饭饭TXT > 学习管理 > 《托福阅读1000词 托福写作1000词(出书版)》作者:俞敏洪【完结】 > 托福阅读1000词.txt

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作者:俞敏洪 当前章节:15412 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 03:06

同义 invasion(n. 侵略)

要点 要注意aggression除了可以表达人类战争中的侵略以外,也可以表述动物群落之间的侵略行为。

alertness[ə'lə:rtnəs]n. 警戒,戒备

搭配 heightened alertness 高度警惕;class alertness 阶级意识;over alertness 过度警觉

例句 As the tiredness theory would predict, yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, and it proved to be another flaw of it. 根据疲劳理论预测的那样,打哈欠不会提高人的警觉或生理活动,而这被证实是该理论的另一缺陷。

anecdotal[ˌænik'doutl]a. 轶话的,逸闻趣事的

例句 1. Along with anecdotal evidence, new studies have revealed that the frequency of yawning increases during the extended periods of inactivity. 同轶事证据一样,新的研究表明长时间之内不活动的话,打哈欠的频率就会上升。

2. The scholar's findings are not based upon formal researches, but anecdotal evidences. 这个学者的发现不是基于正式的研究,而是轶事类的证据。

anthropologist[ˌænθrə'pɑ:ləʤist]n. 人类学家

例句 The process of evolution perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. 这些人类学家认识到的进化过程可能会被简要地概括出来。

同类 人类学相关词汇:origin 起源;tribe 部落;clan 宗族;relic 遗物;antique 文物。

appeal[ə'pi:l]n. 呼吁;感染力;申诉 v. 呼吁;有吸引力;申诉

搭配 appeal court 上诉法院;take appeal to/against 对…提出上诉

例句 1. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to the infants' psychological states. 当然,面向儿童的广告中的理性吸引总是有限的,因为大部分广告总是对儿童的心理状态施加情绪化和间接化的吸引。

2. This modern art exhibition appeals to large numbers of art lovers. 这场现代艺术展览吸引了大量的艺术爱好者。

assert[ə'sə:rt]v. 断言,声称;坚持

例句 1. Competition for good farmland may also urge people to bond together to assert their rights over the best fields. 人们争取得到良田,这或许会促使他们团结一致地坚持他们得到最好的土地的权利。

2. The new generation asserts their own style is the representative of American art. 新一代们声称他们自己的风格就是美国艺术的代表。

要点 assert作“断言,声称”讲时,有时可与affirm和declare替换。区别在于affirm主要表达一种肯定;而declare则多用于宣布某项声明。

assessment[ə'sesmənt]n. 确定;评定;估价

例句 Increases in the use of pacifiers were first used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. 1969年,安抚奶嘴用量的增长首次被研究者作为一种评定方法使用。

association[əˌsouʃi'eiʃn]n. 协会,联盟;联合;交往

例句 Through association with people who are important to us, we gain a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. 通过和那些对我们来说很重要的人交往,我们能获得一种安全、爱、赞同、陪伴以及个人价值的感觉。

astonishing[ə'stɑ:niʃiŋ]a. 令人惊讶的,惊人

例句 What is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by the phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis in Dutch agriculture appeared just later than expected. 让人感到惊讶的不是荷兰农业受到了销售额和产量下降这些现象的影响,而是荷兰农业危机仅仅是出现得比预想较晚的事实。

同义 surprising(a. 让人惊讶的)

authenticity[ˌɔ:θen'tisəti]n. 确实性,真实性

例句 For the audience for photography, one of the most impressive things was the idea of authenticity. 对于摄影技术的观众来说,令人印象最深刻的事情之一就是真实性的概念。

同义 reliability(n. 可靠性)

authority[ə'θɔ:rəti]n. 权力;[常 pl.]官方,当局;权威

例句 1. Peripheral peoples had a great advantage in their dealings with the center areas, making government authority insecure and anxious. 外围地区的人们在与中心区域间的贸易中占据很大的优势,这令政府当局感到不安和焦虑。

2. This researching group is an authority on energy sources. 该研究小组是能源方面的权威。

同义 power(n. 权力)

autonomous[ɔ:'tɑ:nəməs]a. 自治的;独立自主的

搭配 autonomous states 自治州

例句 No matter the human imitative instinct, or the penchant for fantasy, none of them made contributions to the appearance of autonomous theater. 无论是人类模仿的本能,还是对幻想的爱好,都没有对独立戏剧的产生做出贡献。

barrier['bæriər]n. 栅栏;关卡,检票口;障碍

例句 1. The political institutions of these countries couldn't pose significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. 这些国家的政策制度对工业化和经济发展都不能造成明显的障碍。

2. For the solar winds, the Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier. 对于太阳风来说,地球的磁气圈是一个障碍。

同义 fense(n. 栅栏)

要点 阅读中多用barrier表示“障碍”的词义,与obstruction同义,可以替换使用。

battle['bætl]n. 战役;斗争 v. 作战,斗争

搭配 battle with... 与…斗争

例句 The recalling of the battle is elaborated by the narrator. 叙述者详细地描述了对战争的回忆。

bind[baind]v. 捆绑;装订;约束

例句 Goat toe bones showed the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot binding and testified to early herding of domestic stock. 山羊的趾骨显示出因蹄子被捆绑而留下的磨损痕迹,这是早期放牧驯化牲畜的证明。

派生 binding(a. 捆绑的;有约束力的)

要点 托福阅读中通常会用到bind表示“捆绑”的词义,而tie和fasten也可以表达同样的意思。此外,bind表示“约束”的意思也十分常见。

bold[bould]a. 粗体的;醒目的;大胆的

例句 Mendeleyev was bolder than Meyer, he even assumed that if a measured atomic mass put an element in the wrong place in the table, the atomic mass was wrong. 门得列夫比迈耶更为大胆,他甚至假设如果在测量原子量时,把一个元素放在了元素周期表中错误的位置,那么它的原子量也是错的。

同义 stouthearted(a. 大胆的)

bond[bɑ:nd]n. 联结;债券;黏合剂;契约 v.(使)黏合;(使)结合

搭配 bond trader 证券交易员

例句 The surfaces to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease for adhesive to make a really strong bond. 要想让黏合剂真正粘得牢靠,涂胶的表面必须非常干净,而且不能潮湿或有油脂在上面。

要点 托福阅读中多次用到bond表“联结”的名词词义,如:People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds.

boundary['baundri]n. 分界线;边界

例句 1. The idea that the Lr in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites is not accepted. 边界黏土中所含的铹元素来自极微小的陨石的说法不能被接受。

2. The neighbors had a long-standing disagreement over the boundary line. 这些临近的国家之间就分界线问题存在着长期的分歧。

同义 border(n. 边界)

celebrity[sə'lebrəti]n. 名声;知名人士;著名

例句 If a celebrity endorses a product, children will feel validated in their choice of that one. 如果有一个名人代言一种产品,孩子们就会觉得这证明了他们的选择。

同义 fame(n. 名声)

cohesion[kou'hi:ʒn]n. 内聚力;凝聚力;团结;结合

搭配 cohesion-tension theory 内聚力理论

例句 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may have lain in the pattern of Rome's early development. 罗马人对团结和凝聚力的痴迷的根源可能在于罗马早期发展的模式。

同义 unity(n. 团结;结合)

collaboration[kəˌlæbə'reiʃn]n. 合作,协作;通敌

搭配 in collaboration with 与…合作,与…勾结

例句 Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. 他们的竞争与合作创造了美国的广播业,以20世纪20年代初期引进商业广播节目为开端。

同义 synergism(n. 合作)

collapse[kə'læps]n./v. 崩溃;倒塌;瓦解;虚脱

例句 1. When a separation of positive and negative electrical particles that develop in a storm cloud suddenly collapses, lightning takes place. 当正电子和负电子的分离产生的雷雨云突然瓦解时,闪电就产生了。

2. In the earthquake, lots of houses collapsed. 无数房屋在地震中倒塌。

同义 crash(n./v. 崩溃;倒塌)

colonization[ˌkɑ:lənə'zeiʃn]n. 殖民;殖民地化

例句 Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, there are much of the evidence contradicted this. 尽管相信殖民远征队伍带着充足的物资出发的观点似乎是合理的,但也有许多证据否定这一观点。

combat['kɑ:mbæt]n./v. 格斗,战斗;斗争

例句 San Antonio, Texas, gives an objective lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay. 德克萨斯州的圣安东尼奥市为许多正与城市衰落作斗争的城市提供了客观的经验。

同义 conflict, battle(n./v. 斗争)

要点 短语combat with“与…战斗”是比较常用的搭配,但托福阅读中也经常出现combat作名词的用法。

command[kə'mænd]v. 命令,指挥

例句 Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so valuable to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. 他们的成员下达命令,分配了许多奖品给我们,这些奖品对我们来说非常珍贵,让我们的生命似乎变得更有价值。

同义 govern, control(v. 统率)

compensate['kɑ:mpenseit]v. 赔偿,弥补;付报酬

搭配 compensate for 弥补

例句 1. When the real Sun was invisible, the artificial Sun was able to compensate for the Sun's movement. 当看不到真正的太阳时,这个人造太阳就可以弥补太阳运动。

2. There is no idea about how to compensate for humans' underdeveloped sense of smell. 还没有办法可以弥补人类不够发达的嗅觉。

要点 compensate表示“弥补”时,含义与make up相近;这个短语也可以表示“给…赔偿”,意思与pay for相近。这些用法在阅读中可能会替换使用。

conceal[kən'si:l]v. 隐蔽;隐瞒;覆盖

例句 1. The most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a lot of problems. 最重要的历史分期标准隐瞒了许多问题。

2. Leaves and dust concealed those shallow puddles. 树叶和灰尘覆盖了那些浅水坑。

同义 hide(v. 隐藏)

concern[kən'sə:rn]v. 涉及;关心 n. 关心;(利害)关系

搭配 be concerned with 涉及;concern oneself with/about 关心

例句 1. Wildlife biologists concerned that the loss of forests may lead to nutritional deficiencies for deer. 野生生物学家们担心森林的减少会导致鹿缺乏营养。

2. Besides the structure of essays, another main factor to be particularly concerned about writing is the collection of written material. 除了论文的结构以外,另一个写作时需要格外注意的主要因素是书面材料的搜集。

conflict['kɑ:nflikt]n. 冲突;分歧[kən'flikt]v. 冲突;争论

搭配 conflict with 与…冲突

例句 1.“The thriving obsidian operation”was discussed in order to explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time. 讨论“繁荣的黑曜石经营运作”是为了解释一个成功的产业如何既是财富的来源,也是冲突的来源。

2. His classes conflict with all the work schedules. 他的课程与所有的工作安排都冲突。

同义 clash(n./v. 冲突);dispute(n. 分歧;争论)

要点 conflict的名词和动词用法在托福阅读中都出现过。作动词时常与with搭配,表示“与…不一致,与…冲突”。

connection[kə'nekʃn]n. 联系;(因果)关系;连接(部分)

例句 According to the sociologists, the connections between the individual and the society are established by cultural patterns. 根据社会学家的说法,个人和社会之间的联系是由文化模式确立的。

同义 relationship(n. 联系)

要点 托福阅读中经常会出现the connections among/between...,表示“…与…之间的联系”。

conquest['kɑ:ŋkwest]n. 征服,攻取;战利品

例句 Camps, fortifications, and economic change altogether played an important role in the Roman conquest of Britain. 军队、防御工事以及经济变革都在罗马征服英国的战争中起到了重要作用。

同义 defeat(n. 击败)

consequence['kɑ:nsəkwens]n. 结果;影响;推理;重要(性)

搭配 in consequence of 由于…的缘故

例句 1. Air pollution is the bad consequence of technical progress. 空气污染是技术进步造成的恶果。

2. In this case, the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. 在这个例子中,每个考虑或结果的相对重要性都是确定的。

同义 outcome(n. 结果);influence(n. 影响);inference(n. 推理)

要点 在文中看到consequence时要注意事物的因果关系,如:Butterflies are one of the most extensively studied insects and about 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects. 在这个句子中,as a consequence后面的句子就是“蝴蝶被研究得最多”的结果。

conservation[ˌkɑ:nsər'veiʃn]n. 保守;保存;保持;守恒

例句 1. Even if the uncooperative farmers joined in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer. 就算那些不合作的农民努力去保护,也只能让含水土层的减少放缓而已。

2. Biological diversity, as a critical conservation issue, has become widely recognized only in the past two decades. 生物多样化这一重要的环保议题在过去的20年来才得到广泛的认识。

同义 preservation(n. 保守;保存;保持)

consolidate[kən'sɑ:lideit]v. 巩固,加强;(使)合并

例句 1. This element usually existed in a metallic state, thus when the Earth cooled and consolidated, it was preferentially incorporated in its core. 这种元素通常是以金属态存在的,因此当地球冷却并开始巩固时,它首先会被包含到地心中去。

2. If they can succeed, other companies may be encouraged to consolidate. 如果他们成功的话,其他公司也许会受到鼓励进行合并。

同义 strengthen(v. 加强)

constituent[kən'stitjuənt]n. 选民;成分 a. 组成的,构成的

例句 1. Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms may become buried and compressed, and lose the volatile constituents. 叶子和软体生物的组织可能被埋葬或压缩,这样它们所含的挥发性成分就流失了。

2. As essential food constituents necessary for health, the importance of vitamins became recognized. 作为健康所需的重要食品成分,维生素的重要性逐渐为人们所知。

同义 electorate(n. 选民)

要点 constituent在托福阅读中常见“成分”这个词义,相当于component或element,比如:constituents of the solar nebula“太阳星云的成分”。

constitute['kɑ:nstətu:t]v. 组成;设立;制定

例句 1. The first important factor is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. 第一个重要的因素是城建材料的热容量,这通常主要是由混凝土和沥青决定的。

2. Governments should be constituted according to the will of the people. 政府应根据民意设立。

同义 establish(v. 设立);enact(v. 制定)

conventional[kən'venʃənl]a. 普通的;习惯的;因循守旧的,传统的

例句 It is not an external threat in the conventional sense. 从传统意义上讲,这不是来自外部的威胁。

同义 traditional(a. 传统的)

cooperation[kouˌɑ:pə'reiʃn]n. 合作,协作

搭配 in cooperation with 与…合作

例句 1. There was a lack of cooperation as farmers competed with each other for trade with distant areas. 由于农民们在与远方地区的贸易中互相竞争,因此他们之间鲜有合作。

2. There is an urgent need to strengthen international cooperation in time of the financial crisis. 在金融危机期间,迫切需要加强国际合作。

crisis['kraisis]n.([pl.]crises)危机,危急关头;决定性时刻

例句 Although many solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, none of them promises to keep a low cost of irrigation. 尽管提出了许多方法来解决即将来临的供水危机,但这些方法都不能保证低廉的灌溉成本。

critic['kritik]n. 评论家,批评家

搭配 a music critic 音乐评论家

例句 Even though some critics predicted that sound film would be an important technical innovation before the First World War, it was not attempted until the 1920s. 尽管一些评论家在一战之前就预测有声电影会是一项重要的技术革新,但是直到20世纪20年代,它才被尝试着制作。

同义 detractor(n. 批评家)

派生 criticism(n. 评判;批评);criticize(v. 批评;评论)

criticize['kritisaiz]v. 批评;评论;吹毛求疵,非难

例句 Environmental groups criticized the decision to build permanent settlements on the beach. 环保团体批评了在海滩上建立永久居住区的决定。

currency['kə:rənsi]n. 流通,流行;货币

例句 The exchanger would send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's own currency after the actual exchange of goods. 交易所会给在马赛的同事寄一张汇票,授权该同事在真实的交易进行之后,用马赛商人的当地货币为他们支付。

同义 money(n. 货币)

同类 金融相关单词:fund 资金;stock 股票;share 股份;valuation 股价;budget 预算;deficit 赤字。

defend[di'fend]v. 防护,保护;为…辩护

搭配 defend against 防卫,抵抗;defend from 防卫…以免于

例句 For left-handers, the right side of their body is more vulnerable to injury because it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm. 对于左撇子来说,右半边的身体更容易受伤,因为主要使用的手臂不能为其提供有效保护。

同义 forefend(v. 防护)

要点 defend通常与from或against连用。在托福阅读中,defend常表示“抵抗外敌的侵袭”,如:defend themselves against the invaders;此外,这个词也常表示“生物群落对外来物种的抵抗”。

defense[di'fens]n./v. 防御,防卫

搭配 defense machanism 防卫机制;defense against 对…的防御

例句 The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses. 蚂蚁使金合欢树能够产生自己的化学防御。

同义 protection(n. 防御,防卫)

派生 defensive(a. 自卫的;防御用的 n. 防御;守势)

要点 defense是defend的名词形式,因此两个词出现的情景基本上是一致的。

derive[di'raiv]v. 取得;起源;追溯…的起源

例句 1. Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, it is not difficult to imagine the benefit of begging nestlings derive from their communications. 鉴于捕食者将使雏鸟乞求食物的鸣叫付出巨大代价,不难想象雏鸟从它们的通信方式中得到了哪些益处。

2. The subject of a sculpture might be derived from classical stories. 雕塑的主题可能源自古典故事。

同义 originate(v. 起源)

destroy[di'strɔi]v. 破坏,毁灭;杀死

例句 1. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed. 靠近要塞的鹿群都被杀死了。

2. Farmlands dominated by a single crop are unstable and bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. 只种植一种作物的农田是不稳定的,恶劣的天气或某一种害虫的侵袭就能毁掉田里的全部作物。

同义 undermine(v. 破坏)

deterioration[diˌtiriə'reiʃn]n. 恶化;堕落

例句 The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water leads to the further loss of vegetation, thus a cycle of surface deterioration is established. 由吸水能力减弱而引起的土地逐渐干涸导致植被进一步消失,这样便建立了一个土地表面恶化的循环。

派生 deteriorator(n. 堕落者)

detractor[di'træktər]n. 批评者;诽谤者

例句 Detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, instead of the Martian water in the south. 批评者认为这些阶地或许和火星北半球的地质作用力有关,而不是火星南部的水。

同义 slanderer(n. 诽谤者)

devastate['devəsteit]v. 破坏,毁坏;令人震惊

例句 Countless houses were devastated by the flood. 洪水破坏了无数的房屋。

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