frequency['fri:kwənsi]n. 频繁,经常发生;频率
例句 With the length and frequency of the infant's attention between these stimuli, precise measurements can be made. 根据婴儿关注这些刺激的时长和频率,可以制定出精确的衡量方法。
frequent['fri:kwənt]a. 时常发生的;惯常的[fri'kwent]v. 时常来访
例句 1. In a group, frequent communication serves to bring people into closer relationships. 在一个团体中,频繁的交流会让人们建立更密切的关系。
2. Modern farmers who are trying to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures. 试图在古代玛雅的土地上种植作物的现代农民频繁遭遇作物减产的情况。
派生 frequently(ad. 频繁地)
要点 frequent通常表示频率,例如:frequent visitor“常客”。frequent的副词形式frequently也经常会用到,比如:Fantasy settings are frequently used to attract children's attention.
hence[hens]ad. 因此,所以;今后
例句 1. Since the ships had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough sea; hence they were unsuitable for the oceangoing voyage. 由于这些船的船体相对较浅,因此当挂起风帆航行或遇到汹涌海浪时无法保持平稳;因此它们不适合用于出海远航。
2. The data can only represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. 这些数据只能代表全球气候的全部复杂性,因此对于自然变化,可能只能提供有限的信息。
hypothesis[hai'pɑ:θəsis]n. 假设,假说;前提
例句 1. Although appealing at the beginning, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels cannot explain all the data. 一开始这个关于气候变化与海平面间联系的假说引起了人们的兴趣,但却不能解释所有的数据。
2. The professor's hypothesis was that the polluted fishes the whale ate caused their death. 教授的假设是鲸鱼食用的鱼被污染了,从而导致了它的死亡。
同义 assumption, theory(n. 假设,假说)
identical[ai'dentikl]a. 相同的;同一的;相等的
例句 1. In another set of experiments, the researchers put identical boxes around the cage with food in only one of the boxes. 在另一组试验中,研究人员把完全相同的箱子放在笼子旁边,其中只有一个箱子里有食物。
2. The director wants the songs in the drama to be identical to the songs in the film. 导演希望话剧中的歌曲与电影版中的完全相同。
同义 selfsame(a. 相同的;同一的);identic(a. 同一的)
要点 identical的出现表示作者希望阐述相同或相等的信息。比如:This pattern is almost identical to that produced today. 在这里出现了be identical to...的用法。
immediate[i'mi:diət]a. 即刻的;最接近的;紧靠的
例句 1. All these countries had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource. 这些国家都有直接通往海上的航线,这一重要关系表明这些国家拥有重要的国际资源。
2. Reaction from the public and press was immediate and derisive. 公众和媒体立即作出了讥讽的反应。
同义 proximal(a. 最接近的)
派生 immediately(ad. 立即地)
要点 副词immediately在托福阅读中也多次出现,表示“紧靠地”,比如:Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses.
imply[im'plai]v. 意味着;暗示,暗指
例句 1. More recent data implies that at least some parts of the planet did experience long periods during which liquid water existed on the surface. 更新的数据意味着在很长一段时间中,至少这个星球一部分的地表上曾有液态水存在。
2. Signs on the skeletal remains of prehistoric figures, including arm-bone size and injury marks, imply that these are the remains of people who were right-handed. 包括臂骨尺寸和受伤痕迹等史前人类遗骨显示的迹象意味着这些都是右撇子人的遗体。
3. In the technical sense, noise implies a random chaotic disturbance that is usually unwanted. 从技术层面讲,噪音就是通常令人讨厌的杂乱干扰。
要点 在阅读中,imply, allude和indicate都能表示“暗指,影射”的意思,当读到这些词的时候,要注意相关内容之间存在的联系。
inaccurate[in'ækjərət]a. 错误的;不准确的
例句 The view that the environment of Mayan people is jungle or tropical rainforest is proved to be inaccurate. 玛雅人生活在丛林或雨林中的观点被证明是错误的。
inconclusive[ˌinkən'klu:siv]a. 非决定性的;无结果的
例句 If the observed data from their studies are inconclusive, the researchers are not able to make generalizations. 如果研究员从研究中观察到的数据是非决定性的,那么他们就无法概括出结论。
同义 indefinite(a. 非决定性的)
indication[ˌindi'keiʃn]n. 指出;表示;象征
例句 1. The difference between the two results provides the researcher with an indication of the level and duration of the response to the stimuli. 两个不同的结果为研究人员提供了可以得知对这些刺激作出反应的程度和持续时间的指示。
2. These records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale. 这些记录提供了广泛一致的指示——温度变化会在全球范围内发生。
indirect[ˌində'rekt]a. 间接的,迂回的;不直截了当的
例句 Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to the infants' psychological states. 当然,面向儿童的广告中的理性吸引总是有限的,因为这些广告总是对儿童的心理状态施加情绪化和间接化的吸引。
initial[i'niʃl]a. 开始的,最初的 n. 词首大写字母
例句 The researchers evaluate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively will take about 20 to 30 hours. 研究者估计,最初训练同一批教师客观看待事件的能力大约需要20到30小时。
initially[i'niʃəli]ad. 开头,最初,首先
例句 Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little things to buy. 每名士兵都得到了薪水,但在那些经济不够发达的地区,一开始没有什么可买的东西。
instance['instəns]n. 例子,事例
例句 An abandoned field, for instance, will be invaded by various kinds of herbaceous plants and eventually form a forest. 举例来说,一片荒地会被不同种类的草本植物侵占,并最终形成一片森林。
intentionally[in'tenʃənəli]ad. 有意地,特意地
例句 The species of fungus maintained its normal daily periods of biological activity for about a week when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues in a space shuttle. 当这种真菌在太空舱中被有意地隔绝了所有的地球物理的定时信号时,其正常的日常生理活动大约可以维持一周。
要点 intentionally用来表明做某事是特意的或者故意的,表明一种主动性。在文章中可能也会用deliberately来代替。
intrinsic[in'trinsik]a. 固有的;本质的;内在的
搭配 intrinsic value 内在价值
例句 1. Increased agricultural production boosted rural industry, which is an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. 农业生产的增长促进了乡村产业,这是产业扩张的一个内在部分。
2. During their growing period, parents should take their responsibility to teach children the intrinsic value of good behavior. 在孩子的成长阶段,家长有责任教导他们何为良好品行的内在价值。
同义 inherent(a. 固有的;本质的;内在的)
派生 intrinsically(ad. 本质地)
inveterately[in'vetərətli]ad. 积习地;根深蒂固地
例句 Since many Americans were inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious, these social traits made the nomadic and daring settlers keep pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. 由于大多数美国人自身不安,没有归属感,又抱有雄心壮志,因此,这些社会特性使这些四处游走、大胆的人不断向西移动。
justify['ʤʌstifai]v. 证明…正确;为…辩护;对…做出解释
例句 1. High-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. 像调料这样的高价商品不得不大量运入,这解释了从非洲大陆航行到印度和中国的开销和麻烦。
2. An important task for the presidents is to justify for their citizens why the war was inevitable. 总统的一项重要任务是向他们的公民证明为何战争是不可避免的。
派生 justified(a. 有正当理由的)
要点 justify可以用于证明那些被质疑的事物的正当性,而其表示“对…做出解释”的词义也很常见。
likelihood['laiklihud]n. 可能,可能性
例句 Environmental characteristics as those presented on ocean floors enhance the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will be found. 洋底呈现的那些环境特征增加了找到植物和动物化石的可能性。
要点 likelihood指可能发生的情况,因此暗示了事物的不确定性。
limit['limit]n. 限度;限制;极限 v. 限制
例句 1. Like mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and also limit their growth. 就像缺乏矿物质会限制植物的生长一样,某种特定的矿物质过多会让植物中毒,而且同样会限制它们的生长。
2. The structure of the periodic table may limit the number of possible elements. 元素周期表的结构或许会限制可能出现的元素数量。
派生 limitation(n. 限制)
要点 在托福阅读中,limit的过去分词limited也经常用作形容词,表示“有限的”,比如:If exposure to bacteria is limited, the soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved.
link[liŋk]v. 连接;联系 n. 环节;联系
搭配 social links 社会联系
例句 Recent discoveries of fossils show the link between land mammals and cetaceans. 最新发现的化石显示了陆地哺乳动物和鲸类动物之间的联系。
要点 在阅读中,当看到link时,要注意文中提及的事物之间存在何种联系。
mild[maild]a. 轻微的;温和的;和善的
搭配 mild weather 温和的天气
例句 Data from different sources indicate that the late Cretaceous climate was milder compared with today's. 不同的数据来源都显示出白垩纪晚期的气候与现在相比要更加温和。
同义 slight(a. 轻微的);temperate(a. 温和的)
要点 mild多用于描述轻微的变化或者不太严重的情况,可以描述病情、天气以及性格等。
momentous[mou'mentəs]a. 重大的,重要的;严重的
例句 1. The disaster had momentous impacts on the sparsely-populated region. 这场灾难对这个人口稀少的地区造成了重大的冲击。
2. Which university to choose is a momentous decision for every student. 选择哪所大学对每个学生来说都是非常重要的决定。
要点 momentous通常用于形容重大的影响或决定,所以当看到这个单词的时候要注意这部分内容可能比较关键。
namely['neimli]ad. 即,也就是
例句 The empirical evidence shows an altogether different function for yawning —namely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. 经验上的证据表明了打哈欠的完全不同的功能——也就是说,打哈欠让我们对活动水平的改变作好准备。
要点 namely后面的句子一般都是对前文的进一步说明,因此后面的句子可以加强对前文内容的理解。
nonetheless[ˌnʌnðə'les]ad. 虽然如此,但是;依然
例句 The wall paintings in the cave are complex, but they are delicate nonetheless. 这些洞穴中的壁画十分复杂,但却非常精美。
要点 与nonetheless同义的词还有nevertheless,两者都表示转折关系。
noticeable['noutisəbl]a. 明显的;值得注意的
例句 1. For the majority of lakes that are surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. 对于大多数被森林环绕的湖泊来说,流入其中的地面水流量太小,几乎没有明显的影响。
2. Red lettering on the signs is much more noticeable than blue. 标识上的红色印字比蓝色的更加显眼。
同义 conspicuous, outstanding(a. 明显的);remarkable(a. 值得注意的)
numerous['nu:mərəs]a. 许多的;无数的
例句 1. Based on the studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists have drawn the conclusion that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years. 基于对许多化石群灭绝率的研究,古生物学者得出这样的结论:大约每隔2600万年就会发生一次大灭绝事件。
2. The Sun is the hub of a huge rotating system that contains eight planets and their satellites, and numerous small bodies including asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. 太阳是一个巨大的旋转着的系统中心,其中包括8颗行星及它们的卫星,以及许多小型星体,包括小行星、彗星以及流星。
3. Cosmic rays consist of numerous different particles that are moving rapidly. 宇宙射线包括无数不同的迅速移动的粒子。
同义 countless(a. 无数的)
要点 numerous用于描述数量多得数不清的情况,有时也可以表示夸张,比如:It has numerous advantages.
obvious['ɑ:bviəs]a. 显然的,明显的
例句 It should be obvious that cetaceans, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals for they breathe through lungs, not through gills. 很明显,鲸类、鼠海豚和海豚都是哺乳动物,因为它们都靠肺而不是腮来呼吸。
要点 在阅读中看到obvious要格外留意,因为相关句子中通常包含重要信息,比如这个句型:The most obvious difference is...
occasional[ə'keiʒənl]a. 偶然的,间或发生的;临时的
例句 1. The drastic decrease in diversity of species made this place a much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. 物种多样性的急剧下降使这个地方变得更加贫瘠,只有星星点点的苔藓、地衣和一些覆盖在地上的垫状植物。
2. Another popular form of occasional trade is auction. 拍卖是另一种流行的临时交易形式。
同义 infrequent(a. 偶然的)
派生 occasionally(ad. 偶然地)
要点 occasionally通常表示某一事件并非经常发生,强调的是一种偶然性,比如:Occasionally one can determine whether tools to be used.
onward['ɑ:nwərd]a. 向前的 ad. 向前;在前面
例句 From the eleventh century onward, farmers started to increase food production on existing farmland and started bringing more land under cultivation. 从11世纪以来,农民开始在已有的耕地上增加食物产量并着手开发更多的耕地。
同义 forward(a. 向前的)
要点 在表示时间的时候,onward指的是从一个时间点开始,继续往下推算,即“从…以来”。
overall[ˌouvər'ɔ:l]a. 全面的,综合的 ad. 总共['ouvərɔ:l]n. 工作服,工装裤
例句 1. Although the deer populations naturally fluctuate, the early settlers in the Puget Sound also resulted in an overall decline in the deer populations at that time. 虽然鹿群的数量有自然波动,但是早期定居在普吉特海湾的人们在那时也导致了鹿群数量的总体下降。
2. The burning of fuel is not the only source of the increased heat and there are other factors that contribute to the higher overall temperature in this city. 燃烧燃料并不是不断增加的热能的唯一来源,还有其他因素导致城市的总体温度变得更高。
3. In the experiment, the overall growth of algae and the number of species all reduced. 在实验中,藻类的整体生长水平和物种数量都有所降低。
要点 overall用于描述总体形势变化,比如:overall decline或者the overall improvement in living standard。
particular[pər'tikjələr]a. 特定的;独特的;详细的 n. 详情
例句 1. The study of the combination of plant species that inhabit a particular locality became a scientific discipline toward the end of the nineteenth century. 对于生长在特殊环境中的植被组合的研究直到19世纪末才成为一个科学学科。
2. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas. 这类活动在当地有着重要影响,特别是基础设施建设,比如道路,它为人们到达偏远地区提供了便利。
3. Each person is responsible for a particular part of the process. 每个人负责这个程序的特定部分。
同义 selected(a. 特定的);unique(a. 独特的)
要点 在阅读中看到particular这个单词一定要留意,因为它通常描述特定的情况或事件,比如:the particular association of plants and animals;a particular perceptual ability等。
peak[pi:k]n. 最高点;顶峰 v. 达到顶点 a. 最高的;最大值的
例句 1. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period. 洞穴艺术似乎在晚期石器时代末达到了顶峰。
2. After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline. 1957年的高峰期之后,加拿大的出生率就开始下降了。
同义 maximum(n. 最高点);summit(n. 顶峰)
要点 托福阅读文章中,也出现过peak作为“最高点”的含义,比如:reach one's peak。
peculiar[pi'kju:liər]a. 独特的;罕见的;古怪的
例句 1. The mercantile economy was characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade — an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and accommodative to circumstances. 商业经济以独特的道德立场为特点,它也是以交易为生的人群的特点——以一种独立、审慎、冒险的态度来适应环境。
2. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics. 每个产品都独具特色。
同义 distinctive(a. 独特的)
派生 peculiarity(n. 特性);peculiarly(ad. 尤其,特别)
要点 peculiar用于描述特殊的事物,当看到这个词的时候要留意;另外,其副词形式peculiarly常表示突出强调,比如:peculiarly powerful Roman cement“效力极高的罗马水泥”。
peculiarity[piˌkju:li'ærəti]n. 特色,独特性;怪癖
例句 1. He was strongly attracted by her peculiarities of dress and behaviour. 他被她独具特色的穿衣风格和行为举止深深地吸引了。
2. The gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. 石膏被发现具有合成物的特点和结构,暗示它是在沙漠平原形成的。
peripheral[pə'rifərəl]a. 不重要的;外围的;周围(神经系统)的
搭配 peripheral nerves 末梢神经
例句 1. The stability of Middle Eastern governments was threatened by their lack of control over international trade patterns and over their own peripheral territories. 缺乏对国际贸易模式及自身外围地区的控制威胁到中东政权的稳定。
2. Peripheral people had a great advantage in their dealings with the center, making government authority insecure and anxious. 外围的人们在与中央打交道时拥有很大优势,使政府当局感到焦虑不安。
要点 作者一般用peripheral来描述不重要的人或事物,比如:peripheral territory“外围地带”,peripheral people“无关紧要的人”。
positive['pɑ:zətiv]a. 肯定的;积极的;乐观的
搭配 positive charge 正电荷
例句 1. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often results from a tall-pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. 带有正电荷的电流遇上来自云里的电子激增,这通常源于一个高而尖的建筑结构,譬如金属旗杆或塔。
2. He believed writer should stress the positive aspects of life. 他认为作家应该着重展现生活的积极面。
要点 positive常用来表达作者的态度,是“积极的”意思,与其相反的表达是negative“消极的”。
precede[pri'si:d]v. 在…之前,先于
例句 The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics. 海底扩展概念实际上先于板块构造理论。
同义 forerun(v. 先于)
要点 当看到precede这个词的时候要特别留意,因为很容易造成句意的混淆。此外,这个词也可以用be prior to这个短语来替代。
precise[pri'sais]a. 准确的,精确的;严谨的
搭配 to be precise 准确地说
例句 1. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.(地质)交代作用是一个极其精确的过程,所以关于贝壳装饰、树木的年轮和骨头的精细结构的细节都被精确地保存下来。
2. Since precise information is insufficient, it will be extremely hard to do this research. 由于缺少足够的精确信息,要做这项研究是极为艰难的。
同义 accurate, exact(a. 准确的,精确的)