deviate［'di:vieit］v. 偏离，脱离；越轨
例句 Should the use of rewards fail, members can win through rejecting or threatening those who deviate from the primary group's norms. 如果奖励措施失败了，成员能通过拒绝或者威胁那些违反基本群体规范的人们来取得胜利。
同义 diverge（v. 偏离）
disastrous［di'zæstrəs］a. 灾难性的，造成灾害的；损失惨重的
例句 In the disastrous war, many people lost their homes and families. 在这场灾难性的战争中，很多人失去了家园和亲人。
discriminate［di'skrimineit］v. 区别；歧视
搭配 discriminate between 区别；discriminate against 歧视
例句 1. The result of the experiment provides the researcher with evidence that the infant can detect or discriminate between stimuli. 实验的结果为研究人员提供了证据，证明婴儿能察觉和区分不同的刺激物。
2. One must learn to discriminate right from wrong. 一个人必须要学会明辨是非。
同义 distinguish（v. 区分）
disruption［dis'rʌpʃn］n. 动乱；打乱；破坏
例句 This disruption of the food chain and climate would have led to the extinction of dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years. 食物链的破坏和气候的紊乱或许就是导致恐龙和其他生物在不到50年内灭绝的原因。
同义 destruction（n. 破坏）
要点 托福阅读中出现过disruption表示“破坏；打乱”的含义，通常用于描述社会或政治的混乱局面，如：social disruption。
distinct［di'stiŋkt］a. 明显的；明确的；不同的
例句 Scientists believed that during the early part of the twentieth century four distinct glaciations had affected North America and Europe during the Pleistocene epoch. 科学家相信在20世纪早期，在更新世期间有四次明显的冰川作用影响了北美和欧洲。
同义 visible（a. 明显的）；separate, different（a. 不同的）
distinction［di'stiŋkʃn］n. 差别；区分；优秀
例句 Revenue from trade was unevenlly distrbuted, causing growing distinctions in wealth and power in Middle Eastern societies. 贸易收入分配不均导致中东社会的贫富差距不断加大。
要点 distinction一词来自distinct“明显的，有区别的”，通常在两种事物进行对比时，描述一种显著的差距。
diverse［dai'və:rs］a. 不同的；多样的
例句 1. He was the first to note signs of glacial erosion and sedimentation in diverse regions of Europe and North America. 他是第一个注意到欧洲及北美不同地区的冰川侵蚀和沉积的人。
2. The researcher observed babies and their mothers from diverse regions. 研究人员观察了来自不同地区的婴儿及他们的母亲。
同义 different（a. 不同的）；varied, various（a. 各种各样的）
dominant［'dɑ:minənt］a. 支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的
搭配 a dominant power in the world 世界头号强国；dominant position 支配地位；dominant theme 主题，主旨；dominant in sth. 主宰…
例句 1. Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. 尽管生态系统的概念在20世纪50年代至60年代十分流行，但这一概念如今已不再是主流。
2. Aristotle considered an object's downward or upward motion to be the result of dominant nature of the object. 亚里士多德认为物体的上下运动是由物体主要的特性产生的。
同义 outweighing, predominant（a. 占优势的）
dominate［'dɑ:mineit］v. 支配，统治；在…中占首要地位
例句 1. Since the internal signals that regulate waking and going to sleep are prone to align themselves with these external cues, the external clock appears to dominate the internal clock. 由于调节醒来和睡去的内部信号倾向于与外部信号匹配，所以外部时钟似乎支配着内部的生物钟。
2. The states dominated their own economic activity during this period. 在此期间，各州各自支配自己的经济活动。
同义 monopolize（v. 统治）；control, rule（v. 控制）
dramatic［drə'mætik］a. 戏剧的；突然的；戏剧性的；引人注目的
例句 1. Universal global warming had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. 全球变暖已经急剧影响了气候适中的亚洲、欧洲和北美地区。
2. Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been found in the last decade, transforms in respiratory control are the most dramatic. 在过去10年里发现的所有关于人类睡眠和清醒时的生理差别中，呼吸控制研究的转变是最富戏剧性的。
3. He made a dramatic shift from the classical tradition to the arts and crafts movement. 他做出了一个从古典传统到工艺美术运动的戏剧性转变。
同义 striking（a. 引人注目的）；theatrical（a. 戏剧性的）；vivid（a. 生动的）
要点 托福阅读中出现了dramatic作“引人注目的”讲时的词义，与之意思相近的词是striking“显著的，惊人的”。
drought［draut］n. 干旱（期），旱灾
例句 People in this area stored a large amounts of grain in case of the periods of drought. 该地区的人们囤积了大量的粮食以防干旱期的到来。
egalitarian［iˌgæli'teriən］a. 平等主义的 n. 平等主义者
例句 Social scientists reckon that office has become a more egalitarian place. 社会科学家们认为，职场已经变成了一个更平等的地方。
eliminate［i'limineit］v. 消除；淘汰
例句 1. Photography eliminated the painted portrait miniature and affected pictorial composition, but did not replace traditional visual arts. 摄影技术淘汰了绘制的小型画像，并且影响了绘画创作过程，但并没有取代传统的视觉艺术。
2. Certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. 某些物种可能被淘汰，其他的则可能存活，而这其中并没有特别的原因。
同义 eradicate, remove（v. 消除）
要点 在托福阅读中，eliminate常用于表示某一事物的“消失”或“淘汰”，如：It was eliminated as a potential rival。此外，eliminate还经常表示“物种的灭绝”，此时与become extinct含义相同。
enhance［in'hæns］v. 提高；增强；提升
搭配 enhance one's reputation 提高声誉
例句 1. To enhance the listeners' enjoyment, storytellers should make their stories more engaging, interesting and memorable. 为了增加听者的乐趣，故事讲述者应该让他们的故事更吸引人，更有趣，也更难忘。
2. Many poets enhance their work by adding a contrast between realism and symbolism in a given poem. 很多诗人通过在一首特定的诗中加入现实主义与象征主义间的对比来提升他们的作品。
派生 enhanced（a. 加强的）
enigmatic［ˌenig'mætik］a. 神秘的；难解的
例句 A few chondrules contain grains that survived the melting event, so these enigmatic chondrules must have formed when compact masses of nebular dust were fused at high temperatures approaching 1,700 degrees Celsius and then cooled before these surviving grains could melt. 一些陨石球粒包含了从融化中留下的颗粒，所以这些神秘的陨石球粒一定是在大量紧凑的星云灰尘在将近1700华氏高温混合的时候才能形成，然后在颗粒得以融化前冷却下来。
enlarge［in'lɑ:rʤ］v. 扩大，扩展；放大
例句 Its skull is cetacean-like but the jawbones lack the enlarged space. 它的头盖骨与鲸鱼的类似，但其颚骨缺少可以扩大的空间。
同义 extend（v. 扩大）
entity［'entəti］n. 实体；存在物；事物的存在
例句 1. Romans united the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws. 罗马人将王国中的各个部分联合成一个单独的实体，而这个实体是由强大的法律控制的。
2. As known to all, a corporation is regarded as an entity in the law. 众所周知，公司在法律上被视为一个实体。
同义 existence（n. 存在）
environmental［inˌvairən'mentl］a. 关于环境的，自然环境的
搭配 environmental science 环境科学
例句 The report said the new energy would bring more environmental benefits, including biodiversity of the sea. 报道称这种新型能源将会在包括海洋的生物多样性等方面给环境带来更多的好处。
episode［'episoud］n. 一段时期；事件；（电视剧的）一集
搭配 glacial episode 冰河时期
例句 The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs was just the more drastic one in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. 白垩纪后期恐龙的灭绝仅仅是一系列此类周期性灭绝事件中比较严重的一个。
要点 episode最常见的用法是表示“电视剧的一集”，但在托福阅读文章中，这个词常表示“事件”，比如：remembering particular episodes；另外，这个词还有“一段时期”的含义，比如：extreme episodes of acid rain。
epoch［'epək］n. 新纪元，时代
例句 Different ratios in the shells preserved in various layers of sediment reveal the temperature changes in the oceans during the Pleistocene epoch. 不同岩层沉淀物中保存下来的贝壳的比例，显示了更新世时期海洋中的气候变化。
派生 epochal（a. 划时代的）
established［i'stæbliʃt］a. 已被确认的，确定的
例句 Sometimes a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. 有时一个沿着已建立好的通道行进的电子束会遇到沿着从地面建立的新路径而来的正电子束。
ethic［'eθik］n. 道德标准；行为准则
例句 Merchants and artisans had not much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skills make all the difference. 商人和艺术家对贵族的道德优越感没有太多容忍，他们反而更支持开放市场平等的道德规范，在这里，坚定不移的艰苦工作、对同伴的忠诚以及实干的技巧是最重要的。
同义 morality（n. 道德）
evaluation［iˌvælju'eiʃn］n. 估价，评价
例句 Certainly, although their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s' sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer. 可以肯定的是，尽管他们对20世纪20年代声音实验中的技术缺陷的评估不是那么离谱，但是他们没有把电影领域里的新生力量考虑在内，从某种意义上讲，这些新生力量是不屈不挠的。
evidence［'evidəns］n. 证据；迹象；根据 v. 证明
例句 1. The empirical evidence, such as it is, implies an altogether different function for yawning. 这一经验主义的证据如其本身那样，暗示打哈欠的一个完全不同的功能。
2. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy. 快乐的人畅所欲言，音调悠扬，这是其情绪健康的证明。
同义 proof（n. 证据）
evident［'evidənt］a. 明显的；明白的，清楚的
例句 Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the high plains, irrigation water will never again be that abundant. 不管水危机带来的最终结果是什么，很明显，在高原地区，灌溉水将不会再充足。
同义 obvious（a. 明显的）
要点 在阅读中，evident常常用于这个句型：It is evident that... 意思是“很明显…”。
exaggerate［ig'zæʤəreit］v. 夸张，夸大
例句 Financiers often exaggerated the need for bills of exchange. 金融家经常夸大货币交易的需求。
同义 overstate（v. 夸大）
exaggeration［igˌzæʤə'reiʃn］n. 夸张，夸大其词
例句 Advertisers' employed tactics centered on the use of exaggeration. 广告商使用的策略主要是夸大其词。
expansion［ik'spænʃn］n. 扩张；膨胀
例句 1. The development of banking and other financial services is helpful to the expansion of trade. 银行和其他金融服务的发展有助于贸易的扩张。
2. The graph shows the expansion of international business in the company. 图表显示了公司国际业务的增长。
expedition［ˌekspə'diʃn］n. 远征（队）；探险（队）；迅速
例句 1. Likely several factors drove these expeditions: population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters. 有几个可能的因素驱使这些探险队：人口的增长、国内的政治动力以及探索未知水域的挑战和兴奋。
2. In 1578, sailing granted by Queen Elizabeth was his initial expedition. 1578年，女王伊丽莎白批准的那次出海是他的首次远征。
派生 expeditious（a. 迅速的）
exploit［ik'splɔit］v. 开发；利用；剥削
例句 1. This means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. 为了获得同等数量的食物、衣物和其他必需品，这就意味着他们必须比农学家开发更大的土地区域。
2. As preeminent generalists, members of this species could exploit various habitats and resources. 作为杰出的多面手，这个物种的成员能开发多种栖息地和资源。
explosion［ik'splouʒn］n. 爆炸；爆发；激增
搭配 a huge explosion 大爆炸
例句 1. Scientists have questioned about this explosion for more than a century. 一个多世纪以来，科学家们都质疑这个爆炸事件。
2. Compared with their parent stars, planets are a billion times dimmer, which would be like seeing the light of a candle next to a huge explosion. 行星的亮度比母恒星暗10亿倍，就好像看到大爆炸旁边的一抹烛光。
同义 blast（n. 爆炸）
exposure［ik'spouʒər］n. 暴露，揭露；曝光
例句 People at particular risk for the flu should avoid prolonged exposure to the sun. 那些特别易患流感的人群应该避免长时间暴露于日光之下。
同义 reveal（n. 揭露）
要点 exposure通常和to搭配，表示“暴露于…之下”，暗示“受到…的影响”的含义。
express［ik'spres］v. 表示，表达 a. 特快的
例句 Some sentences expressing ideas not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage do not belong in the summary. 一些表示未在文章中出现的或是不重要的想法的句子不应该出现在总结当中。
flourish［'flə:riʃ］v. 繁荣，茂盛；活跃而有影响
例句 1. There were few changes in climate, and dinosaurs flourished before the Cretaceous period. 白垩纪之前气候变化不大，恐龙繁衍生息。
2. The art movement really flourished during the depression years in the 1930s. 艺术运动在20世纪30年代的大萧条时期真正兴盛起来了。
同义 thrive, boom（v. 繁荣，茂盛）
fluctuate［'flʌkʧueit］v.（使）波动；（使）变化；（使）涨落，（使）起伏
例句 1. Since the 1940s, compared with the summer populations, the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more. 20世纪40年代以来，和夏天的麋鹿数量相比，冬天的麋鹿数量波动更大些。
2. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million. 大气中二氧化碳的含量在每百万190~280之间波动。
3. The temperature of this city often fluctuates dramatically. 这个城市的气温经常剧烈波动。
同义 undulate（v. 波动）
派生 fluctuation（n. 起伏；波动）
formation［fɔ:r'meiʃn］n. 形成，构成；（军队）编队
例句 1. The divisions of the geological time scale were the geological formations described and put chronologically by geologists and stratigraphers. 地质时代表是根据地理学家和地层学家描述并根据时间顺序记录的地质构造所划分的。
2. I am reading an article about the formation of snowflakes. 我在读一篇关于雪花形成的文章。
同义 structure（n. 结构）
fort［fɔ:rt］n. 要塞，堡垒
例句 The forts contributed to keeping the quality of local crafts from bringing in artisans from different places. 要塞有助于保证当地工艺品质量不受来自不同地区工匠的影响。
同义 stronghold（n. 要塞）
frontier［frʌn'tir］n. 边境，边界；［常 pl.］前沿，新领域
例句 Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were from new units transferred from a neighboring province. 大部分驻扎边境的兵团都来自从邻省借调过来的新团队。
同义 boundary（n. 边境）
functioning［'fʌŋkʃəniŋ］n. 运转，操作
例句 Sociologists' finding that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning is not surprising. 社会学家发现群体主要关系的力量会影响群体的运转，这并不让人吃惊。
同义 action（n. 运行）
garrison［'gærisn］n. 卫戍部队，警备部队 v. 镇守，驻防
例句 The physical bonds included the network of every province's military garrisons, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. 物理结合包括每个省的军事卫戍部队网，以及连接各省和罗马的石子路网。
harmony［'hɑ:rməni］n. 和声；和谐，协调
搭配 in harmony（with）（与…）协调一致，和睦相处
例句 1. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. 要成为建筑，一栋楼必须和它的各种组成部分达到分工和谐。
2. The piano is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony. 钢琴能演奏音乐和伴奏的和声。
hereditary［hə'rediteri］a. 遗传（性）的；可继承的，世袭的
例句 Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, even probably in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies. 财富和地位的不平等确实存在，甚至可能出现在大部分的牧区社会里，但在军事征服时期却不会，他们通常太微不足道以至于不能产生稳定的世袭阶级。
同义 inherited（a. 遗传的）
hierarchy［'haiərɑ:rki］n. 统治集团；等级制度；阶层
搭配 social hierarchy 社会阶层
例句 1. It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based on heredity. 它是通过以遗传为基础的严格的等级制度为表达方式的。
2. The author looks on honesty as the first in her hierarchy of values. 作者在她的价值观体系中把诚实放在首位。
huge［hju:ʤ］a. 庞大的，巨大的
例句 The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia, thus the sheep and cattle industries were threatened. 兔子破坏了澳大利亚大面积的草地，所以羊和牛的相关产业受到威胁。
同义 enormous（a. 巨大的）
immense［i'mens］a. 巨大的，极大的
例句 1. An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater, even if it was disintegrated by the impact. 这个大小的小行星将留下一个巨大的火山口，即使它已经被撞碎了。
2. Horsetail in prehistoric times grew to immense size. 史前的马尾草长得很大。
同义 vast（a. 巨大的，极大的）
要点 注意immense的副词形式immensely应用也比较广泛。immensely连同enormously、tremendously表示“非常地、极大地”。例如阅读中出现的这个句子：Climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected. 气候系统是非常复杂的，其中的一切事物都以某种方式相互关联着。
immensity［i'mensəti］n. 巨大之物；无限
例句 The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such trade could create. 以海上商业扩张为目的开展的大规模投资反映了这种贸易创造出的巨大利润。
同义 infinite（n. 无限）
immigrant［'imigrənt］n. 移民，侨民 a.（从国外）迁入的；移民的
例句 1. Even though many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement to limited Teotihuacán's population growth. 即使许多移民在公元150年到700年间定居瓦坎，但是不断增加的强迫劳动的威胁阻碍了更进一步的移民，限制了瓦坎人口的增长。
2. It was common for immigrant women to look after the house and family. 料理家务、照顾家人对移民女性而言很平常。
派生 immigration（n. 外来的移民）；emigrant（n. 移居外国者）
impact［im'pækt］v. 影响［'impækt］n. 影响（力）；撞击
例句 1. The invention of photography had a significant impact on the art of painting in the nineteenth century. 在19世纪，摄影的发明对绘画艺术有着深远的影响。
2. How did the agricultural societies impact people's family relationships? 农业社会怎样影响人们的家庭关系？
