3. Mr. Brown had vision of new and happier Europe.
4. It’s time you had holiday. You haven’t had day off for month.
5. There is hourly service of buses in this route.
6. It is great honour to be invited to such gathering.
7. 1 wouldn’t climb mountain for $ 1, 000! I have horror of heights.
8. Children usually learn the difference between right and wrong at early age.
9. I can’t tell you definitely yet. I'll have word with my wife about it and tell you our decision tomorrow.
10. If boy is not making satisfactory progress at school, his parents should seek advice from his teacher.
B．
1. This is big problem, but not too big problem for us to solve.
2. He had square nose, grey hair and brown skin. She had never seen so handsome man.
3. However great disaster he suffered, John never gave up.
4. Many shipwrecked sailor has been rescued by our brave coastguards(海岸警卫队).
5. Such urgent need requires prompt action.
6. So urgent need requires prompt action.
7. This is as lovely picture as I have ever seen.
8. I don’t think you realize what serious crisis this is.
9. You can hardly hope to succeed where many greater man has failed.
10. How serious crime had been committed was not realized until much later.
（三）定冠词 (Definite Article)
1) 定冠词的基本特性
实际上所有名词（专有名词将另行讨论）前都可能用定冠词the。究竟用不用定冠词，主要取决于我们所表达的思想。如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的、限定的、特指的意义，就用the；反之，就不用the。请看下列句子：
1
2
I love books.
Put the books on the shelf.
Butter is not cheap.
The butter I bought is not cheap.
He went to work by car.
He rode to work in the new car.
He has gained strength.
He has regained the strength he lost.
I like music.
I like the music composed by the young man.
a) 一般用于带有修饰语的名词词组前，但并非所有带修饰语的名词都需要the。例如：
Don’t you think Georgian houses are absolutely lovely?
Stainless steel (不锈钢器皿) has many uses.
I can’t say I care for modern art.
上面三句中斜体部分的名词虽然都有修饰语，因没有明确限定而是泛指一类事物，故不用the。下面三句斜体部分的名词则表示提到过的，特指的事物，要用the：
The Georgian houses have been sold.
The stainless steel was beautiful, but I thought most of the glass （玻璃器皿） they exhibited was rather unimaginative.
They showed a wonderful selection of the impressionists, but the modern art was too limited in its range.
b) 也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前。例如：
The old houses which are most worth visiting are in the Imperial City.
The steel of the gun barrels has gone rusty.
The art of the eighteenth century has never been surpassed（超过）．
上面三句中的形容词从句和介词短语明确了是什么样的房子（what houses），什么样的钢（what steel）和什么样的艺术 （what art），故用the。下面三句同样有形容词从句和介词短语修饰名词，但是它们只指这些名词属于某一类事物，并非特指，故不用the。例如：
Houses which fail to satisfy these minimum requirements are to be pulled down.
Steel of great strength is needed for the manufacture of guns.
Art in the eighteenth century probably played a more important part in people’s lives than it does today.
EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. The engineers found that steel was of insufficiently high quality. Steel, I suppose, is the most important single product of the modern industrial world.
2. Large forests can have an important influence on climate.
Forests have all been cut down.
3. Nature was probably his chief source of inspiration （灵感，鼓舞）.
Nature of the problem was such as to arouse his interest.
4. Education of little children has been greatly neglected.
Public education must be greatly extended.
5. The exploration（探索）of space has become one of the chief topics of science fiction（科幻小说）.
Space between the table and the wall was just big enough for a small bed.
6. I prefer classical music to pop music.
Film wasn’t very good but I liked music.
7. My favourite subject at school was history.
All students should know something about history of their own country.
8. I cannot judge accuracy of your calculations（计算）.
In mathematics accuracy is essential.
2) 定冠词的主要用法
a) 用于单数名词前，表示“某一类人或物”，以区别于其他人或物。例如：
The tiger is a fierce（凶猛的） animal. （相当于A tiger is a fierce animal.或Tigers are fierce animals.）
In this tribe the woman goes out hunting and the man stays at home to look after the children.
下面三句中的斜体部分不能互换：
Who invented the radio? （指类别）
Who had a radio? （指同类中的任何一个）
Who manufactured radios?（指这一类中的所有个体）
man 指“人类”时，不用the。例如：
Man will conquer nature.
b) 用于指世上独一无二的东西，如 the moon，the sun，the world等。
c) 用于表示“乐器”的名词前，但一般不用于表示“体育运动”的名词前。例如：
Can you play the guitar?
I play football every day.
d) 用于某些形容词前，可表示“一类人”。例如：
The young are impatient；they want changes.
e) 一般不用于表示“疾病”的名词前。例如：
I’m just recovering from rheumatism（风湿病）.
下列病名前一般用a／an：
I have an ache in my head (a pain in the neck).
He has a cold／a fever.
特指时需要用the。例如：
Jim has never really got over the malaria（疟疾）he caught in the East.
f) 一般不用于表示“膳食”的名词前，但有形容词修饰时用the。例如：
Breakfast is served at eight.
The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.
如果泛指，用a／an。例如：
He gave us a good breakfast.
g) bed, church, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, sea和work等名词用来指有关活动时，一般不用冠词。例如：
It’s time for children to go to bed. （指to sleep）
He goes to church every Sunday. （指to pray）
After the crash，seven people were taken to hospital. （指to be cured）
He spent six months in prison. （指to be punished）
After I leave school, I want to go to (a) university. （指to study）
Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea. （指to sail）
注：在美国英语中，通常用a／the hospital，a university。
出于其他目的，如去参观、访问这些地方或谈到这些地方时，根据情况用 a 或 the。
例如：
There is a bed in the room.
She was putting clean sheets on the bed.
The workmen went to the church to repair the roof.
Tom went to the prison to visit his brother.
I would love to live near the sea.
home 单独使用时，无冠词；有修饰语时，用 the 或 a。例如：
She left home.
We went to the bride's home.
I don’t have a home to go to in this city.
h) 当cinema, theatre, radio等名词用于表示“看电影、看戏、听无线电”时，一般要用 the。例如：
We went to the cinema last night.
Do you often go to the theatre?
I heard the news on the radio.
television 用于表示“看电视”时不用 the。例如：
I watched the news on television.
指“电视机”时用the。例如：
Can you turn off the television, please?(=the television set)
注：许多固定词组中的名词前通常没有冠词，需要熟记，如day after day，husband and wife，father and son，lock and key，heaven and hell等。
EXERCISE 5
A．Fill in the blanks with a or the where necessary:
1. After lunch, we went for walk by sea.
2. Steam-engine was invented before internal combustion engine（内燃机）.
3. Bat, they say, judges distances by kind of echo-location.
4. He goes to church every Sunday； church he usually goes to has seats for over thousand.
5. This is most useful reference book I have on this subject.
6. We have good market in town where we buy our fruit and _______ vegetables.
7. Prison in this town is grim-looking building.
8. Youngest boy has just started going to school； eldest boy is at college.
9. Dead no longer need help. We must concern ourselves with living.
10. John became manager and secretary of the company same time.
B．Insert a or the where necessary:
1. Horse is noble animal and faithful servant of man.
2. Chess is game which requires great skill and patience.
3. The stranger went to school to complain about behaviour（行为）of one of pupils.
4. Dinner was good, but I did not enjoy speeches that came after it.
5. An important aspect in developing motivation（动力，促动因素）is setting of goals.
6. —He got bronchitis（支气管炎） and was taken to hospital. I expect they’ll send him home at end of week.
—Have you rung hospital to ask how he is?
7. Didn’t you hear that news over radio this morning?
8. Flute（长笛） is my favourite instrument.
9. We have very good train service from here to city center and most people go to work by train. You can go by bus, too, of course, but you can’t get season ticket on bus.
10. Everywhere man has cut down forests in order to cultivate ground, or to use wood as fuel or as building material.
3) 专用名词前定冠词的主要用法
a) 一般不用于单数人名前，但特指或强调时需用the。例如：
He’s the Mr. Smith I saw yesterday.
也可说：
A Mr. Smith has come here. (=A man called Smith has come here.)
复数人名前需用the，如the Johnsons, the Coopers。
b) 不用于“头衔+人名”前，但有头衔无人名时需用the，以表示特指。例如：
I saw Queen Elizabeth when l was in London。
I saw the Queen when I was in London.
c) 不用于国家、省市等名词前，但由短语组成的国名，或以s结尾的国名前需要用the。例如：
the Philippines the Netherlands
the United States the United Kingdom
注：the Ukraine, the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague为例外。
d) 用于表示国籍、民族的名词前。例如：
the British the Chinese
the Dutch the English
下列名词常用复数形式：
(the) Russians (the) Italians
(the) Arabs (the) Scots
c) 用于表示地区的名词前。例如：
the Middle East the Far East
the north of England (但是：northern England)
f) 不用于街道、建筑等名词前，但有 of 介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：
Broadway Red Square
the Tower of London the Great Wall of China
Sam lives on l2th Street.
They changed the name of Sixth Avenue to the Avenue of Americas.
g) 用于河流、海洋、群岛、山脉、海峡、海湾名词前。例如：
the Mississippi the Atlantic
the Philippine Islands the Andes
the English Channel the Persian Gulf
但不用于单个岛屿、山峰前。例如：
Sicily (Mount)Etna
h) 不用于大学名称前，但有 of 介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：
Yale University Oxford University
the University of North Carolina
i) 不用于杂志名词前，但用于报纸名词前。例如：
Newsweek Natural History
the Daily News the Washington Post
EXERCISE 6
A．Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. Thames, Seine and Rhine are famous rivers.
2. Samuel Johnson who was a professor of Columbia University was not Samuel Johnson who was a famous English writer.
3. Andes are in South America, and Alps are in Europe.
4. Wool of which this suit is made comes from Australian sheep.
5. Wool is one of chief exports from Australia.
6. He remembers London of past and says it was gayer than London of today.
7. Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea are really part of Atlantic Ocean.
8. Macy’s (商店名) is on 34th Street between Broadway and Seventh Avenue.
9. Mr Jenkins reads Daily Telegraph but his wife reads Times.
10. Frank is a student at Liverpool University.
B．Translate the following into English:
1．大英博物馆 2．苏伊士运河 3．这两个词的区别
4．威尔逊一家 5．在第一排 6．1949年 7．在1935年秋天
EXERCISE 7
Cross out articles that are unnecessary in the following passage:
The people everywhere in the world might say, “When the strangers do not understand the customs that we follow, they are confused and do not understand what is happening.” The good manners are different in the different parts of the world. In many places, for example, accepting the gifts or anything important with the left hand shows the bad manners and even the rudeness. People with the good manners accept the important things with the both hands or at least with the right hand. Using the left hand to accept the important things shows not only the discourtesy （无礼，失礼） but also shows that the person who is accepting thinks the thing being given is worthless. In the Europe and the North America, however, the people do not follow this custom and give and receive with either hand without thinking about the meaning of what they are doing.
六、标点符号用法讲练
标点符号 (Punctuation Marks) 主要用来明确语句的含义，标示一个句子或句子中各个成分的起止，以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。常用的标点符号有：
i) 句号 ( . ) (Period, Full Stop)
ii) 问号 ( ? ) (Interrogation Mark)
iii) 感叹号 ( ! ) (Exclamation Mark)
iv) 逗号( , ) (Comma)
v) 分号( ; ) (Semicolon)
vi) 冒号( : ) (Colon)
vii) 破折号 ( — ) (Dash)
viii) 括号( [ ] ) (Parentheses)
ix) 引号 ( “ ” )(Quotation Marks)
x) 连字号 ( - ) (Hyphen)
xi) 撇号( ’ ) (Apostrophe)
xii) 删节号 (…) (Ellipsis)
上列标点符号，可归纳为三种情况：i) — iii) 用于句尾；iv) — ix) 用于句中；x) —xi)用于词内。最后一个符号常用于引文中，表示删掉一些文字。
（一）主要标点符号的用法
1) 逗号 (Comma)
主要用于：
a) 并列的词或句子。例如：
Solids , liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.
From l926 until his death in l953, Thorpe lived a poor , lonely , unhappy life.
There’s only enough room for people to walk in , take one of the eleven inserts , roll them together , slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag.
The present is living , the past dead , and the future unknowable.
b) 状语(包括从句，动词-ing形式，独立结构，不定式短语，介词短语等)。例如：
When water is heated , it will be changed into vapour.
John , seeing that his brother was hurt , ran to help him. 或Seeing that his brother was hurt , John ran to help him.
Work is done , even by a force acting at a distance.
To make the trip more exciting for the kids , Oscar kept the destination a secret.
After the heartbreaking experience , Thorpe turned to professional sports.
c) 非限定形容词从句或插入语。例如：
At l0 a.m.we arrived at the railway station , where Jane was waiting for us.
You know , of course , what a phrasal verb is. I needn’t , therefore , explain it now.
d) 呼语、同位语。例如：
George , tell Dick the answer to the question.
He was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief , Black Hawk.
e) 日期、数字、地址。例如：
Chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in August , 1966.
The voyage from England and back covered 28, 2500 miles.
Please send it to 1932 Hill Road , London S.E. 18.（门牌号和街名间无标点）
f) 姓名（姓在名前面时），非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语。例如：
Shakespeare , William
Einstein , Albert
Dear Philip ,
Sincerely yours ,
2) 分号(Semicolon)
主要用于：
a) 两个或两个以上意义有联系的分句中间。例如：
Understanding is a two-way operation ; learning doesn’t consist in being an empty receptacle.
