[3042] Roger Penrose, Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness,Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
[3043] Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness, Op. cit., pages 53ff.
[3044] Ibid., page 87.
[3045] Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., pages 11—12.
[3046] Robert Wright, The Moral Animal, New York: Pantheon, 1994, page 321.
[3047] Olaf Sporns, ‘Biological variability and brain function,’ in Cornwell (editor), Op. cit.,pages 38—53.
[3048] Marcus Cunliffe (editor), American Literature since 1900, Op. cit., page 373.
[3049] Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 377.
[3050] Ibid., page 378.
[3051] Ibid., page 373.
[3052] Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, New York: Knopf, 1963;quoted in Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 386.
[3053] 托尼·莫里森所有的著作都由伦敦的查托与温达斯出版社出版。See Malcolm Bradbury, The Modern American Novel, Oxford and New York, 1983, 2nd edition, 1992,page 279.
[3054] Nancy J. Peterson (editor), Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches,Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Press, 1997.
[3055] Alice Walker, The Color Purple, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1982. Bradbury, The Modern American Novel, Op. cit., page 280.
[3056] Michael Awkward, Inspiriting Influences: tradition, revision and Afro-American wome n's novels, New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. See also David Crystal, English as a Global Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 139.
[3057] Crystal, Op. cit., page 130.
[3058] Ibid.
[3059] Jean Franco, The Modern Culture of Latin America: Society and the Artist, London: Pall Mall, 1967; Penguin 1970, page 198.
[3060] Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The City and the Dogs, translated as The Time of the Hero, New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
[3061] Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The Green House, London: Jonathan Cape, 1969.
[3062] Keith Booker, Vargas-Llosa among the Post-Modernists, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994.
[3063] Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, London: Verso, 1989, page 218.
[3064] Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, published in Spanish 1967,London: Jonathan Cape, 1970; Penguin 1973.
[3065] D. P. Gallagher, Modern Latin American Literature, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1973, page 150.
[3066] Ibid., pages 145—150.
[3067] Carlos Fuentes, La nueva novela hispanoamericana, Mexico City: Joanna Mortiz, 1969;quoted in David W. and Virginia R. Foster (editors), Modern Latin American Literature,New York: Frederick Ungar, 1975, pages 380—381.
[3068] R. K. Narayan, The Sweet Vendor, London: The Bodley Head, 1967. See also William Walsh, ‘India and the Novel,’ in Boris Ford (editor), From Orwell to Naipaul, Penguin,1983, pages 238—240.
[3069] Anita Desai, The Village by the Sea, London: Heinemann, 1982; Penguin 1984.
[3070] Anita Desai, In Custody, London: Heinemann, 1984.
[3071] Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children, London: Jonathan Cape, 1982; and The Satanic Verses, London: Viking, 1988. Catherine Cundy, Salman Rushdie, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996, pages 34ff.
[3072] Malise Ruthven, A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie and the Rape of Islam, London: Chatto& Windus, 1990, page 15. 他的书是我的主要参考来源。
[3073] Ruthven, Op. cit., page 27.
[3074] Ibid., page 20.
[3075] Ibid., page 17.
[3076] Ibid., page 16.
[3077] Ibid., pages 20—25 passim.
[3078] Mehdi Mozaffari, Fatwa: Violence and Discovery, Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 1998.
[3079] Ruthven, Op. cit., page 114.
[3080] Ibid., page 25. See also Various authors, For Rushdie: Essays by Arab and Muslim Writers in Defence of Free Speech, New York: George Braziller, 1994, especially pages 2ff, 54ff and 255ff.
[3081] V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, London: André Deutsch, 1961.
[3082] V. S. Naipaul, The Mimic Men, London: Readers Union, 1968.
[3083] 所有这些书均由安德烈·多伊奇出版社出版。
[3084] See the account in: Andrew Robinson, Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye, London: Deutsch,1989, pages 74ff.
[3085] See Robinson, Op. cit., page 76.
[3086] Thompson and Bordwell, Film History, Op. cit., pages 483—484 and 512—513. Pallot and Levich, Op. cit., page 520.
[3087] Robinson, Op. cit., page 156.
[3088] Ibid., page 513.
[3089] Wole Soyinka, Myth, Literature and the African World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
[3090] Ousmane Sembene, God's Bits of Wood, London: Heinemann, 1970. See also Soyinka,Op. cit., pages 54—60.
[3091] Soyinka, Op. cit., page 42.
[3092] Edward Said, Orientalism, New York: Pantheon, 1978.
[3093] Ibid., page 190.
[3094] Ibid., pages 317ff.
[3095] Ibid., page 326.
[3096] Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Selected Subaltern Studies, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, pages 3—32.
[3097] Gayatri Spivak, In Other Words: Essays in Cultural Politics, London: Methuen, 1987;and A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present,Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.
[3098] Guha and Spivak, Op. cit., passim.
[3099] Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Post-Colonial Studies Reader,London and New York: Routledge, 1995, especially pages 24ff and 119ff.
[3100] Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
[3101] Raman Selden and Peter Widdowson, Contemporary Literary Theory, Lexington:University of Kentucky Press, 1993, page 97.
[3102] Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham,North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1991.
[3103] Selden and Widdowson, Op. cit., pages 93—94. And see Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture, London: 2000.
[3104] H. Aram Veeser (editor), The Stanley Fish Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
[3105] Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield (editors), Political Shakespeare, Manchester:Manchester University Press, 1985.
[3106] Peter Watson, ‘Presume not that I am the thing I was,’ (London) Observer, 22 August 1993, pages 37—38.
[3107] Annabel Patterson, Shakespeare and the Popular Voice, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. 2000年5月，剑桥大学英语研究部的负责人决定莎士比亚研究不再是攻读英语学位的必修课程。
[3108] Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 234.
[3109] 他与艾略特一样，有“道德沦丧感”，这是丹尼斯·卡罗尔于1987年为剧作家所著传记中某一章的标题，see David Mamet, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987。
[3110] Ibid., page 147.
[3111] David Mamet, Make-Believe: Essays and Remembrances, London and Boston: Faber,1996. See also Cunliffe, Op. cit., pages 159—160.
[3112] Published together as: Rabbit Angstrom: a tetralogy, London: Everyman's Library, 1995.Bradbury, The Modern American Novel, Op. cit., page 184.
[3113] Judie Newman, John Updike, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988. Bradbury, Op.cit., page 184.
[3114] 索尔·贝娄的著作出版方如下：Dangling Man and The Adventures of Augie March:Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Henderson the Rain King, Humboldt's Gift and The Dean's December: Seeker & Warburg; More Die of Heartbreak: Morrow.
[3115] Jonathan Wilson, On Bellow's Planet: Readings from the Dark Side, New York:Associated Universities Press, 1985.
[3116] Michael K. Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, London: Macmillan,1990. And see Bradbury, Op. cit., pages 171—172 and 174.
[3117] Greg Sarris, Keeping Slug Woman Alive: A Holistic Approach to American Indian Texts,Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1993; and Grand Avenue, New York:Hyperion 1994; Penguin 1995.
[3117-0] 用哈罗德·罗森伯格的话说，社会思想委员会是“一群独立思想者”，是一群集中在芝加哥大学的关注社会的知识分子，其中包括罗森伯格本人、索尔·贝娄和爱德华·希尔斯。
[3118] Allan Bloom, Giants and Dwarves: Essays 1960—1990, New York: Simon & Schuster,1990; Touchstone paperback, 1991, pages 16—17.
[3119] Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987;Penguin 1988.
[3120] Ibid., page 49.
[3121] Ibid., page 122.
[3122] Ibid., page 91.
[3123] Ibid., page 141.
[3124] Ibid., page 254.
[3125] Ibid., page 301.
[3126] Bloom, Giants and Dwarves, Op. cit., pages 24—25.
[3127] Harold Bloom, The Western Canon, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.
[3128] Ibid., page 38.
[3129] Ibid., page 30.
[3130] Ibid., page 48.
[3131] Ibid., pages 371ff.
[3132] Ibid., page 41.
[3133] Lawrence Levine, The Opening of the American Mind, Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.
[3134] Ibid., pages 91ff.
[3135] Ibid., page 16.
[3136] Ibid., page 83.
[3137] Ibid., page 86.
[3138] Ibid., page 158.
[3139] Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation, London:Free Association Books, 1987; Vintage paperback, 1991.
[3140] Ibid., page 239.
[3141] Ibid., pages xxiv, xxvi and xxvii.
[3142] Ibid., page 18.
[3143] Ibid., page 51.
[3144] Ibid., page 31.
[3145] Mary Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers, Black Athena Revisited, Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
[3146] Ibid., page 113.
[3147] Ibid., pages 112ff.
[3148] Ibid., pages 431—434.
[3149] C. A. Diop, The African Origin of Civilisation: Myth or Reality?, Westport, Connecticut:Lawrence Hill, 1974.
[3150] Lefkowitz and Rogers, Op. cit., page 21.
[3151] Edward T. Linenthal and Tom Engelhardt (editors), History Wars, New York: Metropolitan Books/Holt, 1996.
[3152] Ibid., pages 35—40.
[3153] Ibid., pages 52 and 59.
[3154] Roger Kimball, Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education,New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
[3155] Ibid., pages 46ff.
[3156] Ibid., pages 96ff.
[3157] Dinesh d'Souza, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Sex and Race on Campus, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1991.
[3158] Ibid., page 40.
[3159] Ibid., page 70.
[3160] Ibid., page 226.
[3161] Ibid., page 241.
[3162] Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defence of Reform in Liberal Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.
[3163] Ibid., page 85.
[3164] Ibid., page 53.
[3165] Ibid., page 94.
[3166] Ibid., page 105.
[3167] Ibid., pages 277—278.
[3168] David Denby, Great Books, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
[3169] Ibid., page 13.
[3170] Ibid., page 459.
[3171] Ibid., page 461.
[3172] Ibid., page 457.
[3173] Ibid., pages 457—458.
[3174] Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, London: Fourth Estate, 1999,pages 4—5.
[3175] Ibid., page xvii.
[3176] Ibid., page 715.
[3177] Ibid., page 745.
[3178] Gertrude Himmelfarb, On Looking into the Abyss, New York: Knopf, 1994.
[3179] Ibid., page 4.
[3180] Ibid., page 6.
[3181] Ibid., page 83.
[3182] Ibid., page 8.
[3183] Ibid., page 104.
[3184] Ibid., page 24.
[3185] Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996; Touchstone paperback, 1998, pages 253—254.
[3186] Ibid., pages 18—24.
[3187] Ibid., pages 23—24.
[3188] John Naughton, A Brief History of the Future: The Origins of the Internet, London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, pages 92—119 passim; See also Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit.,pages 34, 38, 53, 57.
[3189] Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 59 and 65.
[3190] Ibid., pages 143 and 151—154.
[3191] Naughton, Op. cit., pages 131—138; Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 124ff.
[3192] Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 161ff.
[3193] Naughton, Op. cit., chapter 9, pages 114ff. Hafner and Lyon, page 192.
[3194] Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 204 and 223—227.
[3195] Ibid., pages 245ff.
[3196] Ibid., pages 253 and 257—258.
[3197] Brian Winston, Media, Technology and Society: a History: from the Telegraph to the Internet, London: Routledge, 1998.
[3198] 关于计算机文化利弊的讨论，see Lauren Ruth Wiener, Digital Woes, New York: AddisonWesley, 1993。
[3199] Michael White and John Gribbin, Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science, New York and London: Viking 1992; Penguin 1992, pages 223—231. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, London: Bantam, 1988.
[3200] White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 227—229.
[3201] Ibid., pages 245 and 264ff.
[3202] Ibid., pages 60—61.
[3203] Paul Davies, The Mind of God, London: Simon & Schuster, 1992, Penguin 1993, pages 63ff; White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 149—151 and 209—213.
[3204] White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 137—138.
[3205] Ibid., pages 154—155.
[3206] 费曼本人发表过若干部颇受欢迎的科学和哲学著作。See The Meaning of It All, London:Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1998，especially chapter three, ‘This Unscientific Age’；See also White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 176ff.
[3207] White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 179 and 182—183.
[3208] Joel Davis, Alternate Realities: How Science Shapes Our View of the World, Op. cit.,pages 159—162.
[3209] White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 208 and 274—275.
[3210] John Horgan, The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Ag, New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996; Broadway paperback, 1997, pages 7,30—31, 126—127, 154. 其中有些问题第一次公开发表在一本于1970年出版、后来广受膜拜的著作中，即Gödel, Escher, Bach: an eternal golden braid (New York: Basic Books)。霍夫施塔特着眼于他在数学家、艺术家和音乐家的作品中发现的概念相似性。按照霍夫施塔特的观点，之所以产生这种相似性，是因为在巴赫的某些赋格曲和埃舍尔的绘画中，在本该使用和声法或透视法的地方，规则被打破了。例如，在埃舍尔的艺术中，即使透视法没有遭到破坏，水还是显得向山上流，甚至形成一种不可能出现的圆形，或者人们沿着同一个楼梯走上走下，却又聚到一起，换句话说，他们也沿着一个不可能的圆形运动。在霍夫施塔特看来，这些形式体系的悖论（即，遵循一系列规则的体系）是重要的，在概念上与数学、生物学和哲学相联系，他相信终有一天，这些有助于解释生命和智慧。他追随莫诺，相信我们只有理解了一种现象如何超越其存在的规则之后，才能理解生命。霍夫施塔特的一个目标是提出，如果人工智能继续发展下去，就必须阐明形式体系的这一方面。哥德尔声称形式体系不能为证实那种体系提供证据，这是否言之有理？它是否意味着我们永远不能完全理解我们自身？或者，哥德尔的观点存在某种根本性的错误？Gödel, Escher,Bach是一本特别的书，很难公允地加以概括。它充满绘画与视觉假象，无论是埃舍尔的、勒内·马格利特的，或者作者自己的，书中还包括具有严肃意图的数学难题、乐谱和化学结构图。虽然这本书颇有教益，而且作者轻松健谈，但它仍然不好读。书中包括大量附有注释的参考文献，还介绍了有关人工智能的许多重要著作。
[3211] White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 292—301.
[3212] See also Martin Rees, Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces that Shape the Universe,London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999; White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 216—217.
[3213] David Deutsch, The Fabric of Reality, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1997;Penguin paperback, 1998, pages 1—29 for an introduction；see also Horgan, Op. cit.,pages 222—223; and P. C. W. Davies and J. Brown (editors), Superstrings: A Theory of Everything?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pages 1—5.
[3214] Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory, London: Jonathan Cape, 1998, pages 174—176.
[3215] 除了已经引用过的著作，see Richard Feynman, The Meaning of It All, New York:Addison Wesley Longman; London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1998; Paul Davies,The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning, New York and London:Simon & Schuster, 1992; Penguin paperback, 1993; Ian Stewart, Does God Play Dice?,Oxford: Blackwell, 1989; Penguin paperback, 1990; Timothy Ferris, The Whole Shebang:A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997。注意这些书名都透露出作者的野心。
