8) The train will be delayed by the dense fog.
I think that is likely.
9) You should stop smoking.
The doctor thinks that is advisable.
5. 用 “what” 从句将下列句子补充完整。
1) Could you show me ______ (you, write)?
2) This is ________(we, should always, keep in mind).
3) (they, see) _______ in China made a deep impression on them.
4) We must not put off till tomorrow ______ (we, can, do , today).
6. 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。
1) He is growing old.
Nothing could hide the fact.
2) He works hard.
The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
3) I have a complacent feeling.
I feel that I’m highly intelligent.
4) He explained that he didn’t see the notice.
The explanation is unsatisfactory.
5) He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.
Most of us don’t agree with his view.
6) He won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.
The news soon spread throughout the country.
7) He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter.
His suggestion is not universally accepted.
8) I moved that the vote be postponed.
He seconded my motion.
9) He feared that he might not be able to finish the work.
The fear disturbed him greatly.
10) We expressed a hope.
That hope was that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.
11) I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message.
It says that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
12) Suzy is the right person for the job.
There can be no doubt about it.
> 定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词when, where, why引出。
关系代词和关系副词有两个作用：1、把主句和从句连接起来；2、在从句中作一个成分。which, that, who在从句中作主语或宾语；whom作宾语；whose作定语。when, where, why在从句中作状语。
关系代词that, which, who, whom如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。
另外，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，则这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which或whom引出的定语从句。
定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，去掉之后句子的意思就不完整，不明确，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后句子的意思仍然很清楚，从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。
将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。
1) I went to visit the American author.
He wrote a number of books about China.
2) My aunt prepared the soup.
I ate the soup.
3) I have an arrangement with my bank.
By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.
4) He sent her a letter.
In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
5) Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.
He will teach us accounting this term.
6) She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan.
She has some relatives there.
7) The United States is known for its supermarkets.
In these supermarkets, huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
8) The story happened in late 19th century.
At that time, China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.
> 状语从句
状语从句按其意义可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步等类别。其引导词分别如下：
时间状语从句：when, after, before, as, while, whenever, since, once, until, as soon as
地点状语从句：where, wherever
原因状语从句：because, as, since, now that
目的状语从句：so that, in order that, lest
结果状语从句：so that, so…that, such…that
条件状语从句：if, unless, suppose (supposing), provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), in case, as (so) long as
方式状语从句：as, as if (though)
让步状语从句：though, although, even if (though), however, whatever, no matter how (what, where, when), whether…or
将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。
(as long as, on condition that, lest, so…that, such…that, in case, as if, now that, whether…or, however, )
1) You’ve bought a new car.
What are you going to do with the old one?
2) We’d better take the telescope with us.
Perhaps it is needed.
3) We must hurry off.
Otherwise, we might miss the bus.
4) The problem was very complicated.
It took us nearly two weeks to solve it.
5) The aircraft was flying at a very high altitude.
We could hardly see it.
6) I’ll lend you my computer.
The condition is that you keep it in good shape.
7) You can go out.
But you should promise to be back before 11 at night.
8) I remember the whole thing.
It seems that it happened yesterday.
9) He tried very hard.
But he could not do the job satisfactorily.
10) It may take an hour or even a whole day.
But I shall find out the answer.
（三） 复杂的简单句
并列句和复合句往往可以浓缩成复杂的简单句，使语言更为紧凑、多样。
1. 表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。
1) They looked both ways before they crossed the street.
2) I made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.
3) Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.
4) Although they’re intelligent, they aren’t doing well in school.
5) Although he’s rich, he isn’t very happy.
6) Although he’s tall, he isn’t a very good basketball player.
7) If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
8) Even if there were air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.
9) If you don’t work hard, you will accomplish nothing.
10) If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
2. 起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with +名词+分词/形容词/介词词组”的结构作状语。
1) They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
2) If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
3) As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.
4) In the corner there is a table. One of its legs is shorter than the others.
5) When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
6) As the pace of change is quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with the latest developments even in their own disciplines.
7) She looked in my face and tears streamed down her cheeks.
3. 还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。
1) She won’t go home until she has taken the exam.
2) Because he had a bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.
3) We are full aware that the situation is serious.
4) She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.
5) We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it.
6) Helen did not go straight home after school. She went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
7) I am not going to send the book to Allan by post. I am going to take it to him myself.
8) Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding. He flew to Florida for an emergency case.
4. 系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。
1) I love girls who are intelligent
2) At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.
3) I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.
4) The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.
5) Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
5. 两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语。
1) Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting.
2) As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.
3) They went hunting for hours, but when they returned they were empty-handed.
4) When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.
5) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking.
6) College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently.
6. 两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。
1) He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.
2) She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.
3) The old beggar sat at the corner. Tears welled up in his eyes.
4) Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.
5) The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.
7. 解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。
1) This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.
2) “Leave it to me,” said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.
3) Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters above sea level.
4) The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.
5) He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
6) He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.
7) She is a mother of three children. She has now entered a college again for further education.
（四） 倒装句
英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。
1．否定词位于句首时
1) I have never been to Europe.
2) He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.
3) She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
4) Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.
5) She cares little about what others say about her.
2．so, nor, neither等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时
1) Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.
2) Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.
3) Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.
4) The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word of welcome either.
3．含有so...that结构的句子将so引导的部分位于句首时
1) He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.
2) He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.
3) He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.
4．only引出的状语位于句首时
1) His father called his name only once.
2) The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.
3) We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.
5．主语部分过长或上下文需要衔接时
1) The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.
2) The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss is more
important.
3) The writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the copying
of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions are among them.
（五） 被动句
英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：（1）不知道动作的执行者；（2）没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；（3）虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。
将下列句子改为被动形式。
1) They saw Joe’s father return after dark.
2) They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.
3) We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.
4) When she was in Shanghai we heard the actress say she had long thought of the city as her second home.
5) People saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.
6) After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, people made him answer all sorts of questions.
7) I don’t think anyone can make Tom do what he dislikes.
8) I heard the wind roar through the trees.
9) What should one do in a case like this?
（六） 强调句
改写下列句子，强调划线部分。
1) Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
2) The author praises all that is progressive with genuine(真实的) feeling.
3) We could not cross the river because the water had risen.
4) Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night(在深夜).
5) Mrs. Williams didn't know anything about it until I told her.
八、段落写作练习
（一）段落的展开
PRACTICE WITH TOPIC SENTENCES
The topic sentence states the topic and a controlling idea concerning that topic. Look at the following example.
People give many reasons for owning a car.
The topic of the sentence is “owning a car.” The controlling idea is “reasons.” All the supporting ideas in the paragraph should be “reasons for owning a car.”
The following phrases or ones similar to these can be used in your topic sentence to express the controlling idea:
the reasons for
the causes of (the effects of)
the steps for (the procedure for)
the advantages of (the disadvantages of)
the ways to (the methods of)
the different sections (parts, kinds, types) of
the characteristics (traits, qualities) of
the problems of
the precautions for
the changes to
Exercise W1
Looking at topic sentences
Write a topic sentence for each of the following topics. Use one of the phrases above or one of your own for your controlling idea.
Example catching colds
People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.
This topic sentence includes the topic “catching colds” and the controlling idea “taking precautions.”
1. owning a car
2. living in a remote area
3. studying abroad
4. accidents
5. airports
6. absenteeism
7. taking exams
8. computers
9. rice
10. camping
Exercise W2
Checking topic sentences
Your topic sentence should tell the person who is reading your paragraph what the paragraph is about. Read the following paragraph and decide whether the topic sentence is strong or weak. (The topic sentence is underlined.)
Baseball is a popular sport in the United States. There are two teams of nine players each. Players on one team take turns batting, and the other team tries to put the batters out. The batter hits the ball and then tries to run around the bases and get “home” safely. The other team tries to put the batter out by catching the ball before it hits the ground, throwing the ball to the base before the batter gets there or by tagging the batter with the ball. The batter can stop at any one of the three bases if it is impossible to make it “home.”
The topic sentence in the paragraph is weak because it tells us that “baseball is a popular sport”, but the rest of the paragraph tells us how baseball is played. A stronger topic sentence would tell us, the readers that the paragraph is going to describe how baseball is played. Here is a stronger topic sentence.
Baseball, a popular game in the United States, is played in the following way. Now the reader knows that the paragraph will describe how baseball is played instead of where it is played or who plays it, or why it is popular.
Read the following paragraphs. The topic sentences are underlined. If the topic sentence is weak, rewrite it in the space provided.
1. Even though the procedures followed to enroll in an American university vary according to each university, some steps are the same. First, you should contact the registration office of the university you want to attend to get the necessary forms and information concerning that particular university's entrance requirements. Then you must follow the steps outlined in their response. You will probably have to send copies of your high school diploma, get letters of recommendation, and write an essay on why you want to study there. You may have to achieve a certain score on the TOEFL test and have your scores forwarded to the university. Finally, you will have to contact the American embassy to start the procedures to obtain a student visa.
