1. Devine, Scotland's Empire, p. 252.
2. For a study on the British public's reception of nabobs during the eighteenth century see: Nechtman, Nabobs.
3. Marshall, “The Bengal Commercial Society of 1775.”
4. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 48.
5. Frederic [Davy] to Brother Charles, Feb. 8, 1776, Letters January 1773, 1773-1777, BLYU, Osborn c594.
6. George Smith to Robert Palk, Oct. 4, 1770, BL Add MS 34686, p. 136;Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 216-17.
7. Frederic [Davy] to a Friend, May 30, 1776, Letters January 1773, 1773-1777, BLYU, Osborn c594.
8. Mackillop, “Accessing Empire.”
9. Catterall, “Scots along the Mass, ” p. 171.
10. Meijers, News from the Republick of Letters, p. 2.
11. Macinnes and Hamilton, Jacobitism, Enlightenment and Empire, p. 1.
12. Grace, Opium and Empire, p. 3.
13. Plank, Rebellion and Savagery, pp. 8-9.
14. Grace, Opium and Empire, p. 5.
15. Ibid., p. 6. Plank, Rebellion and Savagery, pp. 1-26.
16. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 20-21.
17. Parmentier, Tea Time in Flanders; Mueller, “Scottish and Irish Entrepreneurs in Eighteenth-Century Sweden.”
18. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 21-22.
19. Furber, “Madras in 1787, ” p. 256.
20. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 22-23.
21. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, vol. 5.
22. Nassau, Monday, Dec. 20, 1779, BL IOR L /MAR/B/544G-H.
23. Spencer, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 2, p. 131.
24. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 218-19.
25. “The most humble petition of the British European merchants to the Supreme Emperor of China, ” CUL, MSS DS117, George Macartney Papers, Asia Collections, vol. 10, doc. 430.
26. Capt. Mackintosh to Mr. Dundas, Dec. 20, 1791, G/12/91 Part 1.
27. G. Vansittart to Robert Palk, Calcutta, Apr. 2, 1773, Mss Eur F331/19, pp. 72-73.
28. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 28, 240- 41.
29. Frederic Davy to Charles Davy, Feb. 3- 8, 1776, BLYU, Osborn c594.
30. Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, pp. 9-10; Marshall, East India Fortunes, pp. 246- 49.
31. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 248- 49; Marshall, “The Bengal Commercial Society of 1775”; Tomlinson, “The Only Merchant in Calcutta.”
32. Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India, p. 287.
33. Frederick Davy to Charles Davy, Nov. 19, 1775, BLYU, Osborn c594.
34. McGilvary, East India Patronage and the Indian State, pp. 78- 83.
35. Devine, Scotland's Empire, p. 269.
36. Love, Vestiges of Old Madras, vol. 3, pp. 550-51; McGilvary, East India Patronage and the British State, pp. 81- 82.
37. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 430, 456-57; vol. 3, p. 550; Dalrymple, White Mughals, p. 63.
38. Will of Andrew Munro, BL IOR /P/328/60, p. 147; Love, Vestiges of Old Madras, vol. 2, pp. 458-59; vol. 3, p. 553.
39. Will of Andrew Munro.
40. Ibid.
41. Smith to Dundas, Apr. 27, 1785, Nov. 30, 1785, Feb. 14, 1785, BL IOR /H/434.
42. BL IOR/J/1/15, pp. 241- 45.
43. Devine, Scotland's Empire, pp. 262- 63.
44. Smith to Bengal Council, Dec. 15, 1783, BL IOR /P/2/65, p. 151.
45. Smith to Thomas Saunders, Dec. 24, 1759, BL Add MS 34686.
46. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, pp. 29, 137- 47.
47. Smith to Thomas Saunders, Dec. 24, 1759, BL Add MS 34686.
48. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, p. 144.
49. RAC Ask 1141-55, Negotieprotocolor for Kinafarere, Dec. 20, 1759, Dec.22, 1761, Dec. 11, 1762, Dec. 24, 1763, Dec. 7, 1764. Thanks to Paul Van Dyke for generously sharing Swedish and Danish sources with me.
50. NMA, Inkomna skrivelser G-H (volym 4), Michael Grubb to His Brother, Sept. 11, 1763, Sept. 13, 1763, Sept. 19, 1763, Oct. 9, 1763, Oct. 14, 1763, May 5, 1764; NMA, Räkenskaper, Huvudbok, 1765-1766, enskilda affärer, register; Van Dyke, The Canton Trade, p. 123; Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, p. 119; Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 2., pp. 43-57.
51. Mann Horner and William Rous to the Council, Aug. 18, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/5; G. Mandevile and William Harrison to Mr. Fitzhugh and Council, Aug. 8, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/5.
52. Consultations, Aug. 18, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/5.
53. Dermigny, La Chine et l'Occident, vol. II, pp. 905- 6. Here, Dermigny confuses George Smith of Canton with George Smith of Madras.
54. Consultations, Aug. 18, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/5.
55. Consultations, Aug. 23, 1764, and Consultations, Aug. 28, 1764, BL IOR/R/10/5.
56. For a history of Macao see: Souza, Survival of Empire.
57. Puga, The British Presence in Macau, p. 87.
58. Consultations, Sept. 5, 1764, Sept. 11, 1764, Sept. 30, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/5;George Smith to the Council, Sept. 4, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/5, p. 72; George Smith to the Council, Sept. 9, 1764, BL /IOR/R/10/5; Consultations, Sept. 30, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/5.
59. George Smith to the Council, Sept. 17-30, 1764, BL IOR/R/10/6, pp. 73-79.
60. Council to George Smith, Sept. 18, 1764, BL IOR /R/10/6, p. 74.
61. Smith to Alexander Wynch, Mar. 6, 1773, No. 205, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 216-17.
62. Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires, p. 142; Love, Vestiges of Old
Madras, vol. 3, pp. 61- 63.
63. Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires, pp. 230-37.
64. Smith to Palk, Oct. 4, 1770, BL Add MS 34686, p. 136.
65. Love, Vestiges of Old Madras, vol. 3, pp. 12-14, 554; Smith to Alexander Wynch, Mar. 6, 1773, No. 205, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 216-17.
66. Smith to Palk, Oct. 4, 1770, BL Add MS 34686.
67. Mentz, The English Gentleman Merchant at Work, p. 216.
68. Dalrymple, White Mughals, pp. 48-51.
69. Smith to Palk, May 7, 1768, No. 48, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 73-74.
70. BL IOR/N/2/1, f. 321.
71. Mentz, The English Gentleman Merchant at Work, p. 250.
72. Smith to Palk, Oct. 4, 1770, BL Add MS 34686, p. 136.
73. BL IOR/N/2/1, p. 372; BL IOR /J/1/15, p. 243; BL IOR /N/2/1, p. 389; BL IOR/N/2/1, p. 348.
74. Quincy, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, pp. 281- 82.
75. Mentz, The English Gentleman Merchant at Work, p. 254.
76. Love, Vestiges of Old Madras, vol. 3, pp. 61- 63.
77. Ibid., p. 60.
78. Mentz, The English Gentleman Merchant at Work, p. 254.
79. Quincy, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, p. 282.
80. Spencer, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 2, pp. 217-18.
81. Charles Smith to Culling Smith, Jan. 24, 1767, Charles Smith Papers, BL Mss Eur E340/2.
82. Love, Vestiges of Old Madras, vol. 3, p. 118; Spencer, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 2, p. 194.
83. Mentz, The English Gentleman Merchant at Work, p. 243.
84. Smith to Palk, Oct. 4, 1770, BL Add MS 34686.
85. Ibid.
86. Bassett, The British in South-East Asia, p. 72.
87. Furber, John Company at Work, p. 234.
88. George Smith to Robert Palk, May 7, 1768, No. 48, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 73-74.
89. Bassett, The British in South-East Asia, p. 73.
90. Drummond, “Monckton, Hon. Edward (1744-1832), of Somerford Hall, Staffs.”
91. Bassett, “British‘Country' Trade and Local Trade Networks in the Thai and Malay States, ” pp. 625- 43.
92. Bassett, The British in South-East Asia, p. 73.
93. Aug. 30, 1772, BL IOR /R/10/9.
94. Governor and Council of Fort St. George to China Council, July 24, 1771, BL IOR/R/10/7, p. 35.
95. John Crichton to Canton Council, Oct. 12, 1769, BL IOR /R/10/7; Mr. Crichton and Dalrymple to Canton Council, Dec. 30, 1771, BL IOR /R/10/7. London Chronicle, Saturday, Dec. 21, 1782, issue 4067; Morning Herald and Daily Advertiser (London), Saturday, Feb. 1, 1783, issue 706;General Evening Post (London), Tuesday, May 23, 1786, issue 8200; General Evening Post (London), Saturday, June 14, 1788, issue 8516; London Gazette, Saturday, Jan. 22, 1791, issue 13276.
96. Canton Council to the Court of Directors, Nov. 20, 1769, BL IOR /R/10/7.
97. John Crichton to the Canton Council, Oct. 12, 1769, BL IOR /R/10/7, p. 43.
98. Canton Council to the Court of Directors, Nov. 20, 1769, BL IOR /R/10/7, pp. 49-51.
99. Consultation, Aug. 24-Oct. 1, 1775, BL IOR /R/10/8.
100. Mr. Crichton and Dalrymple to Canton Council, Dec. 30, 1771, BL IOR /R/ 10/7; Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 227.
101. George Smith of Madras to Robert Palk, Oct. 4, 1770, Add Mss 34686, p. 136.
102. Governor and Council of Fort St. George to the China Council, July 10 and July 23, 1773, BL IOR /R/10/7; Governor and Council of Fort St. George to the China Council, Aug. 1, 1774, BL IOR /R/10/7; George Smith to the Bengal Council, Dec. 15, 1783, BL IOR /P/2/65, p. 151; Crichton and Dalrymple to the China Council, Dec. 30, 1771, BL IOR /R/10/7, p. 90.
103. Smith to Palk, Oct. 4, 1770, BL Add MS 34686, p. 136.
104. Hellman, “Navigating the Foreign Quarters, ” pp. 147- 48.
105. NMA, Utgåebde brev Brevkopieböker (volym 1B), Michael Grubb to George Smith, Nov. 29, 1765; NMA, Inkomna skrivelser G-H (volym 4), Letter from Michael Grubb to his Brother and Friend, Sept. 13, 1753.
106. Marshall, The Making and Unmaking of Empires, pp. 136- 46; Arasarat nam, Maritime Commerce and English Power, pp. 3, 7; Marshall, Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, vol, 5, pp. 553-56.
107. Charles Smith to Culling Smith, Jan. 24, 1767, Charles Smith Papers, BL Mss Eur E340/2; NMA, Inkomna skrivelser G-H (volym 4), Letter from Jacob Hahr a Country Gentleman, May 13, 1767.
108. Charles Smith to Culling Smith, Jan. 24, 1767, Charles Smith Papers, BL Mss Eur E340/2.
109. George Smith to Robert Palk, May 7, 1768, No. 33, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 73-74.
110. Crichton and Dalrymple to the China Council, Dec. 30, 1771, BL IOR /R/10/7, p. 90; Cheong, “The Decline of Manila as the Spanish Entrepôt in the Far East.”
111. Cheong, “Changing the Rules of the Game.” This was during Smith of Madras's second stint in India. Between 1783 and 1791 he lived in Bengal.
112. George Smith to Robert Palk, Oct. 30, 1767, No. 33, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 53-54.
113. Bassett, “British ‘Country' Trade and Local Trade Networks in the Thai and Malay States.”
114. Bassett, The British in South-East Asia, pp. 74- 85.
115. George Smith to Robert Palk, Oct. 30, 1767, No. 33, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 53-55.
116. J. Parker, “Scottish Enterprise in India.”
117. Smith to Palk, Oct. 30, 1767, No. 33, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 53-55.
118. Nassau, BL IOR L /MAR/B/544G-H.
119. Marshall, “William Hickey.”
120. Spencer, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 2, pp. 204-5.
121. Ibid., pp. 205-7.
122. Nassau, BL IOR L /MAR/B/544G-H; Spencer, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 2, pp. 213-15.
123. Spencer, Memoirs of William Hickey, vol. 2, pp. 217-18.
124. Ibid., pp. 221-22.
125. George Smith to Robert Palk, Feb. 1, 1773, No. 198, Report on the Palk Manuscripts, London, 1922, pp. 213-14.
126. Smith to Dundas, Apr. 15, 1786, BL IOR /H/434.
127. London Gazette, Feb. 16-19, 1782, issue 12271.
