael Polanyi, Science, Faith and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946.
[2130] Ibid., page 14.
[2131] Ibid., page 19.
[2132] Ibid., pages 60ff.
[2133] Julian Symons, Introduction to: George Orwell, 1984, Everyman's Library, 1993, page xvi. See also Ben Pimlott's Introduction to Penguin paperback edition, 1989.
[2134] James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution, or What is Happening in the World Now,New York: Putnam, 1941.
[2135] 关于物理学的问题，see Paul R. Josephson, Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1991。关于李森科问题在中国的情况，see Laurence Schneider, ‘Learning from Russia: Lysenkoism and the Fate of Genetics in China, 1950—1986,’ in Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman (editors), Science and Technology in Post-Mao China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University Press, 1989, pages 45—65。
[2136] Krementsov, Stalinist Science, Op. cit., page 115.
[2137] Ibid., page 107.
[2138] Ibid., pages 129—131, 151 and 159.
[2139] Ibid., pages 160 and 165.
[2140] Ibid., page 169.
[2141] Ibid., pages 174, 176 and 179.
[2142] Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson, ‘Birth of an Era,’ Scientific American: Special Issue: ‘Solid State Century: The Past, Present and Future of the Transistor,’ 22 January 1998, page 10.
[2143] S. Millman (editor), A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell Systems: Physical Sciences (1925—1980), Thousand Oaks, California: Bell Laboratories, 1983, pages 97ff.
[2144] Riordan and Hoddeson, Op. cit., page 11.
[2145] Ibid.
[2146] Ibid..
[2147] Ibid., page 14.
[2148] Brian Winston, Media, Technology and Society: A History from the Telegraph to the Internet, London and New York: Routledge, 1998, pages 216—217. See also Chris Evans,The Mighty Micro, London: Gollancz, 1979, pages 49—50.
[2149] Frank H. Rockett, ‘The Transistor,’ Scientific American: Special Issue: ‘Solid State Century: The Past, Present and Future of the Transistor,’ 22 January 1998, pages 18ff.
[2150] Ibid., page 19.
[2151] Winston, Op. cit., page 213.
[2152] Riordan and Hoddeson, Op. cit., pages 14—15.
[2153] Ibid., page 13.
[2154] 尽管广告促进了晶体管的销量。See Winston, Op. cit., page 219.
[2155] Ibid., page 221.
[2156] Paul Strathern, Crick, Watson and DNA, London: Arrow, 1997, pages 37—38. James D.Watson, The Double Helix, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968; Penguin paperback,1990, page 20.
[2157] Strathern, Op. cit., page 42.
[2158] Ibid., page 44.
[2159] 关于当时的竞争对手和研究状况，see Bruce Wallace, The Search for the Gene, Op.cit., pages 108ff。
[2160] Strathern, Op. cit., page 45.
[2160-0] 罗西（Rosy）是她叔祖母的名字，她不喜欢别人这么叫她。她在家里被唤作罗丝（Ros）。
[2161] Watson, Op. cit., page 25.
[2162] Strathern, Op. cit., page 49.
[2163] Ibid., pages 50—53.
[2164] Watson, Op. cit., page 79.
[2165] Strathern, Op. cit., page 56.
[2166] Watson, Op. cit., pages 82—83. Strathern, Op. cit., pages 57—58.
[2167] Watson, Op. cit., page 91. Strathern, Op. cit., page 60.
[2168] Watson, Op. cit., page 123.
[2169] 根据鲍林的传记作者托马斯·黑格的说法，“历史学家推测，鲍林因为护照原因未能参加英国皇家协会会议，这实质上阻止了他发现脱氧核糖核酸的结构。如果他出席了那次会议，他就能了解富兰克林的工作……”Hager, Force of Nature, Op. cit.,page 414.
[2170] Strathern, Op. cit., pages 70—71.
[2171] 他们相互尊重。鲍林早就想让克里克到加州理工学院去。See Hager, Op. cit., page 414. Strathern, Op. cit., page 72.
[2172] Strathern, Op. cit., page 81.
[2173] Ibid., page 84，此处有一幅实用的简图。
[2174] Watson, Op. cit., page 164.
[2175] Strathern, Op. cit., page 82.
[2176] 沃森曾经在一本书的后记中写到她，赞扬她的勇气和正直。他承认从前误解了她，不过这一表态太迟了。See Watson, Op. cit., pages 174—175. Strathern, Op. cit., pages 83—84.
[2177] Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton, Moon Shot, New York: Turner/Virgin, 1994, page 37.
[2178] James Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat the Americans to the Moon, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997, page 121.
[2179] 路透社的新闻标题更过分，see Shepard and Slayton, Op. cit., page 39. Harford, Op.cit., page 130。
[2180] 虽然“斯普特尼克1号”体积不大，但它比美国计划发射的卫星都要大。See Charles Murray and Catherine Bly Cox, Apollo: The Race for the Moon, London: Seeker &Warburg, 1989, page 23. See also Harford, Op. cit., page 122.
[2181] 关于费用和安全问题的讨论，see Young, Silcock, and Peter Dunn, Journey to the Sea of Tranquility, London: Jonathan Cape, 1969, pages 80—81。
[2182] Harford, Op. cit. 参见本章注释50。
[2183] 关于其他个人详情，see Shepard and Slayton, Op. cit., pages 38—39。
[2184] Harford, Op. cit., pages 49—50.
[2185] Ibid., page 51.
[2186] Robert Conquest, The Great Terror, London: Macmillan, 1968; Robert Conquest,Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps, New York: Viking, 1979.
[2187] Harford, Op. cit., page 57.
[2188] Ibid., page 91.
[2189] 在“先锋号”信息发布之后，苏联人信心满满，认为他们将打败美国人。See Young,Silcock et al., Op. cit., page 67.
[2190] 关于对美国的影响，see Murray and Cox, Op. cit., page 77。
[2191] Harford, Op. cit., pages 114—115.
[2192] Ibid., page 110.
[2193] 不过艾森豪威尔并不吃惊，他从一开始就料到了。See Young, Silcock et al., Op. cit.,page 68.
[2194] See Young, Silcock et al., Op. cit., page 74，这是当时对这一问题的众多解释中的一种，并未提及科罗廖夫。Harford, Op. cit., page 133.
[2195] Shepard and Slayton, Op. cit., page 42.
[2196] Harford, Op. cit., page 132.
[2197] “斯普特尼克2号”的影响甚至比“斯普特尼克1号”的影响还要大。See Young,Silcock et al., Op. cit., pages 70—71.
[2198] Harford, Op. cit., page 135.
[2199] Ibid., pages 135—136.
[2200] 关于“斯普特尼克号”的发射对艾森豪威尔政策的影响，see Young, Silcock et al.,Op. cit., pages 82ff。
[2201] Richard Leakey, One Life, London: Michael Joseph, 1983, page 49.
[2202] Virginia Morrell, Ancestral Passions: The Leakey family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, page 57.
[2203] Mary Leakey, Olduvai Gorge: My Search for Early Man, London: Collins, 1979, page 13.
[2204] Morrell, Op. cit., pages 80—89.
[2205] 部分程度上讲，他因此又写了几本关于东非其他方面情况的著作。例如L. S. B.Leakey, Kenya: Contrasts and Problems, London: Methuen, 1936。
[2206] Morrell, Op. cit., pages 163—174.
[2207] Mary Leakey, Op. cit., pages 83ff.
[2208] 关于奥杜威峡谷的详细地图，see Mary Leakey, Ibid., pages 52—53。
[2209] Morrell, Op. cit., page 178.
[2210] Ibid., pages 180—181.
[2211] Mary Leakey, Op. cit., page 75. See also Richard Leakey, Op. cit., page 50.
[2212] Morrell, Op. cit., page 181.
[2213] Ibid.
[2214] Mary Leakey, Op. cit., page 74.
[2215] L. S. B. Leakey, ‘Finding the World's Earliest Man,’ National Geographic Magazine,September 1960, pages 421—435. Morrell, Op. cit., page 194.
[2216] Morrell, Op. cit., page 196.
[2217] Ibid., Richard Leakey, Op. cit., page 49.
[2218] Claude Lévi-Strauss and Didier Eribon, Conversations with Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit., page 119.
[2219] Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discover, London: Hutchinson, 1959. See especially chapters I, IV and V.
[2220] Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962; 2nd edition, enlarged, University of Chicago Press, 1970, especially chapter VI, pages 52ff.
[2221] Ibid., page 151.
[2222] Ibid., pages137ff.
[2223] 参见本章注释92，2nd edition, enlarged, Postscript, pages 174ff。
[2224] John Russell Taylor, Hitch: The Life and Work of Alfred Hitchcock, London: Faber &Faber, 1978, page 255.
[2225] Donald Spoto, The Life of Alfred Hitchcock: The Dark Side of Genius, London: Collins, 1983, page 420. James Pallot, Jacob Levich et al., The Fifth Virgin Film Guide, London:Virgin Books, 1996, pages 553—554.
[2226] Ibid., pages 421—423.
[2227] Russell Taylor, Op. cit., page 256.
[2228] Spoto, Op. cit., pages 423—424.
[2229] Ibid., page 420.
[2230] R. D. Laing, The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness, London:Tavistock, 1959. See also Adrian Laing, R. D. Laing: A Life, London: Peter Owen, 1994,chapter 8, pages 77—78.
[2231] Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, London: Hutchinson, 1949.
[2232] Ibid., pages 36ff.
[2233] Ibid., pages 319ff.
[2234] S. Stephen Hilmy, The Later Wittgenstein: The Emergence of a New Philosophical Method, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987, page 191.
[2235] Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Oxford: Blackwell, 1953 (edited by G. E. M. Anscombe and R. Rhees). 维特根斯坦从1931年起就着手撰写此书。See Hilmy, Op. cit., page 50.
[2236] P. M. S. Hacker, Wittgenstein, Op. cit., page 8.
[2237] 就连专业哲学家们也视其为游戏。See Hilmy, Op. cit., chapters 3 and 4.
[2238] Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Op. cit., page 109, quoted in Hacker, Op. cit.,page 11.
[2239] Magee (editor), Op. cit., page 89.
[2240] Hacker, Op. cit., page 16.
[2241] Ibid., page 18.
[2242] 其中很多段落最初是在第二次世界大战末写成的，这也是他选择疼痛为例的原因。See Monk, Op. cit., pages 479—480. See also Hilmy, Op. cit., page 134, and Hacker, Op.cit., page 21.
[2243] Wittgenstein, Op. cit., page 587, quoted in Hacker, Op. cit., page 24.
[2244] Ibid., page 31.
[2245] Magee (editor), Op. cit., page 90; and Hacker, Op. cit., page 40.
[2246] Martin L. Gross, The Psychological Society, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979, page 200.
[2247] Ibid., page 201.
[2248] H. M. Halverson, ‘Genital and Sphincter Behavior in the Male Infant,’ Journal of Genetic Psychology, volume 56, pages 95—136. Quoted in Gross, Op. cit., page 220.
[2249] See also H. J. Eysenck, Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire, London: Viking, 1985,especially chapters 5 and 6.
[2250] Ralph Linton, Culture and Mental Disorder, Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas,1956, quoted in Gross, Op. cit., page 219.
[2251] Ray Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, Op. cit., page 126.
[2252] B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1953.
