1. Wong, “Global Positioning, ” p. 105; Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, p. 19.
2. Wong and Rosenthal, Before and Beyond Divergence, p. 161.
3. George Smith of Canton to Company Supercargos, Nov. 17, 1775, BL IOR/R/10/8.
4. Grant, The Chinese Cornerstone of Modern Banking, pp. 33, 99.
5. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, pp. 17-19, 221-22;Memorial of Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi, Jueluo Bayansan, and Guangdong Superintendent of Customs, Tu Ming-a, to the Qianlong Emperor, Qinggong Yue Gang Ao Shangmao Dang'an Quanji, vol. 5, Doc. 501, pp. 2688-2700, Qianlong 45th year, 10th month, 26th day; Li Zhi-ying and Tu Ming-a's Memorial to the Qianlong emperor, 45/04/12, Taipei Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Junjichu Dang Zhejian, 26992.
6. Chen, The Insolvency of the Chinese Hong Merchants, p. 184; Captain Rogers,“Some remarks on the heavy debt now owing by the Chinese to European subjects, ” BL IOR/G/12/91, vol. 2; Jing, “Legislation Related to the Civil Economy in the Qing Dynasty”; “The Fooyuern and Hoppo's answer to Sir Edward Vernon's letter concerning the debts, ” in Consultation, Nov. 10, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68; Consultation, Apr. 7, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
7. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, p. 17.
8. Consultation, Oct. 7, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/66.
9. Captain Rogers, “Some remarks on the heavy debt now owing by the Chinese to European subjects, ” BL IOR/G/12/91, vol. 2.
10. Grant, The Chinese Cornerstone of Modern Banking, pp. 93-101.
11. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, pp. 17-18, 220; Chen,The Insolvency of the Chinese Hong Merchants, p. 218.
12. Consultation, Oct. 7, 1779, BL IOR G/12/66.
13. Van Dyke, The Canton Trade, pp. 20-21. Van Dyke adds that complaints might be brought to the attention of the Hoppo while he measured ships at Whampoa. A European might also deliver a document in person to the sentry at the Yaoulan city gate, although this method was inconvenient and time-consuming.
14. “Debt due from Chinese merchants to Englishmen, ” Warren Hastings Papers, BL Add MS 29210, f. 343; “Letter from Capt. Mackintosh to Mr. Dundas dated 20th December 1791 enclosing a plan for obtaining a redress of the grievances and oppressions of Europeans at Canton, ” BL IOR G/12/91, vol. 1.
15. CUL, Copies of the East India Company Records, and Other Documents Relating to China and the China Trade Prepared for Lord Macartney's Information, vol. 10, Consultation, Aug. 7 and Sept. 5, 1755.
16. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, p. 130.
17. “Debt due from Chinese merchants to Englishmen, ” Warren Hastings Papers, BL Add MS 29210, f. 343.
18. Consultation, Oct. 16, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68.
19. Memorial of Li Zhi-ying and Tu Ming-a to the Qianlong Emperor, 45/04/12, Taipei Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Junjichu Dang Zhejian, 26992.
20. Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, p. 17.
21. Consultation, Oct. 16, 1779, BL /IOR/G/12/68.
22. Extract letter from the Select Committee at Canton to the EIC: outstanding debts, with an abstract of sums owed by the Hong merchants, Jan. 15, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/19, ff. 30-38; F. Baring and J. Smith Burges to Henry Dundas, July 25, 1792, BL IOR/G/12/91, vol. 2.
23. “Debt due from Chinese merchants to Englishmen, ” Warren Hastings Papers, BL Add MS 29210, f. 343; Letter from Matthew Raper to John Raper, Feb. 20, 1778, CUL, MSS DS117, George Macartney Papers, Asia Collections, vol. 2, Doc. 6.
24. Cheong, Hong Merchants of Canton, pp. 246- 47.
25. Memorial of Li Zhi-ying and Tu Ming-a to the Qianlong Emperor, 45/04/12,Taipei Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Junjichu Dang Zhejian, 26992.
26. John Crichton's letter to the Hoppo, July 8, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68.
27. George Vansittart and Ewan Law to the Court of Directors, Nov. 1, 1783, BL IOR/E/1/73, ff. 400- 405.
28. Letter Books of George Vansittart, BL Mss Eur F331/19-21.
29. Killican to Graham, Dec. 5, 1784, NAS, GD 2061/24.
30. This was the same Killican of the Bengal Agency House for whom the young Ralph Davy had gone to work in 1775.
31. NAS GD 2061, passim. Both Dacres and Crommelin were born in Bombay and came from Huguenot families. It appears that they were brothers-in-law. See: Richard Pugh, “Charles Crommelin (1717-1788): A Governor of Bombay, ”Crommelin Family Foundation, http://www.crommelin.org/history/ Biographies/1763CharlesRussel/02-CharlesGovOfBombay.htm.
32. Killican to Graham, Oct. 30, 1780, NAS GD 2061/20; Feb. 13, 1779, NAS GD 2061/16a; Apr. 23, 1778, NAS GD 2061/14a; Sept. 17, 1777, NAS GD 2061/11.
33. Grant, The Chinese Cornerstone of Modern Banking, p. 112; Van Dyke, Merchants of Canton and Macao, vol. 1, pp. 128-30.
34. “Debt due from Chinese merchants to Englishmen, ” Warren Hastings Papers, BL Add MS 29210, f. 343.
35. George Smith of Canton to Company Supercargos, Nov. 17, 1775, BL IOR/R/10/8.
36. Matthew Raper to John Raper, Feb. 20, 1778, CUL, MSS DS117, George Macartney Papers, Asia Collections, vol. 2, doc. 6.
37. John Crichton's letter to the Hoppo, July 8, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68.
38. John McIntyre to his wife [Kattie], Canton, Feb. 25, 1779, BL Mss Eur F558.
39. Smith of Bombay also loaned money to Chinese merchants at 18 percent annual interest, although his bonds to Geowqua and Pinqua are dated December 1, 1787, so they may have been made after the fi nancial crisis in Canton. PRO, Prob 11/1198/107.
40. George Smith to Thomas Saunders, Dec. 24, 1759, and Jan. 26, 175? , BL Add MS 34686, pp. 1-2.
41. George Smith to Robert Palk, Oct. 2, 1770, BL Add MS 34686, p. 136.
42. Consultation, Oct. 16, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68.
43. George Smith, “Narrative of the proceedings for the recovery of debts owing by the Chinese merchants to British subjects” and “General statement of debts made up to the end of the season 1787/88, ” July 12, 1787, BL IOR/G/12/18, ff. 91-112; Consultation, Mar. 18, 1780, BL IOR G/12/68.
44. Smith, Crichton, and Hutton to the Fooyuern and Quanpoo, Apr. 11, 1780, BL IOR G/12/68.
45. Leslie to the Company Supercargos, Nov. 10, 1777, BL IOR/G/12/60; Dec. 14, 1773, BL IOR /R/10/7; Nov. 10, 1777, BL IOR/G/12/60; Company Supercargos to Leslie, Oct. 5, 1778, BL IOR /R/10/8.
46. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, vol. 5, pp. 161- 62.
47. PRO, PROB 11/973/225.
48. Letter 104, Petition of Thomas Hutton to the Court, BL IOR/E/1/71, ff. 232-233v.
49. Pugh, “Charles Crommelin”; Extract of the general letter from Bengal, Oct. 23, 1783, BL IOR H/219; BL IOR H/24, p. 116.
50. BL IOR J/1/2, f. 358; John Crichton's letter to the Hoppo, July 8, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68; PRO, Will of Robert Gordon, PROB 11/073.
51. Abraham Leslie, Thomas Hutton, John Crichton, Charles Gordon, and George Smith, “The most humble petition of the British European merchants to the Supreme Emperor of China, ” CUL, MSS DS117, George Macartney Papers, Asia Collections, vol. 10, doc. 430.
52. Li Zhi-ying and Tu Ming-a's Memorial to Emperor Qianlong, 45/04/12, Taipei Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Junjichu Dang Zhejian, 26992.
53. Consultation, Feb. 16, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68; George Smith, “Narra tive of the proceedings for the recovery of debts, ” July 12, 1787, BL IOR /G/12/18, ff. 91-112; John Crichton's letter to the Hoppo, July 8, 1779, BL IOR / G/12/68; “Translation of the chop from the Military General and Fooyuern Governor of the Province of Canton, ” in Consultation, Feb. 10, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
54. Pritchard, The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-Chinese Relations, pp. 130-31.
55. Abraham Leslie, Thomas Hutton, John Crichton, Charles Gordon, and George Smith, “The most humble petition of the British European merchants to the Supreme Emperor of China, ” CUL, MSS DS117, George Macartney Papers, Asia Collections, vol. 10, doc. 430.
56. Copy of a Letter from Mr. Crichton to the Governor and Council of Fort St. George, July 26, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68.
57. Copy of a Letter to Rear Admiral Sir Edward Vernon, BL IOR/G/12/68;Quincy, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, p. 307.
58. Copy of a Letter to Rear Admiral Sir Edward Vernon, BL IOR/G/12/68.
59. Sir Edward Vernon to the Fouyuern, Nov. 4, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68; Sir Edward Vernon to the Council at Fort St. George, BL IOR G/12/68.
60. Sir Edward Vernon to the Fouyuern, Nov. 4, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68; Sir Edward Vernon to the Council at Fort St. George, BL IOR G/12/68; Copy of a letter to the President and Council of Fort St. George from the Creditors of the Chinese merchants, June 15, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68; The Memorial of Andrew Ross, BL IOR /H/168, pp. 535-38; Hughes to the President and Council of Fort St. George, BL IOR /H/168, p. 547; Hughes to the Viceroy, June 14, 1780, BL IOR /H/168, p. 555; Extract of Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes's Letter to the Secretary of State, Jan. 15, 1783, NMM, SAN/F/40.
61. BL IOR/G/12/18, pp. 91-112; Captain Rogers to Henry Dundas, “China Debts to Europeans, ” BL IOR/G/12/91, vol. 2; Journals of the House of Commons, May 12, 1794, vol. 49, pp. 585- 86.
62. Protest of the Select Committee to Captain Panton, Oct. 19, 1779, BL IOR G/12/69; Consultation, Feb. 10-16, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68; Consultations Apr. 1-2, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
63. Company Supercargos to Madras Council, Nov. 8, 1779, BL IOR G/12/68;Company Supercargos to Captain Panton, Oct. 7, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68;Quincy, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, p. 314.
64. Consultation, Mar. 11, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
65. Li Zhi-ying and Tu Ming-a's Memorial to Emperor Qianlong, 45/04/12, Taipei Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Junjichu Dang Zhejian, 26992.
66. Consultation, Oct. 24, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/68; Cheong, Hong Merchants of Canton, p. 258.
67. Li Zhi-ying and Tu Ming-a's Memorial to Emperor Qianlong, 45/04/12, Taipei Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Junjichu Dang Zhejian, 26992;Translation of Military General and Fooyuern's Chop to Company Supercargos dated Nov. 5, 1779, in Consultation, Feb. 16, 1780, BL IOR G/12/68.
68. Fooyuern and Quanpoo's Chop to Company Supercargos, Mar. 3, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
69. Consultation, Mar. 4, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
70. Smith, Crichton, and Hutton to the Fooyuern and Quanpoo, Apr. 11, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
71. BL IOR/G/12/18, ff. 91-112.
72. David Lance and William Fitzhugh to Henry Lane, Jan. 15, 1781, BL IOR G/12/20, ff. 310-21.
73. Consultation, Apr. 17, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68; David Lane and William Fitz hugh to Henry Lane, Jan. 15, 1781, BL IOR/G/12/20.
74. Translation of Chop from the Quanpoo given on 45th year of the Emperor Qianlong, the 6th Day of the 2nd Moon, Apr. 10, 1780, BL /IOR/G/12/68.
75. Consultation, May 8, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68.
76. BL IOR/G/12/18, ff. 91-112; Consultation, May 8-13, 1780, BL IOR G/12/68.
77. Consultation, Oct. 9, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/66; Leslie to the Company Supercargos, Dec. 18, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/69; Leslie to the Company Super cargos, Oct. 26, 1779, BL IOR/G/12/66; Van Dyke, The Canton Trade, p. 98.
78. Consultation, Sept. 22-24, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/68; Consultation, May 19, 1781, BL IOR/G/12/72; Extract letter from the Select Committee to the EIC:debt negotiations and general affairs, Dec. 16, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/19, ff. 57-75; Van Dyke, The Canton Trade, p. 98; Leslie to the Company Supercargos, Dec. 18, 1780, BL IOR/G/12/69.
79. Extract of the Instructions proposed to be sent to the Company's Supra Cargoes in China, BL IOR/G/12/19, ff. 137- 61.
80. NMM, Sandwich Papers, Letter from Sir Edward Hughes, Jan. 13, 1783, SAN/T/2.
81. Memorial of Li Zhi-ying and Tu Ming'a to the Qianlong emperor, dated 45/04/12, Taipei Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Junjichu Dang Zhejian, 26992.
82. Hanser, “From Cross-Cultural Credit to Colonial Debt.”
