1. See Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain; Berg et al., Goods from the East.
2. There is a growing literature on chinoiserie in early modern Britain. See Honour, Chinoiserie; Impey, Chinoiserie; Beevers, Chinese Whispers; Jenkins, A Taste for China; Sloboda, Chinoiserie.
3. For recent studies of the ways in which China was constructed and depicted in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Sinology, literature, and theater see: D. Porter, The Chinese Taste in Eighteenth-Century England;Kitson, Forging Romantic China; Markley, The Far East and the English Imagination; Yang, Performing China.
4. See Sharma, Empire's Garden; Gardella, Harvesting Mountains, p. 8.
5. Benn, Tea in China, p. 6; Sharma, Empire's Garden, pp. 30-31.
6. Sharma, Empire's Garden, pp. 35-37.
7. See Jordan Goodman's forthcoming book on Joseph Banks.
8. Sir Joseph Banks's letter to the deputy chairman of the East India Company, Dec. 27, 1788, BL Mss Eur D993.
9. Latham, The Shorter Pepys, p. 81.
10. Benn, Tea in China, p. 6.
11. Gardella, Harvesting Mountains, pp. 22-23; Benn, Tea in China, pp. 3- 4.
12. Gardella, Harvesting Mountains, p. 25.
13. Benn, Tea in China, pp. 5-9.
14. Gardella, Harvesting Mountains, p. 30.
15. Benn, Tea in China, p. 17.
16. Xu Guoqi as quoted in Gardella, Harvesting Mountains, p. 21.
17. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, pp. 14-16.
18. Ibid.
19. Burnett, Liquid Pleasures, p. 50; Mair and Hoh, The True History of Tea, p. 169.
20. Rappaport, A Thirst for Empire, p. 34.
21. Dermigny, La Chine et l'Occident, vol. I, p. 382.
22. Chaudhurie, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, p. 538.
23. Cole, “Trends in Eighteenth-Century Smuggling, ” pp. 395- 410.
24. Shammas, “Changes in English and Anglo-American Consumption from 1550 to 1800, ” pp. 183- 84.
25. Cunningham, ed., The Letters of Horace Walpole, vol. 1, p. 224.
26. The Gentleman's Magazine, 1731, vol. 1, p. 37; Read's Weekly Journal; or, British Gazetteer, Dec. 17, 1737, issue 693; Weekly Miscellany, Feb. 23, 1740, issue 374; Read's Weekly Journal; or, British Gazetteer, Mar. 10, 1750, issue 1332; Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser, Nov. 8, 1760, issue 9853; Macfarlane and Macfarlane, Green Gold, p. 69; Nierstrasz, “The Popularization of Tea, ” p. 266.
27. Mair and Hoh, The True History of Tea, p. 175.
28. Burnett, Liquid Pleasures, pp. 52-53.
29. Shammas, “Changes in English and Anglo-American Consumption from 1550 to 1800, ” p. 184.
30. Hanser, “Teatime in the North Country.”
31. Mackillop, “A North Europe World of Tea, ” pp. 297-98.
32. Carr and Walsh, “The Standard of Living in the Colonial Chesapeake, ”pp. 135-59.
33. Breen, “An Empire of Goods, ” pp. 467-99.
34. S. Smith, “Accounting for Taste, ” pp. 183-214.
35. W. Smith, Consumption and the Making of Respectability, pp. 123-24; Mintz, Sweetness and Power, pp. 108-22; Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, pp. 18-29.
36. Macfarlane and Macfarlane, Green Gold, pp. 82- 86.
37. DRO, Londonderry Papers, D/LO/F/751.
38. Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour, p. 159.
39. Lawson, “Women and the Empire of Tea, ” p. 9; Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour, p. 189.
40. Newcastle Gazette, Aug. 5, 1752; Rappaport, A Thirst for Empire, p. 39.
41. Elizabeth Carter to Elizabeth Robinson Montagu, Jan. 31, 1759, Letters from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Montagu, vol. 1, p. 24.
42. NRO, Grey MSS, NRO 753, Box 1 G-I, Jan. 14, 1745, Ralph William Grey of Backworth.
43. Instructions to Cathcart, Nov. 30, 1787, BL IOR G/12/90, pp. 108-28.
44. Mui and Mui, “Smuggling and the British Tea Trade, ” pp. 44-73.
45. Mui and Mui, “‘Trends in Eighteenth-Century Smuggling' Reconsidered.”
46. Mui and Mui, “Smuggling and the British Tea Trade.”
47. Mui and Mui, “William Pitt and the Enforcement of the Commutation Act.”
48. Rappaport, A Thirst for Empire, p. 46.
49. Pritchard, The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-Chinese Relations, p. 146.
50. Henry Dundas, “Mr. Dundas's Letter to Mr. Baring on the East-India Trade, ” in East India Company, Three Reports of the Select Committee, 1793, pp. 130- 40.
51. Letter from Court, Jan. 23, 1759, in H. N. Sinha, Fort William-India House Correspondence, vol. II, pp. 124-25.
52. Lord Cornwallis to Mr. Dundas, Nov. 4, 1788, NLS MS 3385.
53. Sinha, Fort William-India House Correspondence, vol. II, Jan. 23, 1759, pp. 124-25; vol. III, Dec. 31, 1760, p. 61; Dec. 23, 1761, p. 121.
54. Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires, pp. 136-37; Arasaratnam, Maritime Commerce and English Power, pp. 2-3.
55. Arasaratnam, Maritime Commerce and English Power, p. 1.
56. Marshall, Bengal, p. 102.
57. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, ch. 9.
58. Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, ch. 1; Furber, John Company at Work, pp. 237- 40.
59. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 41- 42.
60. Gurney, “The Debts of the Nawab of Arcot, ” pp. 38-39.
61. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 70-72; Gurney, “The Debts of the Nawab of Arcot, ” pp. 37-53.
62. George Vansittart to Robert Palk, Aug. 14, 1772, BL Mss Eur F331/19.
63. Weiller and Mirowski, “Rates of Interest in 18th Century England”;Price, Capital and Credit, pp. 58-59.
64. George Vansittart to Robert Palk, Patna, Aug. 14, 1772, BL Mss Eur F331/19;Weiller and Mirowski, “Rates of Interest in 18th Century England, ”pp. 1-28.
65. Trivellato, “Credit, Honor, and the Early Modern French Legend of the Jewish Invention of Bills of Exchange, ” pp. 289-94.
66. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 222.
67. Morse, The Chronicles of the Company Trading to Canton, vols. 2, 5, passim.
68. Van Dyke and Mok, Images of the Canton Factories, p. xv.
69. Nov. 18, 1774, BL IOR /R/10/7.
70. BL IOR/H/411, pp. 55-79.
71. Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, p. 24.
72. George Smith, “Narrative of the proceedings for the recovery of debts owing by the Chinese merchants to British subjects” and “General statement of debts made up to the end of the season 1787/88, ” July 12, 1787, BL IOR/G/12/18, pp. 91-112.
73. Captain Rogers, “Some remarks on the heavy debt now owing by the Chinese to European subjects, ” BL IOR/G/12/91, vol. 2.
74. Pritchard, The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-Chinese Relations, pp. 395, 400.
75. Quincy, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, p. 169.
76. CUL, Copies of the East India Company Records, and Other Documents Relating to China and the China Trade Prepared for Lord Macartney's Information, vol. 1, “Queries put by the court of directors to persons now in England who have served the Company in China with the answers thereto 1791-2.”
77. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 223.
78. Nov. 30, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/67.
79. Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, p. 23.
80. Bowen, “British Exports of Raw Cotton from India to China, ” p. 123.
81. Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, pp. 16, 72.
82. Letter from Court, Jan. 10, 1787, in Fort William-India House Correspondence, vol. 10, pp. 205-9.
83. China Council to Court of Directors, Dec. 21, 1767, BL IOR /R/10/6.
84. James Kerr to the Court of Directors, Nov. 9, 1773, BL Mss Eur K45.
85. Thomas Fitzhugh to the Court of Directors, July 7, 1782, BL IOR E /1/71, pp. 7-10.
86. Henry Watson to Bengal Council, Mar. 29, 1781, BL IOR P/2/46, p. 182.
87. George Smith to Warren Hastings, Nov. 30, 1785, BL Add MS 29169, f. 138.
88. Thomas Fitzhugh to the Court of Directors, July 7, 1782, BL IOR E /1/71, pp. 7-10.
89. “Summary of Proceedings in the Third Session of Parliament, ” The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 56, Part 2, pp. 967- 68.
90. CUL, Copies of the East India Company Records, and Other Documents Relating to China and the China Trade Prepared for Lord Macartney's Information, vol. 1, “Queries put by the court of directors to persons now in England who have served the Company in China with the answers thereto 1791-2.”
91. Ibid.
92. Morse, The Chronicle of the Company Trading to Canton, vol. 2, pp. 140-41.
93. Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, pp. 112-13.
94. Bowen, The Business of Empire, p. 224; Van Dyke, The Canton Trade, p. 159.
