6) He took it for granted that his father would come to his help if he got into trouble.
7) We thought it highly probable that he might change his mind at the last minute.
8) I think it likely that the train will be delayed by the dense fog.
9) The doctor thinks it advisable that you should stop smoking.
5.
1) Could you show me what you have written?
2) This is what we should always keep in mind.
3) What they saw in China made a deep impression on them.
4) We must not put off till tomorrow what we can do today.
6.
1) Nothing could hide the fact that he is growing old.
2) The fact that he works hard does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
3) I have a complacent feeling that I’m highly intelligent.
4) The explanation that he didn’t see the notice is unsatisfactory./ The explanation is unsatisfactory that he didn’t see the notice.
5) Most of us don’t agree with his view that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.
6) The news soon spread throughout the country that he won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.
7) His suggestion that intelligence is a relative matter is not universally accepted./His suggestion is not universally accepted that intelligence is a relative matter.
8) He seconded my motion that the vote be postponed.
9) The fear that he might not be able to finish the work disturbed him greatly./ The fear disturbed him greatly that he might not be able to finish the work.
10) We expressed a hope that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.
11) I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
12) There can be no doubt that Suzy is the right person for the job.
定语从句
1) I went to visit the American author who wrote a number of books about China.
2) I ate the soup my aunt prepared.
3) I have an arrangement with my bank, by which they let me use their money and repay them next month.
4) He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
5) Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.
6) She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.
7) The United States is known for its supermarkets, where huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
8) The story happened in late 19th century, when China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.
状语从句
1) Now that you’ve bought a new car, what are you going to do with the old one?
2) We’d better take the telescope with us in case it is needed.
3) We must hurry off, lest we should miss the bus.
4) The problem so very complicated that it took us nearly two weeks to solve it.
5) The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.
6) I’ll lend you my computer on condition that you keep it in good shape.
7) You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 at night.
8) I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
9) However hard he tried, he could not do the job satisfactorily.
10) Whether it takes an hour or even a whole day, I shall find out the answer.
（三）复杂的简单句
1.
1) They looked both ways before they crossing the street.
2) I made my decision after talking to Sir Francis.
3) Despite/In spite of his illness, he was determined to carry out his plan.
4) Despite/In spite of their intelligence, they aren’t doing well in school.
5) Despite/In spite of his richness/wealth, he isn’t very happy.
6) Despite/In spite of his height, he isn’t a very good basketball player.
7) Without your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
8) Even with air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.
9) Without hard work, you will accomplish nothing.
10) But for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
2.
1) They wear layers of clothes even in summer time, with newspapers stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
2) With more people helping them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
3) With all his savings gone, he started to look for a job.
4) In the corner there is a table, with one of its legs shorter than the others.
5) With the job finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
6) With the pace of change quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with the latest developments even in their own disciplines.
7) She looked in my face with tears streaming down her cheeks.
3.
1) She won’t go home until after (taking) the exam.
2) Because of his bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.
3) We are full aware of the seriousness of the situation.
4) She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many lessons.
5) Instead of criticizing Susan for what she has done, we ought to praise her for it.
6) Instead of going straight home after school, Helen went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
7) Instead of going to send the book to Allan by post, I am going to take it to him myself.
8) Instead of going to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding, Dr. Wilson flew to Florida for an emergency case.
4.
1) I love intelligent girls.
2) At the party, I got to know a professor in his thirties.
3) I hate to see letters written in pencil.
4) The substance discovered almost by accident has revolutionized medicine.
5) Among those taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
5.
1) Every one of us left the meeting convinced that the project was feasible.
2) Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic, looking tired out.
3) They went hunting for hours, but they returned empty-handed.
4) He entered the office, still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.
5) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers resort to smoking.
6) Primarily interested in grades and economic success, college students now cheat on exams more frequently.
6.
1) He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.
2) Hearing a continual strange noise coming from the next room, her heart beat fast.
3) The old beggar sat at the corner, tears welling up in his eyes.
4) Jim continued on his way, the dog jumping about in front of him.
5) The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile, her long hair flowing in the breeze.
7.
1) This is Mr. Black, director of our hospital.
2) “Leave it to me,” said Peter, the man on duty.
3) Qinghai Lake, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3195 meters above sea level.
4) The whole plan was completed within three months, half the usual time.
5) He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
6) Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.
7) A mother of three children, she has now entered a college again for further education.
（四）倒装句
1．
1) Never have I been to Europe.
2) Hardly had he eaten anything when the dinner was over.
3) Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
4) No sooner had Anne arrived than she fell ill.
5) Little does she care about what others say about her.
2．
1) Richard can speak Japanese. So can his sister.
2) Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
3) Paul could not dance. Nor could he sing.
4) The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. Nor was the wife.
3．
1) So excited was he that he could not go to sleep.
2) So forcefully did he speak at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.
3) So hard did he work that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.
4．
1) Only once did his father call his name.
2) Only then did the doctor realize that his patient needed surgery.
3) Only when you adjust down your price can we conclude the business.
5．
1) Sitting in front of the counter was the young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years.
2) More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss.
3) Among them are the writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the copying of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions.
（五）被动句
1) Joe’s father was seen to return after dark.
2) You are not allowed to smoke in the laboratory.
3) Effective measures should be taken to stop various forms of pollution.
4) When she was in Shanghai, the actress was heard to say she had long thought of the city as her second home.
5) The young man was seen to enter the building next to the bank.
6) After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, he was made to answer all sorts of questions.
7) I don’t think Tom can be made to do what he dislikes.
8) The wind was heard to roar through the trees.
9) What should be done in a case like this?
（六）强调句
1) It was Jefferson who wrote the Declaration of Independence.
2) It is with genuine feeling that the author praises all that is progressive.
3) It was because the water had risen that we could not cross the river.
4) It was Jim, a heartless fellow, who was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night.
5) It was not until I told her that Mrs. Williams knew anything about it.
八、段落写作练习
（一）段落的展开
Exercise W1
Two examples are given for each item. The controlling idea is underlined Your controlling ideas may be different.
1. Owning a car has many advantages.
The disadvantages of owning a car are many.
2. The reason a person lives in a remote area may be one of the following.
A person who lives in a remote area may face many problems.
3. Before applying to a foreign university, one should consider the disadvantages of studying abroad.
The advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages.
4. Car accidents can be avoided or minimized if the driver takes certain
precautions.
Although a person thinks it is safe at home, many different kinds of accidents occur there.
5. An international airport is divided into different sections.
There are several kinds of airports.
6. Teachers can list many reasons why students are absent from their classes.
Absenteeism causes the employer many problems.
7. Taking exams is required of all students, and to do their best, students
should use the following methods to prepare themselves.
One should follow these procedures when taking an exam.
8. Computers have brought many changes to our way of life.
Many educational games can be played on computers.
9. Rice can be prepared in many ways.
Rice can be put to many uses.
10. Preparing to go camping is easy when you organize your trip using
these steps.
Camping has changed in many ways.
Exercise W2
The following topic sentences are only examples. Your sentences may be different.
1. This is a strong topic sentence.
2. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph
describes what the writer does when he or she goes to the beach. A better topic sentence would be: “Whenever I have the opportunity to go to the beach, I always follow the same routine.”
3. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph describes the various ways students can get to class. A better topic sentence would be: “For the many students who cannot afford a car, there are several alternative ways of getting to class.”
Exercise W3
These are only examples. Your topic sentences may be different.
1. A dormitory room is cold and impersonal until several changes have been made to make it more inviting.
2. American telephone books are divided into several sections.
3. The fast-food restaurant has become popular for various reasons.
Exercise W4
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C
Exercise W5
1. Students who need extra money can hold down a fulltime temporary job during their summer vacation.
2. A person can also meet other people by going to parties.
3. In my opinion, people should write clearly.
Note: The possible correct answers for Exercises W6-W7 are so varied that you might wish to discuss your answers with a fluent English speaker.
Exercise W6
These supporting ideas are based on the examples given in the Answer Key for Exercise W1. Yours may be different.
1. Ⅰ. disadvantages of owning a car
A. expensive to buy
B. expensive to maintain
C. difficult to park
D. causing air pollution and traffic jams
2. Ⅰ. reasons for living in a remote area
A. get away from city noise
B. live in unpolluted area
C. remaining where one has been born
D. be closer to nature
3. Ⅰ. disadvantages of studying abroad
A. far from family and friends
B. difficulty in understanding a foreign language
C. more expensive
D. hard to get home in an emergency
4. Ⅰ. kinds of home accidents
A. falls
B. poisoning
C. burns
D. cuts
5. Ⅰ. kinds of airports
A. international
B. national
C. rural
D. private
6. Ⅰ. problems caused by absenteeism
A. lost production
B. missed deadlines
C. mistakes made by substitutes
D. expenses for training substitutes
7. Ⅰ. methods to prepare for taking exams
A. study on a regular basis
B. review appropriate material
C. anticipate questions
D. get good night's sleep the night before
8. Ⅰ. changes brought by computers
A. better telephone services
B. information easier to obtain
C. easier inventory procedures in businesses
D. helpful in education
9. Ⅰ. ways to prepare rice
A. rice with vegetables
B. fried rice
C. curried rice
D. rice salad
10. I. steps to organize a camping trip
A. make a list of necessary items to take
B. get maps of area
C. have car in good condition
D. check weather report
Exercise W7
These are only a few examples. Your paragraphs will be different. Have a fluent English speaker check your paragraphs.
1. The disadvantages of owning a car are many. First, they are much more expensive to buy than bikes or motorcycles. After having purchased a car, the owner is then faced with the expense of maintaining it. Also, it is frequently hard to find a parking place for a car. Last but not least, the increasing number of cars will lead to more serious air pollution and traffic jams, especially in large cities.
