[2850] Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal, New York: Ballantine, 1992, paperback 1995.
[2851] Ibid., page 74.
[2852] Ibid., page 84.
[2853] 以下著作虽然不如海克或默里的著作那么有影响力，但仍然值得一读：Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America,New York: Knopf, 1991, Vintage paperback 1992, 该书考察了1940至1970年间500万非裔美国人的迁移模式。
[2854] Hacker, Op. cit., page 229.
[2855] Richard Bronk, Progress and Invisible Hand: The Philosophy and Economics of Human Advance, London: Little, Brown, 1998尝试将心理学、经济史、增长理论、复杂性理论和个人主义的发展结合起来，提供了一种悲观主义的视野，实际上重新演绎了Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism，承认资本主义的势力威胁到“创造性自由”与“公民义务”之间的平衡。在千禧年，《经济视角杂志》刊登了一项有关经济学未来的研讨会成果，确认了这门学科的两大方向。其一，更多地考虑复杂性理论（见下文第42章）；其二，加强与心理学的联姻，特别是个体并不理性的经济行为方式。See The Economist, 4 March 2000, page 112.
[2856] Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On, New York: St Martin's Press, 1987, Penguin 1988, pages 20 and 93—94.
[2857] 关于危机前夕同性恋社会的记述，see Robert A. Padgug and Gerald M. Oppenheimer,‘Riding the Tiger: AIDS and the Gay community,’ in Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox(editors), AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1992, pages 245ff。
[2858] Shilts, Op. cit., page 94.
[2859] Ibid., page 244. 关于纽约的艾滋病传播状况，see Fee and Fox (editors), Op. cit., pages 279ff。
[2860] Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., pages 240—241.
[2861] W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter, Companion Encyclopaedia of the History of Medicine,Volume I, London: Routledge, 1993, page 138.
[2862] Weatherall, Op. cit., page 241.
[2863] Bynum and Porter, Op. cit., volume 2, page 1023.
[2864] Weatherall, Op. cit., pages 224—226.
[2865] Ibid.
[2866] 关于更完整的历史，see Bynum and Porter, Op. cit., pages 1023—1024。
[2867] Mirko D. Grmek, A History of AIDS, Princeton and London: Princeton University Press,1990, pages 58—59.
[2868] Shilts, Op. cit., pages 73—74 and 319.
[2869] Grmek, Op. cit., pages 62—70. Shilts, Op. cit., pages 50—51.
[2870] 关于癌症相对短暂却面面俱到的研究发展史，see David Cantor, ‘Cancer,’ in Bynum and Porter, Op. cit., volume 1, pages 537—559。
[2871] Harold Varmus and Robert Weinberg, Genes and the Biology of Cancer, New York:Scientific American Library, 1993. 在斯堪的纳维亚进行的一项大型研究于2000年7月提交报告，结论是50%的癌症是“环境因素”导致的。
[2872] Ibid., page 51.
[2873] Ibid., page 185.
[2874] Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998; published in paperback with AIDS and its Metaphors, 1990.
[2875] Sontag, Op. cit., page 3.
[2876] Ibid., pages 13—14.
[2877] Ibid., pages 17—18.
[2878] 关于出版的细节，参见本章注释19。
[2879] Sontag, Op. cit., page 124.
[2880] Ibid., page 165.
[2881] Ibid., page 163.
[2882] Shilts, Op. cit., page 453.
[2883] 全书主要谈艾滋病对艺术领域的影响，see James Miller (editor), Fluid Exchanges,Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992。
[2884] Jeffrey Masson, Against Therapy, London: Collins, 1989, Fontana paperback, 1990, page 165.
[2885] Ibid., page 185.
[2886] Ibid., page 101.
[2887] 关于马斯洛，Ibid., chapters 7 and 8，pages 229ff and 248ff。
[2888] Ernest Gellner, The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason, London:Paladin, 1985, Fontana, 1993.
[2889] Ibid., pages 36—37.
[2890] Ibid., page 76.
[2891] Ibid.
[2892] Ibid., page 162.
[2893] Ibid., pages 104—105.
[2894] Jane Howard, Margaret Mead: A Life, Op. cit., pages 432ff.
[2895] Derek Freeman, Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983.
[2896] Howard, Op. cit., page 435.
[2897] Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Mankind from Antiquity to the Present, London: HarperCollins, 1997, page 596.
[2898] Ibid., page 718.
[2899] Jean-François Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
[2900] See his ‘The Psychoanalytic Approach to Artistic and Literary Expression,’ in Toward The Post-Modern, New York: Humanities Press, 1993, pages 2—11; 本书第一部分题为“性本能”，第二部分题为“异教徒”，第三部分题为“难以驾驭之物”。
[2901] Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition, Op. cit., page xxiv.
[2902] Ibid., pages 42—46.
[2903] Ibid., page 60.
[2904] Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980.
[2905] Ibid., pages 34—38.
[2906] Ibid., page 363.
[2907] Ibid., page 367.
[2908] Ibid., pages 367—368.
[2909] Ibid., pages 389—391.
[2910] Richard Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[2911] Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, Op. cit., pages 56—57.
[2912] Ibid., page 37.
[2913] Ibid., page 39.
[2914] Ibid., page 40.
[2914-0] 这个术语让人想起科林· 麦金尼斯在1958 年发表的小说《爱先生和正义先生》。
[2915] Ibid., pages 203ff.
[2916] Ibid., page 218.
[2917] Thomas Nagel, Mortal Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979; and The View From Nowhere, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986, paperback, 1989.
[2918] Nagel, Mortal Questions, Op. cit., page x.
[2919] Nagel, The View From Nowhere, Op. cit., page 26.
[2920] Ibid., page 52.
[2921] Ibid., pages 78—79.
[2922] Ibid., page 84.
[2923] Ibid., page 85.
[2924] Ibid., page 108.
[2925] Ibid., page 107.
[2926] Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 1973.
[2927] Ibid., page 36.
[2928] Ibid., pages 3ff.
[2929] Ibid., page 412.
[2930] Ibid., page 435.
[2931] Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge, New York: Basic Books, 1983, paperback edition 1997, page 8.
[2932] Ibid., page 74.
[2933] Ibid., page 151.
[2934] Ibid., page 161.
[2935] 格尔茨的著作以两个讲座系列的形式结集出版。See Works and Lives, London: Polity,1988; and After the Fact, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995.
[2936] Bryan Magee, Men of Ideas, Op. cit., pages 196—197.
[2937] 关于他众多著作中的一些主题：“合理性的两个概念”和“科学对现代合理性概念的影响”，see Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1981。“什么是数学真理？”以及“量子力学的逻辑”，see Mathematics, Matter and Method, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980；以及“为什么没有一个现成的世界”和“为什么理性不能自然化”，see Realism and Reason, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1983。Magee, Op. cit., pages 202 and 205.
[2938] Putnam, Reason, Truth and History，Op. cit., page 215. Magee, Op. cit., page 201.
[2939] Magee, Op. cit., pages 143—145.
[2940] 关于冯·蒯因观点的一个更易理解的形式，see Quiddities: An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987，其中日常生活的某些方面得到了数学般巧妙的呈现。See also ‘Success and Limits of Mathamaticalism,’ in Theories and Things, Cambridge,Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981, pages 148ff. See also Magee, Op. cit., page 147.
[2941] 冯·蒯因的立场刚好与分析哲学相对，see George D. Romanos, Quine and Analytic Philosophy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1983, pages 179ff。Magee, Op. cit.,page 149.
[2942] Alasdair Maclntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, London: Duckworth, 1988.
[2943] Ibid., page 140.
[2944] Ibid., page 301.
[2945] Ibid., page 302.
[2946] Ibid., page 304.
[2947] Ibid., page 339.
[2948] Ibid., page 500.
[2949] David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980, paperback 1990.
[2950] Ibid., pages 8—9.
[2951] Ibid., page 3.
[2952] Ibid., page 135.
[2953] Ibid., page 137.
[2954] Ibid., page 136.
[2955] Ibid., page 140.
[2956] Ibid., page 147.
[2957] Ibid., page 156.
[2958] Ibid., page 351.
[2959] Ibid., page 350.
[2960] Ibid., page 328.
[2961] Bodmer and McKie, The Book of Man, Op. cit., page 259.
[2962] Colin Tudge, The Engineer in the Garden, Op. cit., pages 257—260.
[2963] Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., page 257.
[2964] Ibid., page 259.
[2965] Ibid., page 261.
[2966] A. G. Cairns-Smith, Seven Clues to the Origin of Life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
[2967] Ibid., page 47.
[2968] Ibid., page 74.
[2969] Ibid., page 80.
[2970] Richard Fortey, Life: An Unauthorised Biography, London: HarperCollins, 1997;Flamingo paperback, 1998, pages 44 and 54ff.
[2971] Ibid., pages 55—56给出了细菌氧气产量的计算。
[2972] J. D. MacDougall, A Short History of Planet Earth, New York: Wiley, 1996, pages 34—36. Fortey, Op. cit., pages 59—61.
[2973] Ibid., page 52. 关于马古利斯的合作观点及其意义的讨论，see Tudge, Op. cit., pages 331 and 334—335。Fortey, Op. cit., pages 68—69.
[2974] 关于黏质物，see Fortey, Op. cit., pages 81ff；关于埃迪卡拉，see Ibid., pages 86ff。埃迪卡拉因澳大利亚南部的埃迪卡拉山而得名，当时在那个地方首先发现了埃迪卡拉。安德鲁·帕克博士是一名动物学家，也是牛津大学萨黑维尔学院的一名成员，在2000年3月伦敦皇家学院的一次演讲中，他指出寒武纪大爆炸是想象力逐渐发展的结果，认为生物体必须急速发展，以便逃脱捕食者的视线。See The (London) Times, 1 March 2000, page 41.
[2975] Fortey, Op. cit., pages 102ff.
[2976] MacDougall, Op. cit., pages 30—31.
[2977] John Noble Wilford, The Riddle of the Dinosaurs, London and Boston: Faber, 1986, pages 221ff.
[2978] Ibid., pages 226—228.
[2979] Walter Alvarez, T. Rex and the Crater of Doom, Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 1997; Penguin paperback 1998, page 69. See also MacDougall, Op. cit.,page 158.
[2980] 关于恐龙灭绝的传统观点，see Bjorn Kurten, The Age of the Dinosaurs, London: Weidenfeld& Nicolson, 1968, pages 211ff。
[2981] Alvarez, Op. cit., pages 92—93.
[2982] Ibid., pages 109ff.
[2983] Ibid., pages 123ff.
[2984] MacDougall, Op. cit., page 160；海洋生物灭绝图表，see page 162。
[2985] Alvarez, Op. cit., page 133.
[2986] Tattersall, The Fossil Trail, Op. cit., pages 187—188.
[2987] Donald Johanson and James Shreeve, Lucy's Child: The Discovery of a Human Ancestor,New York: Viking, 1990, pages 201ff.
[2988] E. S. Vrba, ‘Ecological and adaptive changes associated with early hominid evolution,’in E. Delson (editor), Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, New York: Alan Liss, 1988, pages 63—71; and E. S. Vrba, ‘Late Pleistocene climatic events and hominid evolution,’ in E.E. Grine (editor), Evolutionary History of the ‘Robust’ Australopithecines, New York: Adine de Gruyter, 1988, pages 405—426.
[2989] Tattersall, Op. cit., page 197.
[2990] Christopher Stringer and Clive Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals, London: Thames& Hudson, 1993, pages 152—154. 这一段后半部分的观点在许多方面受到质疑。
[2991] Tattersall, Op. cit., chapter 15: ‘The cave man vanishes,’ pages 199ff.
[2992] Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 218 and 232—233.
[2993] Brian M. Fagan, The Journey from Eden: The Peopling of Our World, London: Thames &Hudson, 1990, pages 27—28. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 218—219.
[2994] Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, London: Jonathan Cape, 1987, pages 9—13.
[2995] J. H. Greenberg, Language in the Americas, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.
[2996] Brian M. Fagan, The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1987, page 186.
[2997] See especially: Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution, New York: Helix/Addison Wesley, 1995（first published in Italy by Arnaldo Mondadori Editore Spa, 1993), pages 156—157.
[2998] Ibid., page 187.
[2999] Ibid., page 185; and see a second candidate in the chart on page 186.
[3000] Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, Op. cit., page 205.
[3001] Paul Johnson, Daily Mail (London).
[3002] E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1978, page 167.
[3003] Ibid., page 2.
[3004] Ibid., page 137；另参见第90页上的图表。
[3005] E. O. Wilson, Biophilia, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984.
[3006] Stephen R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson (editors), The Biophilia Hypothesis, Washington D.C.: Island Press, 1993, page 237. See also James Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979; paperback 1982 and 1995.
[3007] Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, London: Longman, 1986; Penguin 1988.
[3008] Ibid., page 90.
[3009] Ibid., page 158.
[3010] Daniel Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Op. cit., page 21.
[3011] Ibid., page 82.
[3012] Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organisation and Selection, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
[3013] Ibid., page 220.
[3014] John Maynard Smith and Eors Szathmary, The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford,New York and Heidelberg: W. H. Freeman/Spektrum, 1995.
[3015] Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct, New York: Morrow, 1994; Penguin 1995.
[3016] Ibid., page. 301.
[3017] N. Eldredge and S. J. Gould, ‘Punctuated equilibrium: an alternative to phyletic gradualism,’ in T. J. M. Schopf (editor), Models in Paleobiology, San Francisco: Freeman Cooper, 1972, pages 82—115. See also N. Eldredge, Reinventing Darwin, New York:John Wiley, 1995, pages 93ff，此处争论内容进行了更新。
[3018] S. J. Gould and R. C. Lewontin, ‘The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme,’ Proceedings of the Royal Society,volume B205, 1979 pages 581—598.
[3019] S. J. Gould, Wonderful Life, London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989.
[3020] Simon Conway Morris, The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
[3021] S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit.
[3022] Steven Rose, Leon Kamin and R. C. Lewontin, Not in Our Genes, Op. cit.
[3023] R. C. Lewontin, The Doctrine of DNA: Biology as Ideology, Toronto: Anansi Press, 1991;Penguin, 1993, pages 73—74.
[3024] Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1994.
[3025] See also Bernie Devlin, Stephen E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick and Kathryn Roeder(editors), Intelligence, Genes and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve, New York: Copernicus, 1997, page 22.
[3026] Ibid., pages 269ff.
[3027] Ibid., pages 167ff.
[3028] Herrnstein and Murray, Op. cit., page 525.
[3029] Ibid., page 444.
[3030] Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit., page 375.
[3031] Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars, Op. cit., page 110.
[3032] Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., page 320.
[3033] Cook-Deegan, Op. cit., page 286.
[3034] Ibid., page 339.
[3035] Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
[3036] John Maddox, What Remains to be Discovered, Op. cit., page 306.
[3037] John Cornwell (editor), Consciousness and Human Identity, Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press, 1998, page vi.
[3038] Ibid., page vii.
[3039] Ibid.
[3040] J. R. Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness, London: Granta, 1997, pages 95ff.
[3041] J. R. Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1992;and Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., page 33.
