Work is more than a necessity for most human beings ; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.
Some farmers were hauling water out to their thirsty stock daily ; others were trying to drill deep wells.
Not only do lies provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception ; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health.
b) 列举事物，尤其是其间有逗号时。例如：
There will be three foreign teachers next term: Miss Ann Smith from Boston, America ; Mr. John Baker from London, England ; and Ms Mary Blake from Sydney, Australia.
3) 冒号(Colon)
主要用于：
a) 列举事物。例如：
That was a tale of two cities : London and Paris.
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes : first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and second, those whose work and pleasure are one.
b) 注释句之前。例如：
I've just had some good news : I’ve been offered a part-time job in the computer center.
These seat covers are the most durable kind : they are reinforced with double stitching and covered with a heavy plastic coating.
4) 破折号(Dash)
主要用于：
a) 注释性的词语或句子前；如用于句子中间，前后都要有破折号。例如：
There is a way to decide any question — experiment.
Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages.
b) 补充性的成分。例如：
Life — and death, too — is a cycle that goes round and round. I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change — and more important, my students change.
c) 总括所列举的事物。例如：
The complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors of thousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in private industry — all working together for a common purpose.
d) 突然转折。例如：
One little problem is that a computer can’t laugh yet — but the scientists are working on it.
5) 撇号
a) 用作省略号。例如：o’er ( = over), it’s = (it is).
b) 用作所有格符号。例如：Mary’s handbag, the l990’s。
c) 构成字母、数字或缩写的复数形式。例如：the four a’s。
EXERCISE l
Capitalize and punctuate the following:
1．the man’s papers Betty found in the attic established his identity It henry bedell company D 11th vermont volunteers 30 years old
2．it was clear that dad could do no more than he was doing already farming 80 acres in addition to holding a fulltime job
3．now i’m coming to the most important point but what are you doing over there
4．rain snow sleet fog would not trouble the underground world
5．during the summer the resort is crowded with tourists during the winter only sea gulls walk the beach
6．to a certain extent mankind encumbers the earth
7．1ike most wild life deer reproduce grow and store fat in the summer and fall
8．the big fellow was jim thorpe the greatest american athlete of modern times
9．the asparagus were enormous juicy and appetising
10．i was sure our four kids educated about the west through movies would be disappointed
11．i wouldn’t mark a painting or a statue its soul so to speak is inseparable from its beauty
12．the participants of the singing contest included students teachers doctors businessmen factory workers people from all walks of life
13．is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground in new man-made caves
14．i answered by correspondence that i would meet her at beijing hotel on thursday
15．passengers may have one of the four beverages coffee tea milk or soda
16．present at the meeting were mr ho chairman of the english department mr brown a visiting scholar from denmark and all the professors and lecturers who had taught us
17．the suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients it contributes to the spiral of law suits and of defensive medicine
18．his slight acquaintance with them he had met them only once made him hesitate to ask them for help
（二）并列句中的标点用法
1) 逗号+并列连词
The clock was old , yet it was in excellent condition.
There was little formality in class , but Mr Stone never had to discipline us.
注：ⅰ）在较短的句子中，逗号可以省略。例如：
Many are called but few are chosen.
然而有时单个词后面也需用标点，否则表示不同的句意。例如：
Again , we lost our way. （而且我们迷路了。）
Again we lost our way. （我们又一次迷路。）
ⅱ）有两个以上分句时，前几个分句之间用逗号，最后两个分句之间用逗号加连词。例如：
The night wind died down , night closed in , the moon came out , and lights came on in the scattered houses.
2) 分号
They live on the first floor ; we live on the second. (对比)
Everyone was late ; the snow had caused a traffic jam. (补充说明)
3) 分号+连接性副词+逗号
We didn’t like the choice ; however , we had to accept it.
We didn’t know what to do ; therefore , we did nothing.
适用于这种情况的连接性副词还有：consequently，furthermore，moreover，nevertheless等。
注：ⅰ）连接性副词位于句末时，前面一般用逗号，后面用句号。例如：
The new seats in the auditorium are more comfortable; the acoustics are worse , however.
ⅱ) 连接性副词也放在句首，后面用逗号。例如：
I hadn’t read the test very carefully. Therefore , I was surprised that I had done so well.
I hadn’t read the test very carefully ; therefore , I was surprised that I had done so well.
ⅲ) then 和thus后面不用逗号。例如：
The ice cracked and split ; then that boy sank into the bone-chilling water.
EXERCISE 2
Punctuate the following sentences:
1．The plan won’t work for there are too many things wrong with it.
2．The bus broke down as a result we were late for work.
3．Martin left a note it said he would be late.
4．This is a new watch yet it doesn’t work.
5．Jim was very tired so he went right off to sleep.
6．Business was booming consequently the company needed more workers.
7．The sky was bright blue with a few white clouds in it and it was a beautiful day for the picnic.
8．The dining hall is nice looking the food however is terrible.
9．Attendance is compulsory the students have no choice therefore.
10．Some people put cream and sugar in their coffee others prefer it black.
11．Space exploration is costly nevertheless we must continue to spend money on space travel if we are to learn about our universe.
12．Astronauts are affected by weightlessness moreover they are also affected by boredom and loneliness.
EXERCISE 3
Correct punctuation mistakes in each sentence by adding a semicolon or a full stop, or a comma plus a suitable coordinating conjunction:
1．Unmanned space probes (探测器) eliminate the risk of death, furthermore, they cost much less than manned space flight.
2．Praise is like sunlight, we cannot flower or grow without it.
3．It was May, snow still lay under the branches of the thick pines.
4．The price of serious illness has risen drastically(大幅度地)in recent years, for example some hospital rooms now cost a hundred pounds a day.
5．John is short and quiet, his roommate is tall and talkative.
6．The window kept banging all night, I couldn’t sleep a wink.
7．Reckless (鲁莽的) drivers would be severely punished, in fact they should lose their drivers’ permits for at least six months.
8．Jim liked to sample different kinds of food, I fixed some Chinese food for him.
9．Methods of studying vary, what works well for some students doesn’t work at all for others.
10．Philip was watching TV, Marie was upstairs on the phone.
（三）直接引语句的标点用法
1) 引述动词位于句首
引述动词+逗号／冒号+引语。例如：
Jim said: “I swim for an hour every day. ”
Tom said to his brother, “Put your toys away. Mom will be back soon.’’
2) 引述动词位于句中
引语+逗号／惊叹号／问号+引述动词+逗号／句号+引语
引语的第一部分若是一个完整句子，引语第二部分句首用大写字母，引述动词后用句号。例如：
“Just tell the boys to get busy, ” their father instructed. “They’re college men. They’ll do what they have to do.’’
“No! No!” I cried. “You can’t sell my books.”
如果引语的第一部分不是完整句子，则引语的第二部分以小写字母开始，引述动词后用逗号。例如：
“You sir, ” King Gustav of Sweden told Thorpe, “are the greatest athlete in the world.’’
3) 引述动词位于句末
引语+逗号／问号／惊叹号+引述动词。例如：
一“What offence?” I asked.
一“Theft, ” the policeman said.
“What a beautiful view!” she exclaimed.
4) 引语句子在句末
引语句子位于句末，其标点即为全句标点。例如：
All he can say in English is “How do you do?”
Did you see the words “Are you happy?”
上面两句不能写成：
* All he can say in English is “How do you do?”.
* Did you see the words “Are you happy?”?
EXERCISE 4
Correct the punctuation mistakes in the following sentences. If a sentence is correct as it stands, write C at its end:
1．“On Friday” the teacher announced: “we’ll take up a new lesson.’’
2．“What?” he asked? “do we have to prepare for the camping trip”?
3．“How was your day?” I enquired. “Great!” I enthused.
4．He greets everyone with “Hi”.
5．“You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags.” One shopping-bag lady volunteered in a church soup kitchen. “but it’s everything I need.”
6．Who wrote “You fools!” on the blackboard?
7．“It pains me,” I said. “To find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you.’’
8．Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself” question? even though there may be no financial worries.
EXERCISE 5
Capitalize and punctuate the following passages:
1．London Fire
at one o’clock on september 2 1666 the great fire of London started in side a bakers shop in pudding lane it lasted five days and nearly 80％of all the buildings within the London wall were razed according to the official report l3200 houses 87 parish churches over 400 streets and the enormous old st pauls cathedral one of the wonders of the medieval world were in ruins out of Londons 450 acres only 75 remained untouched.
robert hubert a French watchmaker from rouen was accused of the fire the sentence said he had deliberately started the fire after he was hanged it was conclusively proved that he had not even arrived in London until two days after the fire broke out
2．Mountain-Climbing and Sight-Seeing
mr jones was very fond of climbing mountains so one year he went to switzerland for his holidays after he had climbed some easy mountains he decided one day to climb a more difficult one but he did not want to go up it alone so he found a good swiss guide who had often climbed that mountain
at first it was not a difficult climb but then they came to a place which was not so easy the guide stopped turned round and warned mr jones be careful here he said this is a dangerous place you can easily fall and if you do you will fall straight down a very long way but he continued calmly if you do fall here don’t forget to look to the right while you are going down there is a quite extraordinarily beautiful view there much more beautiful than the one you can see from here
3．The Road to Happiness
it is the simple things that really matter if a man delights in his wife and children has success in work and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night spring and autumn he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be if on the other hand he finds his wife hateful his childrens noise
unendurable and the office a nightmare if in the daytime he longs for night and at night he sighs for the light of day then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life a different diet or more exercise man is an animal and his happiness depends on his physiology more than he likes to think unhappy business men I am convinced would increase their happiness more by walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy
七、句型写作练习
（一） 并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词或用分号、冒号、逗号等连在一起构成的句子叫并列句。常用的等立连词有and, or, but, so, for, neither, nor, while, whereas等。
用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。
1) It was a cold snowy day.
He had no money left for food. (and)
2) Hurry up.
You’ll be late. (or)
3) It rained heavily last night.
I went to the show anyway. (but)
4) I enjoy classical music.
She enjoys classical music, too. (so)
5) He must be ill.
He is absent today. (for)
6） Some people waste food.
Others haven’t enough. (while)
7) She is fat.
Her husband is thin. (whereas)
8) She cannot read.
She cannot write, either. (neither)
（二） 复合句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫做复合句，也叫主从复合句。从句由关联词引导，关联词将从句与主句联系在一起。根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。
> 名词从句
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用，因此统称为名词从句。
引导名词从句的关联词，主要有三类：
1． 主从连词：that（无词义），whether（是否），if（是否）
2． 连接代词：who（谁），whom（谁），whose（谁的），what（什么），which（哪一个，哪一些）
3． 连接副词：when（什么时候），where（什么地方），why（为什么），how（怎样）
主从连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当句中某一个成
分。
1. 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。
1) They need more help in English.
That is quite obvious.
2) She is still alive.
That is good news.
3) She will come here.
It doesn’t seem likely.
4) The children came to the zoo.
They like the pandas best.
5) We are badly in need of something.
It is raw material.
2. 将下面每组中的词连成句子，使其中包含主语从句。
1) did not, a pity, he, come earlier, it’s, that
2) smoking, it is, cause, a well-known fact, lung cancer, can, that
3) encouraged him, it is, but, help him, true, actually, I, that, didn’t
4) they, keep their promise, didn’t, seem, it, likely, that, would ever
5) why, for criticism, hard to understand, had singled out, Mary, it was, Prof. Hardy
3. 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句。
1) What kind of show are they putting on?
Can you tell me?
2) Is the letter overweight？
I’m wondering.
3) How can we improve our study habits?
I am thinking of that.
4) Is Henry the right person for the job?
We are still uncertain as to that.
5) Peter has a slight headache sometimes.
He has always been in good health except that.
6) He had forgotten to take his notebook with him.
He suddenly remembered that.
4. 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。
1) I was far more intelligent than he was.
I always took that for granted.
2) You were unable to attend our meeting.
We all thought that was a pity.
3) You should mind your manners.
We consider that is important.
4) He was too ill to go on working.
He didn't want that to be known.
5) Every one of you should finish your homework on time.
I regard that as important.
6) His father would come to his help if he got into trouble.
He took that for granted.
7) He might change his mind at the last minute.
We thought that was highly probable.
