2. Researchers can carefully study the infant's responses over and over by film analysis. 研究者可以通过影片分析一遍一遍地仔细研究婴儿的反应。
要点 response在阅读中常用来表示某一类人对某件事情的反应，常用的结构是in response to。比如：What did farmers do in response to the falling temperatures?
resume［ri'zu:m］v.（中断后）重新开始 n. 摘要
例句 Under a particular stimulus, a sleeping person will arouse and clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep. 在特定的刺激下，睡着的人会醒来清一清呼吸道，当呼吸作用得以继续时，便会再次入睡。
要点 我们常见的resume的含义是“简历”，但在托福阅读中，常考查的词义是“重新开始”，这点要特别注意。
retirement［ri'taiərmənt］n. 退休，退职，退役
例句 The army provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the natives, just as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. 军队提供了一个方法，可以促使那些在当地招募的后备士兵进步，正像在后备军团服役的人退休时被授予罗马公民身份。
rudimentary［ˌru:di'mentri］a. 基本的；初步的；未充分发展的；退化的
例句 1. He received rudimentary village schooling, and mostly he roamed his uncle's farm and collected fossils that were so abundant in hills. 他只接受了最基本的乡村教育，大部分时间他都在他叔叔的农场里闲逛，收集在山上极为常见的化石。
2. Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. 很多动物能够把自然界的物体当做基本工具使用。
scale［skeil］n. 规模；比例 v. 攀登
搭配 on a large scale 大规模地；in scale 成比例；相称
例句 1. The sheer scale of the investment is necessary to begin commercial expansion at sea. 为了扩展海上业务，大规模的投资是必要的。
2. These records indicate that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, and that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can differ from each other. 这些记录表明，温度变化可以在全球范围内发生，而且这些发生在不同气候地区的温度变化模式也各不相同。
要点 scale不仅仅可以用来表示“规模”，同样可以表示“攀登”，但在文中常见的是scale作为名词表示“规模”的用法。
schedule［'skeʤu:l］n. 时刻表，日程表
搭配 ahead of schedule 提前
例句 This mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may result in the disorienting effects and it may persist for several days or weeks just like our jet lag until certain cues occur. 这种外界时间信号和内部设定的不匹配会导致眩晕，而且这种眩晕可能会持续几天或几周，就像我们的时差反应一样，直到某些特定的信号出现。
scheme［ski:m］n. 方案；阴谋 v. 计划，策划
搭配 propose a scheme 拟定计划
例句 1. We need new types of ships finding new ways to travel and new techniques for the financing of such a vast scheme. 我们需要新型轮船，开辟新的航线，并且需要新的技术来给这样庞大的计划提供经费。
2. One of the earliest schemes was patterned on the human eye. 最初的方案之一就是模拟人类的眼睛。
score［skɔ:］v. 评分；获胜，成功 n. 分数；配乐
例句 1. Einstein believed that musical score was as important as dialogue in a film. 爱因斯坦认为，在一部电影中配乐和台词同样重要。
2. The game was tied until he scored the winning point. 在他得分获胜之前，比赛是平局。
要点 虽然我们都很熟悉score可以表示“得分”，但不要忽略其作为名词还可以表示“配乐”的含义。
similarity［ˌsimə'lærəti］n. 相似，类似
例句 The similarity between each other made it difficult to distinguish one from another. 它们之间的相似处使两者很难区分。
simplicity［sim'plisəti］n. 简单；朴素；直率
例句 1. The chief executive says the company will continue to emphasize value, convenience and simplicity of the product. 董事长表示该公司将继续强调产品价值、便利性和简约性。
2. The foundation of this product is simplicity, which is especially important to a mobile device. 这款产品的理念就是简单，而这对于一款移动设备来说尤为重要。
同义 plainness（n. 朴素）
simulation［ˌsimju'leiʃn］n. 假装；模仿
例句 1. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. 该领域最新的计量方法与实验室模拟结果为带电粒子的形成提供了一个可能的解释。
2. Studies suggest that so far the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data which obtained from the proxy records. 研究表明，迄今，与从代理记录中获得的数据相比，计算机模拟的可变性要小得多。
3. After seeing the display of computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific, we may probably think it is much easier than previously thought to reach the Pacific island. 看到电脑模拟太平洋的风向和洋流展示之后，我们或许会觉得抵达太平洋的岛屿要比之前预想的容易得多。
specialization［ˌspeʃələ'zeiʃn］n. 专门（业）化；特殊化
例句 The production line involves a high degree of specialization of labor. 生产线要求工人高度专业化。
specimen［'spesimən］n. 标本，样本；样品
例句 Although the Sun has many more atoms of any element than does a meteorite specimen, the ratios of iron to silicon in the two kinds of matter might be comparable. 虽然太阳含有的任何一种元素的原子数都比一个陨星样品所含的多，但是两者的铁硅比率或许是具有可比性的。
同义 sample（n. 样本）
stencil［'stensl］n. 模板 v. 用模板刻写
例句 Much of the evidence shows right-hand versus left-hand dominance, and we could find in rock shelters from stencils and prints in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. 右手比左手有优势的相关证据多来自澳大利亚和其他地方的模板和石板印记，还有一些则是来自法国、西班牙以及塔斯马尼亚冰河时代的多个洞穴中。
summary［'sʌməri］n. 摘要，概要 a. 概括的；简略的
例句 They make a summary comment:“Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.”他们总结道，“或许我们学习到的最重要的一点就是，教师不会因为这些观点有益甚至能吸引人就自发地展开教学反思。”
同义 abstract（n. 摘要）；conclusion（n. 总结）
要点 summary后面的句子通常是作者对自己的论述所作的总结，表达了作者的观点。
surmise［'sə:rmaiz］n. 推测，猜测［sər'maiz］v. 推测，猜测
例句 1. He surmised that an internal biological clock allows some species of birds to navigate at night. 他推测内部的生物钟使一些鸟类具有夜间飞行的能力。
2. All of these reasons are pure surmise on Joe's part. 所有这些原因纯粹都是乔的猜测。
同义 conjecture（n./v. 推测，猜测）
tactic［'tæktik］n. 手段；［常 pl.］策略 a. 按顺序的
例句 1. Advertisers employ the misleading tactics which are centered on the use of exaggeration. 广告商使用以夸张为主的误导性策略。
2. Studies show that misleading tactics are used most often in commercials for breakfast cereals, while toy commercials use such tactics less frequently. 研究表明，误导式策略通常用于谷物早餐的商业广告中，而在玩具的广告中用得较少。
同义 strategy（n. 策略）
undertake［ˌʌndər'teik］v. 承担；进行，从事
例句 1. The Dutch waged war, because it was particularly suitable for land reclamation, and the biggest problem undertaken there was the draining of the lake. 荷兰发动了战争，因为这是收复失地的大好时机，而且这里出现的最大问题就是湖泊干涸的问题。
2. The printer does not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects. 这台打印机不具备进行大规模印刷项目所需的技术。
同义 engage（v. 从事）
医学健康篇
acid［'æsid］n. 酸，酸性物质 a. 酸的；尖刻的
搭配 acid rain 酸雨
例句 The metabolic system subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen, and the acid-base ratio in the blood. 代谢系统下意识地调整呼吸的频率和深度，是为了调节血液中的二氧化碳和氧气水平，以及酸碱比例的水平。
adapt［ə'dæpt］v. 使适合；调整；改编
搭配 adapt to 适应，适合
例句 1. Horseshoe crabs that live in the dark continuously for a year are found to keep a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or weak light. 连续一年生活在黑暗中的鲎被发现保持着稳定的脑活动节奏，这同样也使它们的眼睛可以适应白昼光线的强弱变化。
2. Parasitic damage to the species was never overturned because they were unable to adapt to the attacks of the parasites. 这一物种无法战胜寄生虫的破坏，因为它们无法适应寄生虫的攻击。
3. High literacy rates capacitated these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths. 较高的受教育比率让这些国家可以接管国际市场，并根据他们的优势来调整国际劳动分工。
同义 adjust（v. 使适合）；alter（v. 调整）
要点 adapt不但可以表示生理层面上的适应，也可以表示适应局势或状况，比如：adapt oneself to the new conditions“使自己适应新的环境”。
adaptive［ə'dæptiv］a. 适合的；有适应性的
搭配 adaptive behavior 适应行为
例句 One adaptive advantage is Spartina's ability to utilize carbon dioxide more efficiently than any other plants. 与其他大部分植物相比，大米草的一个适应优势是它能更充分地利用二氧化碳。
同义 accommodative（a. 适应的）
allergy［'ælərʤi］n. 过敏性反应
例句 If something blocks the“good”side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases remarkably. 如果有什么东西挡住了“好”的那边，比如过敏或是感冒造成的充血，那么之后抵抗力就会显著增加。
同义 hypersensitivity（n. 过敏症）
amnesia［æm'ni:ʒə］n. 遗忘症，健忘症
例句 The expert thinks that a person who is a complete victim of amnesia is still the same person as before. 这个专家认为一个彻底的健忘症患者与以前没有患病时仍然是同一个人。
animate［'ænimət］a. 有生命的［'ænimeit］v. 赋予生命；使有活力；鼓舞
例句 This alarm clock is the only animate thing in this quiet room. 安静的屋里唯一有生气的东西就是这个闹钟了。
同义 zoetic（a. 有生命的）
attack［ə'tæk］v. 攻击，抨击 n. 攻击，抨击；（疾病等）突然发作
例句 1. Parasitic damage to Australian rabbits was serious for the rabbits as they were unable to adapt to the parasites attacks. 寄生损害对澳大利亚兔来说十分严重，因为它们不能适应寄生虫的攻击。
2. The ants take advantage of the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches the tree. 蚂蚁通过攻击任何接触到寄主树的东西来利用寄主树。
auditory［'ɔ:dətɔ:ri］a. 耳的；听觉的
例句 1. Indirect observation is accurate enough when researchers use it to test auditory and olfactory perception in neonates. 当研究人员用间接观察的方式来测试新生儿的听觉和嗅觉时，其准确性是足够的。
2. The habituation-dishabituation paradigm has been utilized most extensively with studies of the infants' auditory and olfactory perception. 习惯化与去习惯化的范例被广泛用于婴儿的听觉和嗅觉研究。
3. The accident hurt the girl's auditory nerves. 那场事故使女孩的听觉神经受损。
avoid［ə'vɔid］v. 避免；预防；撤销
例句 1. According to the conventional theory, yawning arises from boredom or lack of sleep and can be avoided through deeper breathing. 根据传统理论，打哈欠是由厌倦或是缺少睡眠而引起的，并可以通过深呼吸来避免。
2. In the rain forest, an animal can send signals to members of its own species and avoid being detected by predators at the same time. 在热带雨林，动物能向同类传递信号，并同时避免被捕食者发现。
要点 avoid在托福阅读中出现的频率较高，多用“避免”这个词义，与之意思相近的有shy away from和prevent。
backbone［'bækboun］n. 脊椎；中枢；栋梁
例句 Even though ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure proves that it swam like modern whales. 虽然陆行鲸没有尾片，它的主体结构表明了它能像现代鲸鱼一样游泳。
bacteria［bæk'tiriə］n. 细菌
搭配 bacteria infection 细菌感染
例句 1. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue of it will be consumed by scavengers and bacteria. 有机体死亡后，其软组织通常会被食腐动物和细菌消化掉。
2. As the other microbes, bacteria are single-cells. 跟其他微生物一样，细菌是单细胞生物。
同义 microbe（n. 细菌）
blinking［'bliŋkiŋ］a. 眨眼的；闪光的 v. 眨眼睛；闪闪发光
例句 Visual indicators such as turning the head, blinking the eyes, or crying are all the best proof of an infant's perceptual abilities. 视觉上的指示例如转头、眨眼、哭泣都是婴儿具有感知能力最好的证据。
blooded［'blʌdid］a. 血统优良的；有血的
例句 Young leatherbacks often do not survive to adulthood because they can not switch from a cold-blooded way of life to a warm-blooded one quickly enough. 棱皮龟幼龟一般活不到成年，因为它们不能从冷血生活方式很快转换到热血的生活方式。
breed［bri:d］n. 品种 v. 饲养；繁殖
例句 1. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable to breed the populations of bears, there would have been enough food for humans. 这暗示着如果一个环境可以供养熊群，那么也一定有足够的食物供给人类。
2. The songbirds have finished breeding. 鸣鸟完成了繁殖。
派生 inbreeding（n. 同系繁殖，近亲交配）
要点 breed作动词，当意思是“繁殖”时，可与reproduce交换使用；这个单词的ing形式breeding在托福阅读里也很常见，如：breeding grounds“滋生地”，breeding populations“种群繁殖”。
capillary［'kæpəleri］n. 毛细血管 a. 毛状的；毛细血管的
例句 The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase. 使用毛细管水灌溉的成本将有所增加。
cavity［'kævəti］n. 腔；洞，穴；窟窿；凹处；龋洞
搭配 cranial cavity 颅腔；abdominal cavity 腹腔
例句 Large quantities of water may be stored in limestones, when joints and cracks were enlarged, the cavities formed. 石灰石中可能存在大量的水，当接缝和缝隙被扩大的时候，洞穴就形成了。
同义 pit, crater（n. 洞，穴；窟窿）
要点 cavity除了可以表示身体的“腔；洞”以外，还可以表示“洞穴”，这两个意思都十分常用。另外，“蛀牙形成的洞”也可以用cavity表示。
cessation［se'seiʃn］n. 终止，停止
例句 1. During sleep, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough but a cessation of breathing. 在睡眠期间，在呼吸道中遇到刺激物的咳嗽反射产生的不是咳嗽，而是呼吸的停止。
2. There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. 关于为什么在高树带界线处树木迅速停止生长，尚没有一个广为接受的解释。
同义 stop（n. 停止）
circadian［sə:r'keidiən］a. 生理节奏的；以24小时为周期的
例句 The circadian period of an animal's internal clock is genetically determined and basically permanent. 动物生物钟的生理周期是由基因决定的，而且基本上不会有什么变化。
circulate［'sə:rkjəleit］v.（使）流通；（使）循环；（使）传播
例句 1. Water involving calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment. 包含碳酸钙的水流过贝壳，并留下沉淀物。
2. By far, the most abundant kind of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. 目前为止，雨水是最丰富的地下水资源，是地下水在水循环中的一个环节。
3. You should keep your feet above your heart a few minutes every day to promote blood to circulate. 你应该每天都坚持让脚高于心脏几分钟，以此来促进血液循环。
conscious［'kɑ:nʃəs］a. 自觉的；有意识的；故意的
例句 Humans should be more conscious of the effects they have on ecosystems. 人类应更清楚地认识到自己对生态系统的影响。
同义 perceptual（a. 自觉的；有知觉的）；awake（a. 有意识的）
要点 托福阅读中经常用的是conscious的副词形式consciously“有意识地”，比如：be consciously aware of“意识到”。
constant［'kɑ:nstənt］a. 不变的；稳定的；持续的 n. 常数
搭配 constant temperature 恒温
例句 In fact, whether two conditions made any difference to the frequency of yawning, it remained constantly at about 24 yawns per hour. 事实上，无论两个条件对打哈欠的频率有何不同影响，该频率都能保持每小时24次。
同义 stable（a. 稳定的）；consistent, continued, continuous（a. 不变的；持续的）
cycle［'saikl］n. 循环；周期 v. 循环
例句 Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. 动物需要日出这样的自然周期信号来保持一个精确的24小时循环。
同义 circle（n. 循环）
decay［di'kei］n./v. 腐烂，腐朽；衰落
例句 1. What retains the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? 是什么让黑尾鹿在更艰难的植物腐烂及冬眠的季节还能存活？
2. Once the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter will be preserved. 一旦氧气用完，腐烂就会停止，剩余的有机物就被保存下来。
同义 rot（n./v. 腐烂）；decline（n./v. 衰退，衰落）
要点 decay在托福阅读中多用作名词，比如plant decay“植物腐烂”。
deficiency［di'fiʃnsi］n. 不足，缺乏
搭配 deficiency symptom 营养缺乏症状
例句 1. Iron deficiency is characterized of chlorosis between veins in young leaves. 缺铁的特征表现为幼叶的叶脉间有变色病的出现。
2. Vitamin D deficiency can result in serious bone diseases. 缺乏维生素D会导致严重的骨骼疾病。
反义 sufficiency（n. 充足）
派生 deficient（a. 不足的；有缺陷的；不充分的）
descend［di'send］v. 遗传；下降；起源（于）
搭配 be descended from 是…的后裔
例句 1. These animals were regarded as a variety of modern animal groups initially, but they had descended from a single group in fact. 最初，这些动物曾被认为属于不同的现代动物群体，但它们其实是同一个群体的后代。
2. The octopus and the squid were descended from earlier creatures with shells. 章鱼和鱿鱼是早期有壳生物的后代。
同义 inherit（v. 遗传）
descendant［di'sendənt］n. 后代，后裔
例句 While animal fossils from before the Cambrian explosion have no modern descendants, lots of animals that evolved during the Cambrian explosion can be assigned to modern groups. 虽然来自寒武纪爆发前的动物化石没有现代后裔，但许多在寒武纪爆发期间进化了的动物都可以被归为现代物种。
同义 progeny（n. 后裔）
diaphragm［'daiəfræm］n.［解］隔膜；振动膜；子宫帽
例句 The diaphragm requires a lot of pressure to function properly. 隔膜需要大量的压力来保证其正常功能。
同义 septum（n. 隔膜）
diffuse［di'fju:z］v. 散播［di'fju:s］a. 扩散的；冗长的；散漫的
例句 1. The rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to gain an accurate record of the number of responses. 婴儿快速而散漫的运动使得人们很难得到关于其反应的准确数字记录。
2. A gas forms no free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the space available. 气体并不形成自由的表面，而是会在现有的空间中扩散。
要点 托福阅读的词义猜测题型中考到了diffuse的变体diffused“普及的”，即be understood的意思。
enzyme［'enzaim］n. 酶，酵素
例句 At first, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. 首先，植物为细菌提供了糖类和其他有机化合物，而细菌中的酶可以起催化剂作用，这最终给土地提供氮元素，使其变得肥沃。
