物因素的影响，也重视社会因素在心理发展中的作用。他认为个体人格的发展过程是自我
与周围环境相互作用和不断整合的过程。他以人格特征为标准把个体一生划分为8个阶段，
同时指出了每一个阶段的主要发展任务(见第155页图3—8)。
第一阶段为婴儿期(0--1岁半)，发展的任务是获得信任感，克服不信任感，体验着
希望的实现，儿童获得的积极成果是身体舒适和安全感。
第二阶段为儿童早期(或称学步期，1岁半一3岁)，发展任务是获得自主感，克服羞
耻感和疑惑，体现着意志的实现，积极的成果是坚持的能力和自--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------`主的能力。
第三阶段为学前期(或称游戏期，3'--6岁)，发展任务是获得主动感和克服内疚感，
体验着目的的实现；积极的成果是掌握新任务的主动性。
第四个阶段为学龄期(6--12岁)，发展任务是获得勤奋感，克服自卑感，体验着能力
的实现，积极的成果是创造力发展和掌握技能。
第五阶段为青年期(12--18岁)，发展任务是建立同一感，防止同一性混乱，体验着
忠诚的实现，积极的成果是自我同感能力的发展。
第六阶段为成年早期(18--25岁)，发展任务是获得亲密感，避免孤立感，体验着爱
情的实现，积极的成果是亲爱。
第七阶段为成年中期(25—50岁)，主要获得生殖感，避免停滞感，体验着关怀的实
现，积极的成果是关怀后代。
第八阶段为成年晚期(50岁以后直到死亡)，主要为获得综合的完善感，避免失望和
厌恶感，体验着智慧的实现，积极的成果为体验完成人生的使命感。
5．列昂节夫以儿童的主导活动为标准划分儿童心理发展阶段 ·
列昂节夫(A．H．JIeombeB)是前苏联的心理学家，是维果茨基(Ⅱ．C．Blnom3卤)的
学生。维果茨基是苏联儿童心理学的奠基者，他认为人的高级心理机能是社会文化历史的
产物，个体心理发展是在社会中、在人际交往中实现的，并提出了“文化历史发展理论”。前苏
联心理学重视活动过程在心理发展中的作用，列昂节夫也是活动理论的一个倡导者，他和厄
里康宁以不同时期儿童的特殊活动类型，即主导活动为依据，将儿童心理发展划分为6个年
龄阶段：
(1)直接的情感性交际活动(0--1岁)。
(2)操作实物的活动(1--3岁)。
(3)游戏活动(3—7岁)。
(4)学习活动(7—11岁)。
(5)社会公益活动(11—15岁)。
(6)专业的学习活动(15--17岁)。
6．施太伦(W．Stem)以种系演化作为分期标准划分儿童心理发展阶段
施太伦主张复演说。他从广义发展心理学的角度，按心理的发生和发展的演化历程把
儿童心理发展的历程划分为3个阶段：
(1)幼儿期(6岁以前)：相当于从哺乳类动物到原始人类的阶段。
(2)意识的学习期(从入学到13岁)：相当于人类古老的文化阶段。
(3)青年成熟期(14--18岁)：相当于近代文化阶段。
