饭饭TXT > 学习管理 > 《托福阅读1000词 托福写作1000词(出书版)》作者:俞敏洪【完结】 > 托福阅读1000词.txt

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作者:俞敏洪 当前章节:15369 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 03:06

搭配 stretch out 伸展;开始大踏步走

例句 Since large waterways have a warming effect on the air directly above them, there is a possibility for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers. 由于大河道会对其上方的空气产生升温效应,这为那些可以沿着主河道延伸的热岛提供了一个可能性。

同义 extend(v. 延伸)

substance['sʌbstəns]n. 物质;实质

例句 1. The same minerals occur in refractory inclusions which are believed to be the earliest-formed substances to have condensed out of the solar nebula. 同样的矿物质出现在耐融的内含物质中,而且人们相信这是太阳星云中最早形成的浓缩物质。

2. Even though early exhibitors often accompanied movie with live acts, the substance of the movies is mass-produced and prerecorded material that can be easily reproduced by theaters. 尽管早期的电影放映者总在电影中加入现场演出,但电影的本质是大量生产的事先录制好的内容,而这些内容可以在影院里轻易再现。

同义 matter(n. 物质;实质)

substrate['sʌbstreit]n. 底层;基质

搭配 respiratory substrate 呼吸基质

例句 Spartina establishes itself on substrates ranging from sand and silt to gravel and cobble. 在从沙地和淤泥到碎石和鹅卵石的各种基质上,大米草都能生长。

succession[sək'seʃn]n. 连续;一连串;继承;演替

例句 Ecologists refer to the changes with using the term“succession”which happened in plant communities and ecosystems over time. 生物学家通过使用术语“演替”来表达随着时间的流逝发生在植物群落和生态系统间的改变。

surface['sə:rfis]n. 表面;外表 v. 浮出水面;浮现

搭配 surface tension 表面张力

例句 With the force of surface tension holding it there, the water won't drain instantly from the wet surface and leave it totally dry. 水的表面压力可以控制住水,这样水就不会从潮湿的表面立即消失,使表面彻底干燥。

surge[sə:rʤ]v. 涌动;急剧上升 n. 汹涌;猛涨;奔放

搭配 surge damper 减震器

例句 The glacier surged ahead about 47 feet a day in June 1986. 1986年6月,冰川每天向前挺进大约47英尺。

要点 短语sharp increase与surge含义相同,都表示“猛涨”,在托福阅读中这些表达可能会交替出现。

suspend[sə'spend]v. 吊,悬挂;暂停

例句 There is another method for growing plants without soil: suspend the plants and mist the roots with a nutrient solution. 一个新的方法可以实现无土栽培:将植物倒挂,并在根部覆盖培养液。

同义 hang(v. 悬挂)

swallow['swɑ:lou]n. 燕子;吞咽 v. 吞咽;承受

例句 1. If you take baby swallows out of the nest for an hour, feeding half of the set and starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds. 如果将雏燕从巢里取出1小时,并给其中的一半喂食,而让另一半饿肚子的话,当雏燕被放回巢中时,那些饥饿的雏燕会比吃饱的雏燕叫得更大声。

2. Please chew your food properly before swallowing. 请在吞咽前仔细咀嚼食物。

要点 在托福阅读考试中考查过swallow作为“燕子”的含义,但这个单词还有“吞咽”这一重要含义。

symbiosis[ˌsimbai'ousis]n. 共生,共栖;合作

例句 The earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that relies on the close cooperation of the two or more forms of life and the principle is very important in island communities. 最早在这些岛上建立群落的生物就是共生最好的例子,这种现象需要两种或两种以上的生命形式的通力合作,而这个原则在岛上的群落中是十分重要的。

同义 partnership(n. 合作关系)

symbiotic[ˌsimbai'ɑ:tik]a. 共生的,共栖的

搭配 symbiotic bacteria 共生菌

例句 Between two or more species, when one species lives in or on another species, it is called a symbiotic relationship. 在两种或更多的物种之间,一个物种生活在另一个物种的身上或者体内,这种关系叫作共生。

tail[teil]n. 尾巴;后部;踪迹 v. 尾随

搭配 tail wind 顺风

例句 In the protection of black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. 在黑尾鹿保护方面,人类的压力只造成了反作用。

temperate['tempərət]a. 温和的;温带的;自制的

搭配 temperate climate 温带气候;temperate forest 温带森林

例句 The early comparison between the richness of butterflies in tropical and temperate zones has already been well confirmed. 早期关于热带和温带地区的蝴蝶数目的比较已经得到了充分证实。

同义 benign(a. 温和的)

同类 其他形容气候的单词还有:tropical 热带的,炎热的;chilly 寒冷的;mild 温和的;moist 潮湿的;dry 干旱的。

terrain[tə'rein]n. 地势,地形;地区

例句 In a porous sponge-like limestone terrain, rain runs straight into the ground and little surface water remains available. 在一个能渗透的海绵般的石灰岩地区,雨水会直接流入地下,可用的地表水只有很少一部分。

同义 landform(n. 地形)

terrestrial[tə'restriəl]a. 陆地的;陆生的;地球的

搭配 terrestrial planets 类地行星

例句 1. The slightly larger terrestrial planets like Earth, Venus, and Mars keep some heavy gases, such as carbon dioxide, but even their atmospheres consist only an infinitesimally small portion of the total mass. 稍微大一些的类地行星,比如地球、金星和火星都保存着一些二氧化碳这样的重气体,不过在它们的大气层中,这些重气体所占的比例也极小。

2. Ichthyosaurs had a much higher possibility of being preserved when compared with terrestrial creatures. 与陆地生物相比,鱼龙被保存下来的可能性要大得多。

tidal['taidl]a. 潮汐的;潮水般的

搭配 tidal flow 潮汐流

例句 The cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily along Washington's tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and altering the landscape by trapping sediment. 带状草地缓慢而稳定地在华盛顿潮汐河口西岸蔓延,它们挤掉了这里的原生植物,并通过获取沉淀物质改变了这个地区的景观。

tide[taid]n. 潮,潮汐;潮流 v. 顺潮水漂浮

搭配 tide sb. over 帮助某人渡过难关;low tide 低潮

例句 Nutrient-rich water was brought to the wetlands with every high tide. 营养丰富的水随着每一次的涨潮被带到湿地中。

同义 trend(n. 潮流)

timberline['timbərlain]n. 树带界线

搭配 banknote timberline 经济林

例句 Timberline trees are usually evergreens, suggesting that they have some advantage over other trees, especially the ones who lose their leaves in the extreme environments. 树带界线的树木通常都是常青树,这说明它们比其他的树更有优势,尤其是那些会在极端环境中落叶的树木。

tiny['taini]a. 极小的;很少的

例句 1. Thousands of tiny plants show how the inhabitants harvest nuts in the nearby pistachio and oak forests. 数千棵微小的植物显示了居民们如何在附近的开心果和橡树林中收获坚果。

2. Most crystalline rocks are solid, but there is an exception — basalt, formed of solidified volcanic lava, it is full of tiny bubbles that make it porous. 大部分结晶岩石都是坚固的;但也有一个例外——玄武岩,它由固化的火山岩构成,布满许多小气泡,使其具有渗透性。

要点 tiny除了可以表示“极小的”以外,在托福阅读中还考过“很少的”这个含义,比如:The amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny.

tissue['tiʃu:]n. 纸巾;薄纱;[常 pl.]组织

搭配 soft tissue 软组织

例句 Typically, as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue, older leaves are affected firstly. 通常,当磷被传送到正在发育的组织中时,首先受到影响的是较老的叶子。

要点 在托福阅读中,经常考到tissue表示“植物组织”的用法,比如:woody tissue“木质组织”。

tobacco[tə'bækou]n. 烟草,烟叶

例句 There is a limitation to the production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. 小麦、玉米、烟草和棉花的生产受到了限制。

toxic['tɑ:ksik]a. 有毒的;中毒的

例句 1. Toxic minerals would be absorbed by roots first and relocated to the stem and leaves later. 有毒物质首先会被根部吸收,然后会转移到茎和叶之中。

2. Some plant tissues contain different kinds of toxic or potentially toxic substances. 某些植物组织中含有各种有毒或是可能有毒的物质。

同义 poisonous(a. 有毒的)

派生 toxicity(n. 毒性)

transplant['trænsplænt]n. 移植[træns'plænt]v. 移植;使迁移;移栽

例句 1. Once, spartina was transplanted to England, even to New Zealand for the use of land reclamation and shoreline stabilization. 曾经,大米草被移植到英国,甚至是新西兰,用于开垦土地并固定海岸线。

2. The scientists may transplant specific genes to the creature in order to increase the release of chemical signals. 科学家们将特定的基因移植到生物体内,以增加化学信号的释放。

同义 transfer(n. 移植)

要点 除了托福阅读中考查的“移栽”这一含义以外,transplant还可以用来表示器官或基因的“移植”。

tropic['trɑ:pik]n. 回归线;[常 pl.]热带地区 a. 热带的

例句 1. In the tropics, the valleys seem to be more favorable for they have less frost and deeper soils. 在热带地区,山谷似乎更适宜居住,因为这里几乎没有霜冻,而且有着更深厚的土壤。

2. Heat is transported to the middle and high latitudes from the tropics. 热量从热带被传输到中高纬度地区。

派生 tropical(a. 热带的)

turbulence['tə:rbjələns]n. 动荡;骚乱;湍流

搭配 air turbulence 空气湍流

例句 The landscape of the city has become a heat island with greater water runoff and special climatic condition — low relative humidity and increased air turbulence. 城市的景观已经变成一个热岛,有着更大的径流量和特殊的气候环境——较低的相对湿度和增加的空气湍流。

派生 turbulent(a. 混乱的)

unconsolidated[ˌʌnkən'sɑ:lideitid]a. 松散的;疏松的

例句 Beds of unconsolidated sediments were typically located at some inland sites which were once underwater. 松散的沉积河床主要位于那些曾经在水下的内陆地区。

同义 loose(a. 松散的)

要点 在托福考试中,unconsolidated一词多出现于地质学相关文章中,描述疏松的土壤或砂石。

updraft['ʌpdræft]n. 上升气流 a. 最新的;现代化的

例句 In clouds, a division of oppositely charged particles are generated from the collisions of falling ice pellets with ice crystals, which comes from updrafts and from temperature variations. 在云中,降落的带有冰晶的冰丸之间的碰撞可以产生反向带电粒子,这些冰丸因上升气流及气温变化而产生。

vanish['væniʃ]v. 消失;灭绝;消逝

例句 Some oyster beds have vanished suddenly. 一些牡蛎养殖场突然消失了。

同义 disappear(v. 消失);fade(v. 逐渐消失)

要点 vanish可以表示物种的灭绝,而短语die out也可以表示同样的意思。

variable['veriəbl]n. 变数;变量 a. 易变的;可变的

例句 The decision covers lots of variables with complex relationships. 这个决定涉及很多关系复杂的变量。

同义 fluctuating(a. 变动的);inconstant(a. 可变的)

派生 variability(n. 可变性)

variation[ˌveri'eiʃn]n. 变化;变种,变异;变奏

搭配 climate variation 气候变化

例句 1. From the changes related to human activities, scientists have separated natural climate variation successfully. 从与人类活动有关的变化中,科学家们成功地分离出了自然的气候变化。

2. The study showed that between these two animals, the variation was not that obvious. 研究表明,这两种动物之间的变异并不太明显。

vegetation[ˌveʤə'teiʃn]n. 植物,草木;植被

例句 A major economic activity in semiarid lands is raising livestock, and grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation there. 饲养家畜是半干旱地区的一项主要经济活动,在那里,草是最常见的自然植被。

同义 plant(n. 植物)

vein[vein]n. 静脉;叶脉;纹理

搭配 gash vein 裂缝脉

例句 Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves. 铁元素缺乏的表现是嫩叶叶脉中出现褪绿病。

vertical['və:rtikl]a. 垂直的,竖直的 n. 垂直线

搭配 vertical column 竖列

例句 1. Within a vertical distance about tens of meters, deer become difficult to be seen and there are just low shrubs and grasses. 仅仅是在大约几十米的垂直距离之内,就很难看见鹿了,只能看见矮灌木和草。

2. In air, there are both horizontal movements and vertical movements. 空气中既有水平运动,也有垂直运动。

同义 upright(a. 垂直的);erect(a. 竖直的)

void[vɔid]a. 无效的;缺乏的 n. 空虚;真空 v. 使无效

例句 Different from Jupiter, terrestrial planets now are almost void of light gases and ices. 和木星不同,如今类地行星上几乎没有轻气体和冰。

同义 empty(a. 空的)

volatile['vɑ:lətl]a. 挥发性的;不稳定的;反复无常的

搭配 volatile element 挥发性元素

例句 1. Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms like jellyfish or worms, might accumulate or become buried and compressed, and then lose their volatile constituents. 水母或虫子这类软体生物的叶片和组织可能会积聚起来,也可能被埋藏并压碎,然后失去它们的挥发性成分。

2. Those bacteria are releasing volatile substances. 这些细菌正在释放挥发性物质。

同义 unstable(a. 不稳定的)

whale[weil]n. 鲸

例句 The whale keeps a tail but lacks of a fluke, which is the modern cetaceans' major means of locomotion. 鲸保留有尾巴,却缺少尾片,而尾片是现代鲸目动物的主要运动手段。

派生 whaling(n. 捕鲸)

wipe[waip]n./v. 擦,揩,抹

搭配 wipe out 抹掉,擦去;彻底消灭

例句 Even though a few hardy species survived, most of the older organisms were almost wiped out. 即使有少数顽强的物种活了下来,但大部分较古老的生物几乎被彻底消灭了。

前沿科技篇

abstraction[æb'strækʃn]n. 提取;抽象概念;走神

搭配 principle of abstraction 抽象原则

例句 1. The twentieth-century art showed that naturalism does not necessarily follow abstraction in some kind of predetermine sequence. 20世纪的艺术显示,自然主义不必遵守那些预先确定的抽象概念。

2. They were concerned that so many people would be“drawn”to these new conceptions only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities is just too great to bridge. 他们担心许多人会被这些新的理念所吸引,却最终发现抽象世界与现实之间的鸿沟大得无法逾越。

accelerate[ək'seləreit]v.(使)加快,加速;促进

例句 1. This process might be accelerated during the next decades if global warming resulting from air pollution is seriously increasing. 如果空气污染导致的全球变暖愈发严重,这一过程可能在接下来的几十年内加速。

2. News media accelerates the citizens' concentration on social issues. 新闻媒体加深了公民对社会问题的关注程度。

同义 quicken(v. 加速)

派生 acceleration(n. 加速)

要点 在托福阅读中,也常用到accelerate的过去分词形式accelerated,如短语accelerated erosion“加速侵蚀”,指的是人类活动逐渐破坏陆地的自然状态,加快了某些自然因素的作用,从而引起地表土壤破坏和移动过程。

accuracy['ækjərəsi]n. 准确(性),精确(性)

例句 1. Beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations that made the sailors able to trace their path with accuracy. 从13世纪起,通过精确计算而绘制的地图开始出现,这使水手们可以精确地探查他们的路线。

2. The accuracy of the new techniques for studying infant perception has been improved, thus researchers can observe and quantify infant responses more effectively. 研究婴儿感知能力的新技术的准确性已得到提升,这样研究人员便可以更有效地观察并量化婴儿的反应。

3. The companies manufacture and package their products on high accuracy scales. 公司根据高精度标准来生产并包装他们的产品。

同义 nicety, precision(n. 准确性,精确性)

accurate['ækjərət]a. 正确无误的;精确的

例句 1. Actually, the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record. 事实上,婴儿的动作迅速而分散,因此导致精确的记录很难得到。

2. A noisy baby bird often provides accurate signals of its real hunger to make it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where there are other offspring who also need to be fed. 在巢中其他的幼鸟也需要被喂食的时候,一只吵闹的幼鸟通常会发出精确的讯号,将真实的饥饿情况告知父母,这样听到讯号的父母就会知道这只小鸟需要被喂食。

3. Most scientists believe that the theory is accurate. 多数科学家认为这个理论是正确无误的。

要点 accurate与precise和exact意思相近,有时可以相互替换使用;此外,在托福阅读中,accurate的派生词inaccurate也多次出现,意为“不精确的;错误的”。

aerodynamic[ˌeroudai'næmik]a. 空气动力学的;流线型的

例句 Without aerodynamic shape flippers, it is difficult for turtles to do this. 如果没有流线型的脚蹼,海龟是很难做到这点的。

alternative[ɔ:l'tə:rnətiv]n. 可供选择的事物 a. 可供替代的;非传统的;供选择的

搭配 alternative energy 替代能源

例句 1. Even though the origin of the ritual has long been the most popular, it is not the only theory about how the theater came into being; someone supposes that storytelling may be one alternative. 尽管仪式起源的理论一直是最为普遍接受的,它却并不是戏剧形成的唯一依据;有些人认为,讲故事也是一种可能的依据。

2. The alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago is widely supported. 另一受到广泛支持的理论认为,早在大约16000年前,人们便开始使用船只——可能是皮艇——先沿阿拉斯加湾向南,再沿着北美西北海岸向南航行。

3. So far the electric cars are regarded as the best alternative to save energy. 迄今,电动车被视为最好的节能替代品。

派生 alternatively(ad. 两者选一地,非此即彼)

要点 alternative作名词时,有时可与option替换使用,都表示一种选择。但alternative表示两个选择中的一个,而option则是多个选择中的一个。

apparatus[ˌæpə'rætəs]n. 器械,设备;机构;器官

搭配 heating apparatus 暖气装置;gymnastic apparatus 体操器械

例句 1. They designed an apparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to their device. 他们设计了一个设备,将他们的装置与婴儿的奶嘴连接在一起。

2. During courtship and aggressive displays, the turkey inflates its sacs in the neck region to enlarge its colored neck collar and then releases calls to attract or repel with a pendulous part of the signaling apparatus. 在求偶和攻击的时候,火鸡会让其颈部的嗉子胀大,这样其彩色的翎毛会显得更大,然后它们会利用发声器官的一个下垂部位来发出吸引或是攻击的鸣叫声。

arch[ɑ:rʧ]n. 拱门;拱形(结构)v.(使)成拱形 a. 调皮的

例句 1. Arch is a kind of curved structure that is originally made of separate stone or brick segments. 拱门是一种弧形建筑结构,最初是由单独的石块或砖块建造的。

2. Arch was used chiefly for underground drains in the Mediterranean area, but it was first developed by the Romans. 在地中海地区,拱门曾经主要用于地下排水系统之中,但它最初是由罗马人发明的。

同类 建筑相关词汇:lune 月形;dome 圆屋顶;groove 凹槽;foundation 地基;slope 斜坡。

arduous['ɑ:rʤuəs]a. 费力的;艰巨的

例句 1. In the past, the construction of whole cities was from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone. 过去,整个城市的建造都是通过切割和堆砌石头的艰巨任务来完成的。

2. The task of the research group is quite arduous if their purpose is to find the link between the two phenomena. 如果该科研小组的目标是找到这两个现象之间的联系,那么他们的任务是十分艰巨的。

同义 laborious(a. 费力的;艰巨的)

artificial[ˌɑ:rti'fiʃl]a. 人工的,人造的;假的

搭配 artificial intelligence 人工智能

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