navigator［'nævigeitər］n. 领航员；导航仪
例句 An American anthropologist said that the sweet potatoes might just have been brought back by the Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America. 一位美国人类学家表示，甘薯有可能是由波利尼西亚的领航员带回来的，他们可能曾经到达过美国南部的西海岸。
network［'netwə:rk］n. 网络；网状物；广播网，电视网
搭配 transportation network 交通网络；interconnected network 互联网
例句 Among the tribe, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network. 在部落中，人与人之间的关系以及对个性的仔细权衡对于商品经济来说至关重要，在这样的经济体中，每个人所说的话就是契约，而且非正式的信任纽带巩固了这一国际贸易网络。
要点 network通常指抽象概念中的网络，比如：trade network“商业网”，transportation network“交通网络”等。
overcome［ˌouvər'kʌm］v. 战胜，克服；压倒
例句 1. Critics pointed out that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties of making earlier sound films. 评论家指出很难克服早期有声电影制作的技术难题。
2. An invention had to be made before the limitations of stone could be overcome and alternative architectural forms could be created. 新的发明必须要在石头的限制被克服并创造出替代的建筑形式之前出现。
3. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops and are too heavy for surface tension; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films that are too light to overcome the force of surface tension and be firmly held. 如果气孔很大，那么它其中的水就会以水滴的形式存在，这样就会太重而导致表面张力无法承受；但是如果气孔足够小，其中的水就会以薄膜的形式存在，由于重量太轻而无法克服表面张力，这样就会被稳定地承托住。
同义 conquer, defeat（v. 战胜）
要点 overcome多指“战胜或克服困难”，尤其是研究或科学技术层面上的困难，比如：overcome the technical difficulties“克服技术难题”。
overshadow［ˌouvər'ʃædou］v. 给…蒙上阴影；使…不快；使…显得不重要
例句 The booming of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual images, which were developing simultaneously. 录音的急速发展使带有视觉图像的技术和美学实验的多样性黯然失色，而这些是与录音同时发展的。
overtake［ˌouvər'teik］v. 追上，超越；突然降临于；超车
例句 1. Clean energy, for example biofuel, may overtake oil as the mainly used fuel in the next century. 在下个世纪，生物燃料这类的清洁能源或将取代石油成为主要燃料。
2. It is proved to be dangerous to overtake on a bend. 在弯道上超车很危险。
overwhelming［ˌouvər'welmiŋ］a. 压倒一切的，势不可挡的；巨大的
例句 The overwhelming evidence of anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders were skilled enough to be navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents. 人类学、语言学和考古学的有力证据都显示，居住在太平洋岛上的人们拥有领航员才拥有的技巧，可以迎着强大的风和水流航行。
要点 这个单词可以起到突出强调的作用，通常用于形容事物的影响力之大。
parlor［'pɑ:rlər］n. 客厅
例句 The first kinetoscope parlors for viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors. 最早用于观影的电影放映厅是在模仿留声机音乐播放厅的基础上建立的。
patchy［'pæʧi］a. 有补丁的；质量不一致的；不均匀的
例句 A patchy environment is thought to increase stability for it has the ability to support a wide variety of organisms. 不均衡的环境被认为能够增加稳定性，因为它有能力支持多种多样的生物体生存。
path［pæθ］n. 道路；路线；小路
例句 Emergency management officials said some residents in the storm's path headed straight for the emergency shelters. 应急管理人员表示，一些受到暴风影响的居民直接奔向了避难所。
同义 route（n. 路线）
penchant［'penʧənt］n. 爱好，嗜好
例句 Neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself generated theater. 既不是人类模仿的天性也不是对幻想本身的爱好导致了戏剧的产生。
perceptive［pər'septiv］a. 感知的；有洞察力的；有理解力的
例句 1. The observational assessment and physiological measures revealed that the infant of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected. 观察评估和生理测定揭示出生几天的婴儿比之前预想的更具洞察力。
2. The theory was questioned by this perceptive scholar. 这个理论受到这位有洞察力的学者的质疑。
同义 perceptual（a. 知觉的）
perceptual［pər'sepʧuəl］a. 感知的，知觉的
例句 1. In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, some techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli. 在对婴儿感官能力的研究中，一些方法被用来判定婴儿对各种刺激物的反应。
2. Changes in the infant's general level of motor activity — turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities. 婴儿运动的一般水平发生的改变，如转头、眨眼、哭泣等等，被研究者认为是婴儿感知能力的视觉表现。
3. The study shows that people's perceptual and filtering processes will create misunderstandings. 研究显示人们在感知和筛选的过程中会产生误解。
permit［pər'mit］v. 允许，许可［'pə:rmit］n. 许可证，执照
例句 1. The low growth form permits the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by winter snow. 以低矮的形态生长的植物可以利用冬季积雪提供的保温作用。
2. The villages that had relatively advanced agricultural production permitted not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. 那些拥有相对高级的农产品的村庄不但能使生活在那里的农民生存下去，还有积累的富余农产品可以进行投资。
3. The ecology of the area permitted the predators to prowl the surrounding barrens. 这个地区的生态环境使掠食者可以在周围的荒漠中潜行。
同义 enable, allow（v. 允许）；license（n. 许可证，执照）
phase［feiz］n. 相位，月相；阶段 v. 分阶段实行
搭配 the phases of the Moon 月相
例句 1. During all phases of sleep, we can observe there are several changes in the air passages. 在睡眠的各个阶段，可以观察到呼吸道存在多种变化。
2. As far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation that was engraved on bones and stones to mark phases of the Moon. 远在公元前30000年，捕猎者或许会用刻在骨头和石头上的一系列符号来记录月相。
3. For thousands of years, the phases of the Moon have been used as primary divisions of time. 几千年来，月相一直被用于区分时间。
同义 period（n. 时期）
pipeline［'paiplain］n. 管线，管道
例句 Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults and cause serious oil spills. 石油运输管道会因故障破损，导致严重的石油泄漏。
plastic［'plæstik］n. 塑料；［常 pl.］塑料制品 a. 塑料的
搭配 plastic trash bags 塑料垃圾袋；plastic bead 塑料珠子
例句 Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizers, and plastic are all made from petroleum. 染料、肥料和塑料等石油化工制品都是由石油加工而成的。
plug［plʌg］n. 插头；塞子 v. 把…塞住；宣传
例句 The ship was badly holed, and fortunately, a hole the size of a man's fist was plugged by a piece of coral. 这艘船已经千疮百孔，但幸运的是，一个像拳头那么大的洞被一块珊瑚堵住了。
portable［'pɔ:rtəbl］a. 轻便的；手提式的
搭配 portable camera 便携式照相机
例句 Nowadays, portable drilling machines that can be dismantled and removed are manufactured. 如今，既能拆卸又能移动的便携式钻孔机被制造出来了。
要点 portable computer表示“手提电脑”，常见的还有tablet，表示“平板电脑”。
pot［pɑ:t］n. 壶；罐；锅
例句 In some religious ceremonies, pots played an important role. 在一些宗教仪式上，罐子有很重要的作用。
preservation［ˌprezər'veiʃn］n. 保护；贮藏；保存
例句 1. Carbonization is a more precise process of preservation than replacement. 碳化是一个更精确的保存过程，而不是替换过程。
2. Attack by scavengers, bacteria and chemical decay, along with the destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies, makes the odds against preservation very high. 清除剂、细菌和化学腐蚀的侵害，加上侵蚀和其他地质作用的破坏，这些都提高了贮藏的难度。
3. Even if plants or animals become fossilized, permanent preservation cannot be guaranteed after burial. 即使动植物变成了化石，在被埋葬之后也不能保证这些化石能够被永久保存。
prevalent［'prevələnt］a. 流行的，普遍的
例句 1. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, these species of deer have been prevalent. 在美国太平洋西北部，这些种类的鹿很常见。
2. In the equatorial mountains, the low growth form of plants is less prevalent than in other areas. 在赤道地区的山脉上，植物以低矮形态生长的现象就不像其他地区那样普遍了。
3. Colds are often prevalent in winter. 感冒通常在冬天流行。
要点 prevalent的词义更接近于in style，表示“流行的”，不常用common和universal替代，这两个词多用来表达“普通的”含义，但prevalent强调的是“流行”。
principal［'prinsəpl］a. 主要的 n. 负责人；校长
例句 1. Not until the eighteenth century did the banks begin to provide capital for business investment and their principal function was to provide funds for the state. 直到18世纪，银行才开始为商业投资提供资金，而他们的主要职能是为国家提供资金。
2. Throughout the Middle Ages, the principal seagoing ship was the galley. 在整个中世纪，航海主要使用大帆船。
要点 principal最常用的词义是“主要的”，相当于the most important。另外，principal的词形与principle“原理”十分相似，在阅读中一定要看仔细。
questionable［'kwesʧənəbl］a. 可疑的；不可靠的
例句 Because the yawning patterns of children and adults are proved to be different, this evidence is questionable. 由于儿童和成人打哈欠的模式被证明是不同的，因此这一证据还有待证实。
raw［rɔ:］a. 生的；自然状态的，未经加工的
例句 1. In the Middle East, there are few useful and decorative raw materials, but in neighboring regions, they can be found easily. 在中东地区，有用的装饰性原材料很少，但在周边地区这些材料可以很容易找到。
2. Steam is the motive force of the Industrial Revolution and coal and iron are the necessary raw materials. 蒸汽是工业革命的驱动力，而煤炭和铁矿都是必需的原材料。
recall［ri'kɔ:l］v. 回忆起 n. 记性；召回
例句 1. Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal conversations than the long ones. 小孩子对简短交谈的长期记忆比那些较长的对话要好。
2. The passage of time does not account for the inability to recall early experiences since adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years ago. 时光流逝无法解释为何我们不能记起早期的经历，因为成人可以很容易认出照片中35年前一起学习的高中同学。
3. The old scholar recalled that the festival got started in the 1930s. 那位年长的学者记得，这个节日的庆祝始于20世纪30年代。
同义 recollect（v. 回忆起）
reclamation［ˌreklə'meiʃn］n. 开垦；改造
例句 1. Between 1590 and 1665, land reclamation continued, and almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland. 在1590年至1665年之间，土地开垦得以继续，几乎100000公顷的湿地都被开垦了。
2. The investors built windmills to power the drainage pumps, thus they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, and received annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. 投资者们建造风车来为排水泵提供动力，这样他们早在1612年就得以把开垦的土地出租给农民们，并以每年17%的利率收取租金。
3. Land reclamation and improvement allowed the Dutch to get agricultural products that they wanted. 土地的开垦和改善使荷兰人可以得到他们想要的农产品。
reflection［ri'flekʃn］n. 反映；深思；反射
搭配 without reflection 轻率；on reflection 经再三思考
例句 1. They found that systematic reflection on teaching required the ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. 他们发现对教学的系统反思要求教师具备以客观的方式理解课堂事件的能力。
2. Through their work they proved conclusively that reflection benefits both teachers and students though it is difficult. 通过他们的工作，最终证实尽管反思很难，但对老师和学生来说都是有益的。
3. Whether a person can overcome the difficulties in the process of reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect. 一个人能否克服在反思中遇到的困难或许取决于反思的动机的本质和强烈程度。
reflective［ri'flektiv］a. 反应的；深思熟虑的
例句 1. The volunteers in the program said that they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give them enough time to develop their reflective skills. 参与该项目的志愿者表示，他们发现很难不顾及他人当下的需求，来为自己争取足够的时间提升反应能力。
2. The work of the two persons suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties in the reflective practice. 这两个人的工作显示出，在反思性实践的过程中，认识到有困难存在是十分重要的。
refresh［ri'freʃ］v. 使清新；（使）精神振作；（使）恢复活力
例句 It was such a hot night that I had a cold shower to refresh myself. 那天晚上很热，我不得不冲个冷水澡来提提神。
reluctant［ri'lʌktənt］a. 不情愿的，勉强的
例句 Artists who were most dependent on photography were reluctant to admit that they had used it, because their professional standing would be affected. 主要依赖摄影技术的艺术家们不愿承认他们使用过这种技术，因为他们的专业地位可能会受到影响。
repudiate［ri'pju:dieit］v. 与（某人）断绝来往；脱离关系
例句 The worker was bound to the employer by a mutual contract that either one could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership. 员工因一份共同的合同而受到老板的束缚，这份合同的任何一方都可以拒绝履行，因此他们之间的关系也被概念化为一种合作关系。
reservoir［'rezərvwɑ:r］n. 水库，蓄水池；汇集
例句 Some scholars agree that the construction of small dams and reservoirs indicates the farmers are intensifying their efforts. 一些学者同意，小型水坝和水库的建设证明了这些农民付出了更多的努力。
residence［'rezidəns］n. 住处；居住，（合法）居住资格
例句 1. The residence time of water in a lake is the average length of time that any detailed molecule of water remains in the lake. By dividing the volume of water in the lake, the rate that water leaves the lake can be calculated. 水在湖里的停留时间是指湖中每一个精确的水分子在湖里停留的平均时长，通过划分湖中的水量，能够计算出湖水离开湖的速率。
2. Archaeologists find that the most isolated residences also obtained some pottery and probably food from some distance away during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 考古学家发现在11和12世纪期间，最与世隔绝的住房中也有一些来自较远地区的陶器和食物。
restless［'restləs］a. 不安的，焦躁的；不停的
例句 He found that caged birds became restless when they would normally have begun migration in the wild. 他发现那些本该在野外开始迁徙的鸟在被困于笼中时会变得焦躁不安。
restricted［ri'striktid］a. 限制的；受约束的
例句 1. The produce was transported to cities where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy. 农产品被运送到城市中去，在那里水果和蔬菜的消费群体不再只局限于富裕的人。
2. The Columbian white-tailed deer was once very common in the open prairie country, but now it is restricted to the low and marshy islands. 在辽阔的草原国家，哥伦比亚白尾鹿曾经一度十分常见，可是现在却只能在低地和湿地看到了。
route［ru:t］n. 路线；路程
例句 1. Through this route, people would be able to enter the southern areas of America. 通过这条路线，人们可以到达美国南部区域。
2. Rock paintings in the Sahara prove that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and there were trade routes across the Sahara. 撒哈拉沙漠中的岩石壁画证明马匹和车辆曾被用作穿越沙漠的工具，而且存在横穿撒哈拉的贸易路线。
3. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into more accessible route of trade and communication. 骆驼把沙漠从一个障碍转变成一个可以通行的贸易和交流路线。
rural［'rurəl］a. 乡村的，农村的；田园的
例句 1. Increased agricultural production made great contributions to the development of the rural industry. 日益增长的农业生产对乡村工业的发展作出了极大的贡献。
2. Cities are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, which produces a phenomenon called the urban heat island. 城市比周围的农村地区温度要高，这产生了一种称做城市热岛的现象。
3. A deep attachment to the land and the stability which rural life engendered, fostered the Roman virtues. 对土地深深的依恋以及乡村生活的稳定性造就了罗马人的美德。
screen［skri:n］n. 屏幕 v. 掩蔽；筛选；审查
例句 1. The new technological and aesthetic developments included the use of color, new screen formats, and television. 新的技术和美学发展包括颜色的使用、新的屏幕格式和电视机。
2. Camera at that time was a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper. 那个时代的照相机是一种类似盒子的设备，通过针孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏幕或一张白纸上面。
3. She methodically screened and cultured some of the soil samples and then sent them to her partner. 她系统地筛选并培养了一些土壤的样本，然后把它们送到了合作者那里。
要点 screen在介绍计算机等电子产品的时候十分常见，但它还可以表示“审查；筛选”。
seasonal［'si:zənl］a. 季节的；随季节而变化的；周期性的
例句 1. The changes in daily and seasonal climates occurred before the retreat of the seas back into the major ocean basins. 日常和季节性的气候变化发生在海水退回到主要的海洋盆地之前。
2. The warming or cooling of the Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents and changing positions of the continents are supposed to be the reason of the mass extinction. 地球变暖或变冷，季节性变动或洋流的改变，以及大陆板块位置的改变都被认为是大灭绝的原因。
secure［sə'kjur］v. 获得；确保
例句 1. By singing loudly, the birds could possibly secure more food and result in faster growth or larger size. 通过高声鸣叫，鸟儿或许可以得到更多的食物，这样就可以生长得更快，体型也变得更大。
2. Although dry periods forced people to move south, they returned once their food supply was secured. 尽管干旱期迫使人们向南迁移，但是当粮食的供应得到保障时，他们就会返回。
3. The situation required that they must exploit larger areas of land to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. 形势要求他们必须开发更大面积的土地以保证获得相同数量的食物、衣服和其他必需品。
要点 我们都很熟悉secure作为“确保安全”的含义，如：secure a place；但是要注意这个词表示“获得”的含义也很常见，比如：secure food“获得食物”。
settle［'setl］v. 安定；定居；解决
搭配 settle down 平静；定居，过安定的生活
例句 1. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. 微生物定居在海底，并积聚在海泥中。
