2. The economy went into steep decline during the 1950s and 1960s. 经济在20世纪五、六十年代急剧衰退。
同义 sharp（a. 急剧的）
stimulate［'stimjuleit］v. 刺激；激发，鼓舞
例句 Although agricultural products could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. 尽管农产品会被征用，但是他们一般都会付钱，而这种经济形式刺激了当地经济的转变。
同义 motivate（v. 刺激）；evoke（v. 引起）
stock［stɑ:k］n. 库存；股票；家畜 v. 库存，储备 a. 常用的；普通的
搭配 stock market 股票市场；stock up 备货，囤积；joint-stock company 合资公司
例句 1. On the ground of the fluctuations in this stock, many programs are changed accordingly. 由于这只股票出现的波动，多个项目都做出了相应的改变。
2. Farmers in this village stocked the ponds with fishes. 这个村子的农民在池塘里养了鱼。
同义 share（n. 股票）
strategy［'strætəʤi］n. 战略，策略
例句 They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers. 他们为一组教师制定了实验策略。
同义 tactics（n. 策略）
stratum［'streitəm］n.［pl. strata］层；社会阶层
例句 Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata of rocks, these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. 自从人们开始划分岩层，在某种程度上，它们也可以用来计算地质时间。
strict［strikt］a. 严格的，严厉的；精确的
例句 Advancing technology and strict laws are helping control some of these disadvantageous environmental effects. 先进的技术和严格的法律正在控制一些不利的环境影响。
派生 strictly（ad. 严格地；完全地）
striking［'straikiŋ］a. 显著的，突出的；惊人的
例句 The most striking characteristic of this movie is the clear 3D effects. 这部电影最震撼的特点是它那清晰的3D效果。
要点 striking是strike的-ing形式，除了可以表示“打击的”意思以外，更常考查的是“显著的，突出的”这个含义。
stunt［stʌnt］v. 遏制 n. 发育迟缓的人（或物）；惊人的技艺
搭配 stunt growth 阻碍生长
例句 Social development was stunted by high crime rate. 高犯罪率阻碍了社会的发展。
substantial［səb'stænʃl］a. 实质的；坚固的；可观的
例句 1. Economic exchange was clearly very important as the army brought with it very substantial spending power. 经济交流显然是很重要的，因为它为军队带来了巨大的消费能力。
2. The price reductions in winter clothes are pretty substantial. 冬季服装的降价幅度非常大。
要点 substantial除了有“可观的”这一含义以外，在托福阅读中，还考过“实质的”这一含义，比如：the substantial difference。
successor［sək'sesər］n. 继任者，继承人
例句 In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by many successors. 在文学领域，很多继承者有意识地以希腊作家为模型。
surplus［'sə:rpləs］n. 过剩，盈余 a. 盈余的，过剩的
例句 1. People flocked together by the need to produce food cooperatively, as the use of food surpluses in one place to relieve shortages in another ended due to climate change. 人们出于合作生产粮食的需要聚到了一起，由于气候变化，用一个地方粮食的盈余去补充另一个地方的粮食短缺的状况结束了。
2. Surpluses of food could also be bartered for other commodities. 剩余的食品也能用来交换其他的商品。
同义 excess（n. 过剩）
surround［sə'raund］v. 包围；围绕
例句 1. Even without any heat supply, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it. 即使没有任何供热，城市也比周边的乡村暖和。
2. Nowadays we are constantly surrounded by news and information. 现在我们周围时刻充满了新闻和信息。
susceptible［sə'septəbl］a. 易受感染的；易受影响的；容许的
搭配 susceptible to 过敏
例句 1. The development of livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing. 在一些地方，畜牧业的发展使大面积的土地受到了过度放牧的侵害。
2. These crops were susceptible to the parasites. 这些作物很容易受到寄生虫的危害。
要点 有时在阅读文章中，susceptible可以被subject to这个短语替代，表示“易受…影响的”。
suspect［sə'spekt］v. 怀疑，猜想［'sʌspekt］a. 不可信的 n. 嫌疑犯
例句 1. The neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected. 刚出生几天的新生儿远比我们想的敏锐。
2. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions. 多数古生物学家猜想气候的突变导致了动物大规模灭绝。
同义 speculate（v. 猜想）；questionable（a. 不可信的）
systematic［ˌsistə'mætik］a. 系统的，体系的
例句 While Edison's approach to invention was often cut-and-try, it was highly systematic. 虽然爱迪生搞发明的方法经常是试验性的，但却是非常系统的。
同义 methodic（a. 有条理的）
target［'tɑ:rgit］n. 目标；靶子 v. 把…作为目标
搭配 target...at/on... 把…作为…的目标
例句 The research begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination. 这项调查从目标区域中有毒地点的评估开始，以确定其污染程度。
同义 aim（n. 目标）
terminal［'tə:rminl］a. 终点的；极限的 n. 终点（站）；终端
搭配 passenger terminal 客运枢纽站
例句 Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines. 沿美国东海岸，最南边的冰川运动被大量的砂子和终碛石沉积物记录了下来。
派生 terminus（n. 终点站）
territory［'terətɔ:ri］n. 领土；领域
搭配 defend territory 捍卫领地
例句 Every country's priorities lay in the organization and defense of their territory. 每个国家的头等大事都是规划和保卫自己的领土。
同义 domain（n. 领域）
threat［θret］n. 恐吓，威胁；坏兆头
搭配 threat of disease 疾病的威胁
例句 Becoming a reflective practitioner has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, the threat of vulnerability. 成为一个善于反思的从业者只有模糊的目标，还有受到伤害的可能性。
timescale［'taimskeil］n. 时段
例句 Instrumental records cannot provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. 仪器记录无法为我们提供超过一个世纪之久的全球气候变化的可靠测量值。
timing［'taimiŋ］n. 计时，定时；时机
例句 Apparently, normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing. 很显然，当有意地脱离了地球物理定时，生物活动每天的正常时段大约可以维持一周。
trace［treis］v. 查出；追溯 n. 痕迹；微量
例句 1. In the early thirteenth century, there were new maps that made it possible to trace one's path. 在13世纪早期，就有了能够查出一个人行迹的新地图。
2. Scientists believe that when the oceans were young, they contained only a trace of salt. 科学家们认为，海洋在刚形成的时候只含有少量的盐分。
要点 trace通常指“向上追溯”，描述的是某一时期之前的情况或发生的事情。
transition［træn'ziʃn］n. 过渡；转变
例句 1. The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic landscape. 在山坡上出现的从森林到荒芜苔原的转变通常是奇妙的景观。
2. The transition to settled life has a profound impact on the family. 向稳定生活的转变对这个家庭有着深远的影响。
同义 conversion（n. 转变）
trend［trend］n. 趋势；流行 v. 倾向
搭配 economic trend 经济趋势
例句 1. In some remote regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. 在一些边远地区，由于日趋干燥的气候条件，沙漠化在大面积扩大。
2. Other trends and inventions had helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. 其他的趋势和发明使美国人改变其日常膳食成为了可能。
同义 tendency（n. 趋势）；fashion（n. 流行）
tribal［'traibl］a. 部落的；种族的
例句 The government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. 政府让劳动人民去管理他们自己，非常像部落联盟的牧羊人被他们的首领丢弃了一样。
同义 racial（a. 种族的）
tribe［traib］n. 部落，宗族
例句 Trade among merchants relied on regulation, while among tribes trade was based on personal relationships and careful character evaluation. 商人之间的贸易依赖于规则，然而在部落中人们之间的贸易基于个人关系和谨慎的性格评价。
triumph［'traiʌmf］n. 狂喜；胜利 v. 获胜
例句 The triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technologies in the 1920s. 在20世纪20年代，录音的胜利令丰富多样的技术黯然失色。
troop［tru:p］n.［pl.］军队；群，队 v. 成群结队而行
例句 A large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain in the local economy. 大批军队驻扎在新的省份，这些军队给英国当地经济带来了相当大的影响。
undergo［ˌʌndər'gou］v. 经历，遭受
例句 1. Many aquatic animals undergo much suffering in dry desert environments. 许多水生动物在干燥的沙漠环境中经受着苦难。
2. All forms of art were undergoing a revolution at that time. 当时，所有的艺术形式都经历着革新。
同义 experience（v. 经历）；suffer（v. 遭受）
要点 undergo多指经受某种令人不愉快的经历或是某种变化，比如：Some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes to fossilize.
underlie［ˌʌndər'lai］v. 位于…之下；构成…的基础
例句 In order to create a sense of beauty to this picture, researchers have relied on a distinction that still underlies the forms of much indigenous visual culture. 为了给这幅图创造美感，研究人员参照了土著视觉文化的形式所构成的差异。
underlying［ˌʌndər'laiiŋ］a. 潜在的；在下面的
例句 1. Over many thousands of years, a number of writers have noticed the underlying assumption of it. 数千年来，很多作者注意到了它的潜在可能。
2. An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. 面试官可以不局限于书面问题，而去了解应聘者潜在的情感和理智。
同义 latent（a. 潜在的）
要点 underlying除了可以表示“潜在的”意思以外，在托福阅读文章中还出现过“在下面的”这一用法，比如：the underlying soil“下卧土层”。
unintentionally［ˌʌnin'tenʃənəli］ad. 非故意地，无意地
例句 It's not so good to create a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally for the first time you meet someone. 当初次与某人见面时，无论是有意还是无意，给别人留下一个不良印象都是不好的。
unprecedented［ʌn'presidentid］a. 空前的
例句 1. This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource almost matches with an natural recharge rate. 有限的地下水资源的空前开发与大自然的补给速度几乎是一致的。
2. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent. 这些生产创新把产量和生活标准提高到了前所未有的程度。
同义 unexampled（a. 空前的）
upcoming［'ʌpkʌmiŋ］a. 即将到来的，即将出现的
例句 In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi. 面对即将到来的供水危机，已经出现了许多宏伟计划，旨在通过运河或管道从密西西比河输送大量的水资源。
valid［'vælid］a. 有根据的；有效的，具有法律效力的
例句 1. Soon it was realized that this law was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. 我们很快就意识到这条法律不仅仅在英国和法国具有法律效力，它在任何地方都行之有效。
2. The main point of the passage is that oral narratives are a valid form of literature. 这个段落的主要观点是口述是一种有效的文学形式。
同义 well-founded（a. 有根据的）；effective（a. 有效的）
要点 valid还可以表示“具有法律效力的”，比如：valid identity certificate“有效身份证件”。
violent［'vaiələnt］a. 暴力的；带有强烈感情的；猛烈的
例句 The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework. 美国革命不是以暴力的方式突然推翻政治和社会框架。
同义 forcible（a. 暴力的）
派生 violently（ad. 猛烈地）
要点 我们都很熟悉violent表示“暴力的”意思，但这个词本身包含的意义很广，在托福阅读文章中，经常可以看到violent被用于描述破坏性大的事物。
volume［'vɑ:lju:m］n. 量；体积；音量；卷
例句 1. This considerable volume of exchange students brought a degree of cultural interaction. 大量的交换生促成了一定程度的文化交流。
2. Joyce's first publication was a volume of short fiction. 乔伊斯发表的第一部作品是一部短篇小说集。
同义 amount（n. 量）；capacity（n. 体积）
要点 在托福阅读文章中，除了考查过volume作为“量”的含义以外，还出现过volume表示“体积”的用法，比如：the volume of water“水的体积”。
voluntary［'vɑ:lənteri］a. 自愿的，志愿的；自发的
例句 It is a voluntary organization that regulates breathing for use in speech and singing. 这是一个自发组织，人们在一起探讨如何在演讲和唱歌时调节呼吸。
要点 我们熟悉的是voluntary表示“志愿的”含义，但是在托福阅读考试中，往往考查的是其作为“自发的”意思。
voyage［'vɔiiʤ］n. 旅行；航程
例句 1. A new trade route was opened up by Mississippi's voyage around America. 美国的密西西比河开辟了一条新的贸易航线。
2. According to the original records of the flight, the voyage lasted 46 minutes. 根据飞行的原始记录，航行持续了46分钟。
同义 journey（n. 旅行）
warfare［'wɔ:rfer］n. 战争，冲突
例句 Horses were used for transportation and warfare in ancient times. 在古代，马匹被用于交通和战争的用途。
weapon［'wepən］n. 武器
例句 The paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed and natural weapons such as tusks and horns. 油画主要刻画的是那些最可能令画家们畏惧的动物——这种畏惧来自于它们的体形、奔跑速度及它们固有的武器，例如獠牙和角。
welfare［'welfer］n. 福利；安宁；幸福
搭配 welfare state 福利国家
例句 1. This matter caused serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. 这件事情严重威胁到了整个集团的福利。
2. The company's welfare officer deals with employees' personal problems. 公司负责福利的工作人员负责处理雇员的个人问题。
同义 well-being（n. 福利）
worship［'wə:rʃip］n./v. 崇拜，崇敬；敬奉
搭配 a place of worship 礼拜场所
例句 1. As production increased, centralized control over production also increased, resulting in more centralized control over fellowship and worship. 随着产量的增长，对生产的集中化控制也加强了，从而导致了更集中化的膜拜。
2. Susan looked at the famous designer with worship in her eyes. 苏珊注视着这位著名设计师，目光中流露着崇拜之情。
yield［ji:ld］v. 生产；屈服；放弃 n. 产量，收益
搭配 milk yield 产奶量
例句 1. The increased yield and price of land create more interests for the enterprise. 产量和土地价格的提高为企业创造了更多的利益。
2. His well yields 20 barrels of crude oil a day. 他的油井每天产20桶原油。
同义 output（n. 产量）
要点 虽然yield的含义有很多，但在托福阅读的文章中主要出现的是其作为“产量”的含义。
日常生活篇
accustom［ə'kʌstəm］v. 使习惯于
搭配 grow accustomed to 习惯于
例句 1. Early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. 在新世纪早期，富裕的伦敦人习惯了使用煤气灯为家中甚至是街道照明。
2. Few of the cultural traditions and rules allow us to deal with the problems existed among people who are accustomed to household autonomy. 几乎没有文化传统和规则让我们能够解决那些发生在习惯于家庭自治的人们当中的问题。
同义 familiarize（v. 使习惯于）
adaptation［ˌædæp'teiʃn］n. 适应，适应性；改制物
例句 1. Ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. 生态学家发现，关于行为和生存历史适应性的生态问题比测量物理常量更有吸引力。
2. Spartina has physiological adaptations that allow it to grow in the environment where other plants cannot. 大米草属植物有很强的生理适应能力，这使它可以生活在其他生物无法生存的环境里。
adequate［'ædikwət］a. 适当的；充足的；胜任的
例句 1. The hardship of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites. 在陆地上很难找到充足的石油资源，这导致很多近海钻井平台的出现。
2. There is little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources. 几乎没有证据能够表明人们缺少足够的野生食物来源。
同义 proper（a. 适当的）
要点 adequate在托福阅读中用到了词义“充足的”，与sufficient意思相近；并且出现了它的派生词inadequate，意为“不充分的；不适当的”。
adjacent［ə'ʤeisnt］a. 邻近的，毗连的
搭配 adjacent to 邻近的
例句 1. A local animal that goes extinct is quickly replaced by other species from an adjacent region. 当地的一种动物走向灭绝之后，很快就会被来自邻近地区的其他物种代替。
2. The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form that makes it possible for them to make use of the higher temperatures adjacent to the ground surface immediately. 高山植物最显著的特点是它们以低矮的形态生长，这让这些植物可以及时吸收邻近地面的高温。
同义 nearby, adjoining, bordering（a. 邻近的）
afield［ə'fi:ld］ad. 在野外；在战场上；在（到）远方
例句 1. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield. 这些来自远方的人无疑满足了当地人对服务和商品的一些需求。
2. Vast numbers of seeds fall on the ground beneath the mother plants; and sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. 很多种子会掉落在母体植物下方的土地上，有时它们会被水或风带到很远的地方。
alter［'ɔ:ltər］v. 改变
例句 1. No matter how the surroundings around the birds were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. 无论鸟儿周围的环境如何变化，它们都能直接飞到正确的食物盒子处。
2. The effect of super saturation is simply to alter the growth rate. 过饱和的作用只是改变生长速率。
同义 change, vary（v. 改变）
arable［'ærəbl］a. 可耕作的 n. 可耕地
例句 1. Some scholars conclude this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people. 一些学者通过强调可耕作土地的需求和人口增长应相互协调来总结这一观点。
2. There will be no more arable land if people cut trees in a destructive manner. 如果人类以毁灭性的方式砍伐树木，耕地将不复存在。
arid［'ærid］a. 干旱的；贫瘠的；无趣的
例句 1. Many scientists thought that the impact of longer droughts and higher temperatures could pose a threat for the forests, but others thought it would only affect a minority of trees, perhaps just those in extremely arid regions. 许多科学家认为长期的干旱和高温会对森林构成威胁，但是其他人则认为这只会影响一小部分的树木，也许只是那些生长在极其干旱的地方的树木。
2. Grasses are the dominant type of natural vegetation in semi-arid lands. 禾本科植物在半干旱的土壤中是主要自然植被。
3. Surprisingly, the arid lands contain some of the world's largest river systems. 令人惊奇的是，干旱的地区拥有一些世界上最大的河系。
